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{{Short description|Magnetic toy}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Advert|date=February 2015}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2015|reason=only a couple of minor points are sourced}}
{{copyedit|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}

{{Refimprove|date=February 2015|reason=only a couple of minor points are sourced}}}}
{{infobox company
| name = Geomagworld SA
| logo = Logo_GEOMAG.png
| founded = 2009 in [[Novazzano]], [[Switzerland]]
| location_city = Via Roncaglia, 15 - 6883 Novazzano
| industry = Toys
| key_people = [[Claudio Vicentelli]] inventor<br>Peter Jepsen modellist
| hq_location_country = Switzerland
| subsid = Geomagworld USA, Geomagworld Japan K.K.
| website = [http://www.geomagworld.com www.geomagworld.com]
| image = Geomag_Headquarters.jpg
}}
[[File:Mathieu 12 icosahedron.jpg|thumb|right|An icosahedron constructed with Geomag rods and spheres]]
[[File:Mathieu 12 icosahedron.jpg|thumb|right|An icosahedron constructed with Geomag rods and spheres]]
'''Geomag''' (stylised as '''GEOMAG''') is a magnetic construction toy. The original toy consisted of bars with a magnet on each end ([[Neodymium magnet|neodymium alloy]]) attached by a magnetic plug (coated with [[polypropylene]]) and nickel-coated metal spheres. Magnetic forces hold the bars and spheres together, creating the possibility for many constructions. The Geomag was invented and patented by Claudio Vicentelli in May 1998. Production is currently undertaken by Geomagworld SA, in [[Novazzano]], Switzerland. Product lines have expanded from the original model (now called Geomag PRO). To comply with restrictions placed on nickel content in toys by the 2009/48/EC law, Geomag has re-modeled the spheres with a [[bronze]] alloy coating to comply with the new regulations.
'''Geomag''', stylized as '''GEOMAG''', is a [[magnet]]ic [[construction toy]] consisting of a collection of bars, each set with a [[Neodymium magnet|neodymium alloy]] magnet at both ends, connected by a magnetic plug coated with [[polypropylene]], and nickel-coated metal spheres. These elements interlock using magnetism, allowing for them to be assembled in various ways.


Geomag was created in May 1998 by Claudio Vicentelli. Geomag products are manufactured by Geomagworld SA, based in [[Novazzano]], Switzerland. To align with the 2009/48/EC law's nickel content regulations for toys, the design was adjusted{{When|date=November 2023}} to feature spheres coated with a [[bronze]] alloy.
==Invention==
In May 1998, Claudio Vicentelli, experienced in technical applications of permanent magnets and the creator of a product deposited for the magnetic circuit,<ref>{{patent|EP|1080476}}</ref> and the brand name "GEOMAG."


== Invention and Patent ==
The patent defines the circuit created by the Geomag bars, each consisting of two magnets at the ends, connected by a metal pin and metallic spheres. The structure minimises the amount of magnetic material to reduce production costs.
In May 1998, Claudio Vicentelli, a specialist in practical applications of permanent magnets,<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/011446387/publication/EP1349626A1?q=pn%3DEP1349626
|title=EP1349626A1 ASSEMBLY OF MODULES WITH MAGNETIC ANCHORAGE FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF STABLE GRID STRUCTURES
|date=18 July 2002
|website=Espacenet: free access to over 140 million patent documents
|publisher=epspacenet
|access-date=31 October 2023
|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031202836/https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/011446387/publication/EP1349626A1?q=pn%3DEP1349626
|archive-date=31 October 2023 }}</ref> patented the concept of Geomag.


The patented design outlines the setup of the Geomag bars, which incorporate a metal pin that connects two magnets positioned at opposite ends, along with metallic spheres. The primary objective of this configuration was to minimize the use of magnetic material, thereby reducing production expenses.
In August of the same year, Plastwood S.r.l. was granted the license to market and manufacture the products worldwide.


