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{{Short description|Writing systems for the Bashkir language}}
{{Short description|Writing systems for the Bashkir language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
The '''Bashkir alphabet''' ({{lang-ba |Башҡорт алфавиты|Başqort alfavitı}}) is a writing system used for the [[Bashkir language]]. Until the mid-19th century, [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]] speakers wrote in the [[Old Tatar|Türki]] [[literary language]] using the [[Arabic script]]. In 1869, Russian linguist Mirsalikh Bekchurin published the first guide to Bashkir [[grammar]], and the first Cyrillic Bashkir introductory book was published by Vasily Katarinsky in [[Orenburg]] in 1892. [[Latinisation in the Soviet Union|Latinisation]] was first discussed in June 1924, when the first draft of the Bashkir alphabet using the [[Latin alphabet|Latin script]] was created. More reforms followed, culminating in the final version in 1938.
The '''Bashkir alphabet''' ({{langx |ba|Башҡорт әлифбаһы|Başqort əlifbahı}}) is a writing system used for the [[Bashkir language]]. Until the mid-19th century, [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]] speakers wrote in the [[Volga Türki]] [[literary language]] using the [[Arabic script]]. In 1869, Russian linguist Mirsalikh Bekchurin published the first guide to Bashkir [[grammar]], and the first Cyrillic Bashkir introductory book was published by Vasily Katarinsky in [[Orenburg]] in 1892. [[Latinisation in the Soviet Union|Latinisation]] was first discussed in June 1924, when the first draft of the Bashkir alphabet using the [[Latin alphabet|Latin script]] was created. More reforms followed, culminating in the final version in 1938.


== History ==
== History ==
=== Early period ===
=== Early period ===
Until the mid-19th century, [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]] speakers wrote in the [[Old Tatar|Türki]] [[literary language]] using the [[Arabic script]]. Many works of [[Bashkirs|Bashkir]] literature were written in Türki, including ''Bashkir shezhere'' ("Genealogies of the Bashkir People"), Batyrsha's ''Letter to Empress Elizaveta'', the orders of [[Salawat Yulayev]], as well as works from the poets A. Kargaly, Tadgetdin Yalsigul Al-Bashkordi, H. Salikhov, Gali Sokoroy, [[Miftahetdin Akmulla]], and Mukhametsalim Umetbaev. The influence of spoken Bashkir is noticeable in many works from the period.<ref>{{cite book| title = Языки Российской Федерации и соседних государств | edition = {{nowrap|385 экз}} |location= М. |date = 2001 |publisher= «Наука» |volume= I | pages = 173–176| isbn = 5-02-022647-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title = Письменные языки мира. Российская Федерация |location= М. |date = 2000 |volume= I | pages = 74}}</ref>
Until the mid-19th century, [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]] speakers wrote in the [[Volga Türki]] [[literary language]] using the [[Arabic script]]. Many works of [[Bashkirs|Bashkir]] literature were written in Volga Türki, including ''Bashkir shezhere'' ("Genealogies of the Bashkir People"), Batyrsha's ''Letter to Empress Elizaveta'', the orders of [[Salawat Yulayev]], as well as works from the poets A. Kargaly, Tadgetdin Yalsigul Al-Bashkordi, H. Salikhov, Gali Sokoroy, [[Miftahetdin Akmulla]], and Mukhametsalim Umetbaev. The influence of spoken Bashkir is noticeable in many works from the period.<ref>{{cite book| title = Языки Российской Федерации и соседних государств | edition = {{nowrap|385 экз}} |location= М. |date = 2001 |publisher= «Наука» |volume= I | pages = 173–176| isbn = 5-02-022647-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title = Письменные языки мира. Российская Федерация |location= М. |date = 2000 |volume= I | pages = 74}}</ref>


The first attempts to create a [[writing system]] that fully represented the Bashkir language began in the middle of the 19th century, with writers attempting to adapt the [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic alphabet]]. One such proponent was [[Turkology|turkologist]] and [[Linguistics|linguist]] [[Nikolay Ilminsky]], in his work ''Introductory Reading in the Turkish-Tatar Language Course''.<ref>{{cite news|author=Р. М. Латыпова|year=2014|title=Деятельность Н. И. Ильминского в создании башкирского алфавита|work=Universum: филология и искусствоведение|url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/v/deyatelnost-n-i-ilminskogo-v-sozdanii-bashkirskogo-alfavita}}</ref>
The first attempts to create a [[writing system]] that fully represented the Bashkir language began in the middle of the 19th century, with writers attempting to adapt the [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic alphabet]]. One such proponent was [[Turkology|turkologist]] and [[Linguistics|linguist]] [[Nikolay Ilminsky]], in his work ''Introductory Reading in the Turkish-Tatar Language Course''.<ref>{{cite news|author=Р. М. Латыпова|year=2014|title=Деятельность Н. И. Ильминского в создании башкирского алфавита|work=Universum: филология и искусствоведение|url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/v/deyatelnost-n-i-ilminskogo-v-sozdanii-bashkirskogo-alfavita}}</ref>