== Geomag worldwide ==
== Global Expansion of Geomag ==
Gemoag retailed in late 1999 throughout the Italian chain toy shop ''Città del Sole''. In January and February of 2000, Geomag was shown at toy fairs in Milan, Nuremberg, and New York, with generally positive receptions.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} In the same year, due to the difference in views on the development of the products, the relationship between Vicentelli and Plastwood ended.
Geomag made its debut in the Italian toy chain store Città del Sole in 1999.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}} In 2000, Geomag appeared in several toy fairs in Milan, Nuremberg, and New York. Differences in vision for the development of the toy led to Vicentelli and toy company Plastwood{{who|date=October 2023|reason=Plastwood has not been mentioned yet, who/what are they?}} ending their partnership in the same year.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}


In January 2003, the Swiss company Geomag SA was created in [[Ticino]], with a license to produce Geomag.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}} This company introduced more elements to the toy, such as panels made of semi-transparent colored [[polycarbonate]] (triangular platforms, rhombi, squares, and pentagons), used for decorative and structural support purposes. Vicentelli patented these new elements in Europe in 2004.<ref name="patent">{{patent|EP|1349626}}</ref>
This created the introduction of ''Geomag SA'' in January 2003, a Swiss company with its headquarters in [[Ticino]], with the signing of an agreement between Vicentelli and Geomag SA allowing for the production of the patented construction toy line.


In 2004, the G-Baby line, aimed at younger children, was introduced, featuring magnetic cubes and half-spheres with magnetic faces.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
At the end of July, Geomag SA began the production and marketing campaigns of the products, including the development of ''[http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?FT=D&date=20040929&DB=worldwide.espacenet.com&locale=en_EP&CC=EP&NR=1349626B1&KC=B1&ND=4 panel]'' (triangular platforms, rhombi, squares, and pentagonal semi-transparent coloured [[polycarbonate]], that can be used to fill gaps of the bars of the structure, with decorative function and support) which demonstrated a second success (representing 35% of the global market) and particularly became an important product line for Geomag as it differentiated the company from its imitators. This development is also a result of a patent licensed from Vicentelli.<ref>{{patent|EP|1349626}}</ref>


International regulators such as ASTM USA and the European Commission instituted a rule{{When|date=November 2023}} dictating that products small enough to fit within a test cylinder could only be sold to children aged 14 and above. Consequently, the original Geomag bars were elongated to 58 mm from their initial 27 mm length. The original Geomag variant was renamed to Geomag PRO, with an age designation of 14 and above.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
In 2004 Vicentelli settles the trademark and patent related to a strategic game called ''magnetic challenge'' with the patent on the Geomag bars. Another patent on blocks from a product line that never entered the market, which acted as the supporting skeleton of the construction. In 2005 the ''G-Baby'' line was produced, consisting of cubes and half-spheres with magnetic faces, this line is targeted at early childhood children.


Geomag SA ceased operations in November 2007, but was revived by entrepreneurs{{who|date=October 2023|reason=Plastwood has not been mentioned yet, who/what are they?}} in 2008, who established Geomagworld SA.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}} In 2009, Geomagworld SA began to produce 58 mm magnetic bars in compliance with the European Standard EN71. These bars formed the foundation for the product lines targeted to small children (ages +3), and incorporated colour variations (bars and spheres) and panels (bars, spheres, and reinforcement panels for both decorative and structural use).{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
At the end of the year, ''Magnetix'' entered the market, with a similar product to Geomag. A combination of this new competitor and the increase of magnetic toys (with the occurrence of accidents related to poor quality of Chinese-made products) created problems in the market and resulted in international regulations of quality (''ASTM USA'' and the ''European Commission'') to interest themselves in the sector, and in 2007 introduced a rule specifying that if the dimension of the parts are small enough to fit in the test cylinder, the product can only be sold to children +14.


The original 27 mm bars, still in production, were rebranded as the Geomag PRO line, comprising pro-colour, pro-metal, and pro-panel variants.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
This new regulation resulted in the elongation of the bars to 58&nbsp;mm compared to the original Geomag bars of 27&nbsp;mm. The original Geomag is now called Geomag PRO and has a target of +14 and is not advertised as a toy.


==Crisis and rebirth==
== Awards ==
* 2002 Parents' Choice Award "Geomag"{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
Geomag SA took a severe hit in the competitive struggle as it was essentially a single-product company. It was affected by the lack of rules and the subsequent influx of advertising material and was forced to close in November 2007.
* 2004 Dr. Toy "The Best Advice on Children’s Products" Geomag - Color - 44 pcs{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
However, the market still showed strong potential (estimated at around 400 million dollars) whereby Geomag SA still remained the only company with a strong point of reference in the field.
* 2004 Gold Award Winners Nappa{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
* 2004 Parents' Choice Award "Geomag Color 96 Kit"{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
* 2004 Parents' Choice Award "Geomag Panel 125 Kit"{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
* 2004 Toy Retailer Association "Construction Toy of the Year"<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2012 |title=Toy of the Year 2004 {{!}} Toy Retailers Association |url=http://www.toyretailersassociation.co.uk/toy-year/toy-year-2004 |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731090258/http://www.toyretailersassociation.co.uk/toy-year/toy-year-2004 |archive-date=31 July 2012 }}</ref>
* 2005 Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Best Toy Award Gold Seal<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2015 |title=The Oppenheim Toy Portfolio |url=http://www.toyportfolio.com/SingleProduct.php?ProductID=3757 |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219185732/http://www.toyportfolio.com/SingleProduct.php?ProductID=3757 |archive-date=19 February 2015 }}</ref>
* Parents' Choice Award "Geomag Pastelles 42"{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
* 2005 Parents' Choice Award "Magnetic Challenge"{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
* 2005 Tillywig Toy & Media Awards "G333 Glow Moon Explorer"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tillywig Toy Awards |url=https://www.tillywig.com/search.php?wm=sub&q=geomag&x=-147&y=-586 |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=www.tillywig.com}}</ref>
* 2005 TOTY "Special toy of the year"<ref>{{Cite web |title=2005 TOTY Winners |url=https://www.toyassociation.org/Events2/TOTY_Awards/2005_TOTY_Winners.aspx#.U80FjVbcag0 |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=The Toy Association}}</ref>
* 2006 Parents' Choice Award "Geomag Dynamic Master"{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
* 2006 Kids Superbrand<ref>{{Cite web |title=Web archive |url=http://www.superbrands.easysite.org/files/GEOMAG_3790.pdf |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=Web archive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005223520/http://www.superbrands.easysite.org/files/GEOMAG_3790.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2006 }}</ref>
* 2012 Editors' Recommended Specialty Toy "GEOMAG E-Motion Power Spin 24 pc"<ref>{{Cite web |title=new toys and kids gifts and what kids want hot toys |url=https://www.toydirectory.com/product.asp?id=33887 |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=toydirectory.com}}</ref>
* 2012 Editors' Recommended Specialty Toy "Geomag Pink - 66 pc"<ref>{{Cite web |title=new toys and kids gifts and what kids want hot toys |url=https://www.toydirectory.com/product.asp?id=34780 |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=toydirectory.com}}</ref>
* 2012 Space Age Award in the category 'Little Scientists.' "Geomag GLOW Moon Explorer"<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Space com Staff |date=15 February 2012 |title=Best of Toy Fair 2012: SPACE.com's Space Age Awards Winners |url=https://www.space.com/14589-space-age-awards-toy-fair.html |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref>
* 2013 Editors' Recommended Specialty Toy "KOR Geomag - Aki"<ref>{{Cite web |title=new toys and kids gifts and what kids want hot toys |url=https://www.toydirectory.com/product.asp?id=36330 |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=toydirectory.com}}</ref>


== See also ==
2008 began the hunt for new potential partners, which would allow the group to recover quickly and implement the product strategies to the market that will prove to be successful. A group of entrepreneurs gave birth to a new society, Geomagworld SA.
*[[Magnetix]]

*[[Magnext]]
2009 was the year of the definitive rebirth. Geomagworld SA started a process of partial re-industrialization and in April began the production of the 58&nbsp;mm magnetic bar in order to comply with the European Standard EN71. The bar eventually formed the ''kids'' lines (aged +3), along with ''colour'' (bars and spheres) and ''panel'' (bars, spheres, and panels for reinforcement and a decorative effect ).