In 1869, Russian linguist Mirsalikh Bekchurin published the first guide to Bashkir [[grammar]] in the book ''An Initial Guide to the Study of Arabic, Persian and Tatar Languages with the Adverbs of Bukhara, Bashkirs, Kyrgyz and Residents of Turkestan''.<ref name="абя">{{cite news|author=Л. М. Хусаинова|title=Алфавиты башкирского языка в XIX – начале XX вков|work=Вестник Оренбургского государственного университета|year=2017|volume=3|issue=203|url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/v/alfavity-bashkirskogo-yazyka-v-hih-nachale-hh-vekov|pages=37–42}}</ref> The first Cyrillic Bashkir introductory book was published by Vasily Katarinsky in [[Orenburg]] in 1892, with his proposed alphabet excluding the letters [[Yo (Cyrillic)|ё]], [[Short I|й]], [[Fita|ѳ]], and [[Izhitsa|ѵ]] from the contemporaneous Cyrillic alphabet and including the additional characters of [[Ä]], [[Ge (Cyrillic)|г̇]], [[En-ghe|ҥ]], [[Ö]], [[U with double acute (Cyrillic)|ӳ]]. Another primer was prepared at the end of the 19th century by {{ILL|Nikolaï Katanov|de|Nikolai Fyodorovich Katanov}} using the [[umlaut (diacritic)|umlaut]] (ӓ – / [[Schwa (Cyrillic)|ә]] /, ӧ – / [[Oe (Cyrillic)|ө]] /, [[Ze with diaeresis|ӟ]] – / [[Dhe (Cyrillic)|ҙ]] /, к̈ – / [[Bashkir Qa|ҡ]] /, [[U with diaeresis (Cyrillic)|ӱ]] – / [[I (Cyrillic)|и]] /, etc.), however this work was never published.<ref name="абя" />
In 1869, Russian linguist [[Mirsalikh Bekchurin]] published the first guide to Bashkir [[grammar]] in the book ''An Initial Guide to the Study of Arabic, Persian and Tatar Languages with the Adverbs of Bukhara, Bashkirs, Kyrgyz and Residents of Turkestan''.<ref name="абя">{{cite news|author=Л. М. Хусаинова|title=Алфавиты башкирского языка в XIX – начале XX вков|work=Вестник Оренбургского государственного университета|year=2017|volume=3|issue=203|url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/v/alfavity-bashkirskogo-yazyka-v-hih-nachale-hh-vekov|pages=37–42}}</ref> The first Cyrillic Bashkir introductory book was published by Vasily Katarinsky in [[Orenburg]] in 1892, with his proposed alphabet excluding the letters [[Yo (Cyrillic)|ё]], [[Short I|й]], [[Fita|ѳ]], and [[Izhitsa|ѵ]] from the contemporaneous Cyrillic alphabet and including the additional characters of [[Ä]], [[Ge (Cyrillic)|г̇]], [[En-ghe|ҥ]], [[Ö]], [[U with double acute (Cyrillic)|ӳ]]. Another primer was prepared at the end of the 19th century by {{ILL|Nikolaï Katanov|de|Nikolai Fyodorovich Katanov|v=sup}} using the [[umlaut (diacritic)|umlaut]] (ӓ – / [[Schwa (Cyrillic)|ә]] /, ӧ – / [[Oe (Cyrillic)|ө]] /, [[Ze with diaeresis|ӟ]] – / [[Dhe (Cyrillic)|ҙ]] /, к̈ – / [[Bashkir Qa|ҡ]] /, [[U with diaeresis (Cyrillic)|ӱ]] – / [[I (Cyrillic)|и]] /, etc.), however this work was never published.<ref name="абя" />