The original bar (27&nbsp;mm), of which production still continues, became the new line ''pro'' consisting of ''pro colour'', ''pro metal,'' and ''pro panel'', and lost its image of being a toy and its rights to be offered to the public under 14 years of age. The line ''pro'' is still highly appreciated and consumed by the adult target market, thanks to its patented circuit and high performance as the bars are able to develop a magnetic attraction force equal to more than 200 times its own weight (4.5 grams). The ''G-Baby'' line maintained its characteristics as it is in line with all the new regulations.

In 2010, a ''pink'' line targeted at girls was introduced, and in 2011 a vehicle line ''wheels'' were released. The ''roly-poly'' products were added to the ''G-Baby'' line, animal characters that swing from the hemisphere platform.

In 2012, new colours were introduced: luminous ''glow'', and in 2013 ''glitter'', with small sparkly metallic inserts. The ''world'' line has cardboard panels with designs (house, castle, etc.) instead of the original plain panels. The ''e-motion'' line has additional specific accessories.

2013 saw the launch of ''KOR Geomag'', similar to a three-dimensional puzzle consisting of a magnetic centre with sectors that attach through the magnetic force, allowing for the rotation and sliding around the core.

In 2014, the core technology platform KOR - is the heart of the spherical magnetic sectors that are attached to the central metal sphere, these are covered by plastic to form an egg - creating the ''KOR pure''.

2014 saw the birth of ''mechanics'', an extension of the Geomag Classic using elements of mechanics.
These new plastic elements are fully compatible and integrated with classic bars and spheres allowing the construction of larger models, more solid structures, and the use of simpler construction methods.

==The magnetic toy==
In an interview with Claudio Vicentelli, he discusses how he started with a prototype of wood, and eventually developed his idea into a magnetic toy how it is known today (Geomag classic and PRO).

The turning point in the evolution of the project, occurred when Vicentelli was in the finalization of the design of the object, deciding how to best achieve an optimal balance between magnetic attraction force and weight. This is when the original idea was abandoned, the original form of a "brick", and move to a new system of bars and spheres instead.
The choice allowed for the maintenance of the highest ratio of magnetic force and weight cost of each unit, while also allowing for the possible development of the project and its subsequent marketing in a relatively short time.

After the selection of the most efficient form, the next phase in the development of the toys was the research and the study of materials for the various components, in addition to choosing the most appropriate magnets. Complex calculations on the diameter of the bars and spheres allowed to obtain the coupling of two bars on the same sphere with angles less than 60 degrees, which is the necessary condition for the creation of triangular figures at the base of the game.

The choice of using plastic to cover the bars posed as a difficult task, however it allowed to lighten the individual units (with a thickness of a few tenth of a millimeter), while ensuring sufficient rigidity to support the three-dimensional shape of the figures once constructed.

Another aspect of the project development that Vicentelli describes as being fundamentally important, is the protection of the components from oxidation and continuous rubbing.
Once all of these solutions were put in place, Vicentelli concentrated on the optimization of the product. This was done by reducing the amount of plastic being used for the coatings, alongside the constant search for the increase of the ratio of strength/weight/cost while maintaining the same performance.

==Similar toys==
There are toy systems similar to Geomag, with slight dimensional differences. Making geometric forms that are consistent and stable usually requires components from a single source, due to the different lengths.

Similar toys:
* Magformers
* Madmag
* Magic Joint
* Magmax
* [[Magnetix]]
* [[Magnext]]
* Magstix
* Magz
* Supermag†
* Xmag
†<small>Supermag also has twist bars with screw ends and 2 sizes of spheres (10mm and 12.7mm) with screw holes. Until 2003 Supermag and Geomag were both produced by PlastWood. In 2003 PlastWood discontinued the Geomag line in favor of its own Supermag line.<ref name="press release">[http://www.eworldwire.com/pdf/1829.pdf] Plastwood press release</ref> Geomag, holder of patents for their design, restarted production in Switzerland.</small>

Some of the other toys have added features, such as bars of different or adjustable lengths, curved bars, or bars connecting to three or more spheres.

== Awards ==
* [http://www.parents-choice.org/product.cfm?product_id=8114&award=xx 2002 [[Parents' Choice Award]] "Geomag"]
* [http://www.drtoy.com/product-view/?productid=351 2004 Dr. TOy "The Best Advice on Children’s Products" Geomag - Color - 44 pcs]
* [http://www.parenthood.com/printarticle.php?Article_ID=7571 2004 Gold Award Winners Nappa]
* [http://www.parents-choice.org/product.cfm?product_id=15693&StepNum=1&award=aw 2004 Parents' Choice Award "Geomag Color 96 Kit"]
* [http://www.parents-choice.org/product.cfm?product_id=15694&StepNum=1&award=aw 2004 Parents' Choice Award "Geomag Panel 125 Kit"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120731090258/http://www.toyretailersassociation.co.uk/toy-year/toy-year-2004 2004 Toy Retailer Association "Construction Toy of the Year"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150219185732/http://www.toyportfolio.com/SingleProduct.php?ProductID=3757 2005 Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Best Toy Award Gold Seal]
* [http://www.parents-choice.org/product.cfm?product_id=19154&StepNum=1&award=aw|2005 Parents' Choice Award "Geomag Pastelles 42"]
* [http://www.parents-choice.org/product.cfm?product_id=19155&StepNum=1&award=aw 2005 Parents' Choice Award "Magnetic Challenge"]
* [http://www.tillywig.com/search.php?wm=sub&q=geomag&x=-147&y=-586 2005 Tillywig Toy & Media Awards "G333 Glow Moon Explorer"]
* [http://www.toyassociation.org/Events2/TOTY_Awards/2005_TOTY_Winners.aspx#.U80FjVbcag0 2005 TOTY "Special toy of the year"]
* [http://www.parents-choice.org/product.cfm?product_id=21066&StepNum=1&award=aw 2006 Parents' Choice Award "Geomag Dynamic Master"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061005223520/http://www.superbrands.easysite.org/files/GEOMAG_3790.pdf 2006 Kids Superbrand]
* [http://www.toydirectory.com/product.asp?id=33887 2012 Editors' Recommended Specialty Toy "GEOMAG E-Motion Power Spin 24 pc"]
* [http://www.toydirectory.com/product.asp?id=34780%20 2012 Editors' Recommended Specialty Toy "Geomag Pink - 66 pc"]
* [http://www.space.com/14589-space-age-awards-toy-fair.html 2012 Space Age Award in the category 'Little Scientists.' "Geomag GLOW Moon Explorer"]
* [http://www.toydirectory.com/product.asp?id=36330 2013 Editors' Recommended Specialty Toy "KOR Geomag - Aki"]


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Construction toys]]
[[Category:Construction toys]]
[[Category:Toy companies of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Toy companies of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Executive toys]]
[[Category:Office toys]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Switzerland]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Switzerland]]

Latest revision as of 14:23, 25 December 2024

An icosahedron constructed with Geomag rods and spheres

Geomag, stylized as GEOMAG, is a magnetic construction toy consisting of a collection of bars, each set with a neodymium alloy magnet at both ends, connected by a magnetic plug coated with polypropylene, and nickel-coated metal spheres. These elements interlock using magnetism, allowing for them to be assembled in various ways.

Geomag was created in May 1998 by Claudio Vicentelli. Geomag products are manufactured by Geomagworld SA, based in Novazzano, Switzerland. To align with the 2009/48/EC law's nickel content regulations for toys, the design was adjusted[when?] to feature spheres coated with a bronze alloy.

Invention and Patent

[edit]

In May 1998, Claudio Vicentelli, a specialist in practical applications of permanent magnets,[1] patented the concept of Geomag.

The patented design outlines the setup of the Geomag bars, which incorporate a metal pin that connects two magnets positioned at opposite ends, along with metallic spheres. The primary objective of this configuration was to minimize the use of magnetic material, thereby reducing production expenses.

Global Expansion of Geomag

[edit]

Geomag made its debut in the Italian toy chain store Città del Sole in 1999.[citation needed] In 2000, Geomag appeared in several toy fairs in Milan, Nuremberg, and New York. Differences in vision for the development of the toy led to Vicentelli and toy company Plastwood[who?] ending their partnership in the same year.[citation needed]

In January 2003, the Swiss company Geomag SA was created in Ticino, with a license to produce Geomag.[citation needed] This company introduced more elements to the toy, such as panels made of semi-transparent colored polycarbonate (triangular platforms, rhombi, squares, and pentagons), used for decorative and structural support purposes. Vicentelli patented these new elements in Europe in 2004.[2]

In 2004, the G-Baby line, aimed at younger children, was introduced, featuring magnetic cubes and half-spheres with magnetic faces.[citation needed]

International regulators such as ASTM USA and the European Commission instituted a rule[when?] dictating that products small enough to fit within a test cylinder could only be sold to children aged 14 and above. Consequently, the original Geomag bars were elongated to 58 mm from their initial 27 mm length. The original Geomag variant was renamed to Geomag PRO, with an age designation of 14 and above.[citation needed]

Geomag SA ceased operations in November 2007, but was revived by entrepreneurs[who?] in 2008, who established Geomagworld SA.[citation needed] In 2009, Geomagworld SA began to produce 58 mm magnetic bars in compliance with the European Standard EN71. These bars formed the foundation for the product lines targeted to small children (ages +3), and incorporated colour variations (bars and spheres) and panels (bars, spheres, and reinforcement panels for both decorative and structural use).[citation needed]

The original 27 mm bars, still in production, were rebranded as the Geomag PRO line, comprising pro-colour, pro-metal, and pro-panel variants.[citation needed]

Awards

[edit]
  • 2002 Parents' Choice Award "Geomag"[citation needed]
  • 2004 Dr. Toy "The Best Advice on Children’s Products" Geomag - Color - 44 pcs[citation needed]
  • 2004 Gold Award Winners Nappa[citation needed]
  • 2004 Parents' Choice Award "Geomag Color 96 Kit"[citation needed]
  • 2004 Parents' Choice Award "Geomag Panel 125 Kit"[citation needed]
  • 2004 Toy Retailer Association "Construction Toy of the Year"[3]
  • 2005 Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Best Toy Award Gold Seal[4]
  • Parents' Choice Award "Geomag Pastelles 42"[citation needed]
  • 2005 Parents' Choice Award "Magnetic Challenge"[citation needed]
  • 2005 Tillywig Toy & Media Awards "G333 Glow Moon Explorer"[5]
  • 2005 TOTY "Special toy of the year"[6]
  • 2006 Parents' Choice Award "Geomag Dynamic Master"[citation needed]
  • 2006 Kids Superbrand[7]
  • 2012 Editors' Recommended Specialty Toy "GEOMAG E-Motion Power Spin 24 pc"[8]
  • 2012 Editors' Recommended Specialty Toy "Geomag Pink - 66 pc"[9]
  • 2012 Space Age Award in the category 'Little Scientists.' "Geomag GLOW Moon Explorer"[10]
  • 2013 Editors' Recommended Specialty Toy "KOR Geomag - Aki"[11]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "EP1349626A1 ASSEMBLY OF MODULES WITH MAGNETIC ANCHORAGE FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF STABLE GRID STRUCTURES". Espacenet: free access to over 140 million patent documents. epspacenet. 18 July 2002. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  2. ^ EP 1349626 
  3. ^ "Toy of the Year 2004 | Toy Retailers Association". 31 July 2012. Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  4. ^ "The Oppenheim Toy Portfolio". 19 February 2015. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  5. ^ "Tillywig Toy Awards". www.tillywig.com. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  6. ^ "2005 TOTY Winners". The Toy Association. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  7. ^ "Web archive" (PDF). Web archive. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2006. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  8. ^ "new toys and kids gifts and what kids want hot toys". toydirectory.com. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  9. ^ "new toys and kids gifts and what kids want hot toys". toydirectory.com. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  10. ^ Space com Staff (15 February 2012). "Best of Toy Fair 2012: SPACE.com's Space Age Awards Winners". Space.com. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  11. ^ "new toys and kids gifts and what kids want hot toys". toydirectory.com. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
[edit]
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