In 1907, Alexander Bessonov published ''The Primer for the Bashkirs''. This publication proposed that alphabet included all the letters of the Cyrillic alphabet of the time, except for ё and [[Short I|й]], and added the characters ä, г̣, {{ILL|д̣|fr}}, ҥ, ö, {{ILL|с̣|fr}}, and ӱ. Five years later, Mstislav Kulaev (Mukhametkhan Kulaev) published ''The Basics of Onomatopoeia and the Alphabet for Bashkirs'' (reprinted in 1919), again making use of the Cyrillic alphabet in conjunction with new characters.<ref name="Әхмәров">{{cite book| author = Ҡ. З. Әхмәров| author-link = Ахмеров, Касим Закирович| title = Башҡорт яҙыуы тарихынан | edition = 2 {{nowrap|1500 экз}} |location= Өфө |date = 2012 |publisher= Китап | isbn = 978-5-295-05619-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Л. М. Хусаинова | title = Башкирское письмо | edition = {{nowrap|300 экз}} |location= Стерлитамак |date = 2012 |publisher= Стерлитамакский филиал БашГУ | pages = 99}}</ref>
In 1907, Alexander Bessonov published ''The Primer for the Bashkirs''. This publication proposed that alphabet included all the letters of the Cyrillic alphabet of the time, except for ё and [[Short I|й]], and added the characters ä, г̣, {{ILL|д̣|fr|v=sup}}, ҥ, ö, {{ILL|с̣|fr|v=sup}}, and ӱ. Five years later, Mstislav Kulaev (Mukhametkhan Kulaev) published ''The Basics of Onomatopoeia and the Alphabet for Bashkirs'' (reprinted in 1919), again making use of the Cyrillic alphabet in conjunction with new characters.<ref name="Әхмәров">{{cite book| author = Ҡ. З. Әхмәров| author-link = Ахмеров, Касим Закирович| title = Башҡорт яҙыуы тарихынан | edition = 2 {{nowrap|1500 экз}} |location= Өфө |date = 2012 |publisher= Китап | isbn = 978-5-295-05619-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Л. М. Хусаинова | title = Башкирское письмо | edition = {{nowrap|300 экз}} |location= Стерлитамак |date = 2012 |publisher= Стерлитамакский филиал БашГУ | pages = 99}}</ref>
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=== Arabic alphabet ===
=== Arabic alphabet ===
In July 1921, the 2nd All-Bashkir Congress of Soviets decided to create their own script for Bashkir as the state language of the [[Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Bashkir ASSR]]. In December 1922, the Congress formed a commission for the development of a new official alphabet and spelling at the ASSR's Academic Center of the People's [[Commissariat]] of Education.


In July 1921, the 2nd All-Bashkir Congress of Soviets decided to create their own script for Bashkir as the state language of the [[Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Bashkir ASSR]]. In December 1922, the Congress formed a commission for the development of a new official alphabet and spelling at the ASSR's Academic Center of the People's [[Commissariat]] of Education. This alphabet remained in use until the official adoption of Latin alphabet in 1930.<ref name="ahmarov">{{Cite book|author=Ahmarov, Qasim Zakirovich|title=History of Bashkir writing (Башҡорт яҙыуы тарихынан)|edition=2|location=Ufa|publisher=Kitap|date=2012|pages=184|isbn=978-5-295-05619-2|language=ba|url=https://kitaptar.bashkort.org/files/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D2%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%20%D1%8F%D2%99%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B%20%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD.pdf}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20231112200500/https://kitaptar.bashkort.org/files/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D2%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%20%D1%8F%D2%99%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B%20%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD.pdf archive]</ref>
The commission adapted the [[Arabic alphabet]] to the needs of [[Bashkir_language#Phonology|Bashkir phonology]]. The commission excluded some letters and normalized the spelling of vowels. The new writing system used a [[hamza]] (ﺀ) above vowels at the beginning of words. For those letters that represented both a consonant and a vowel, a stress sign (a vertical line) would be placed under the letter ''(ٸٖول – ул (''he''), ٸول – үл (''die'')).<ref name="Биишев">{{cite book|author=А. Г. Биишев|title=О башкирском алфавите|language=ru|trans-title=About the Bashkir alphabet|edition=Вопросы совершенствования алфавитов тюркских языков СССР|location=М.|publisher=Наука|date=1972|pages=49–58}}</ref>


The commission adapted the [[Arabic alphabet]] to the needs of [[Bashkir_language#Phonology|Bashkir phonology]]. The commission excluded some letters and normalized the spelling of vowels. The process wasn't without controversy. During the conference, 3 proposals came to be considered, "Old orthography / Iśke imlä", "Middle orthography / Urta imlä", and "New orthography / Yaña imlä". Old orthography was the existing [[Volga Türki|old Bashkir]] written tradition that was in use for centuries in Bashkortostan. Middle orthography was a middle-ground modification that proposed modifying the alphabet to match Bashkir phonology, but not too radically. This orthography is to have 6 vowels, and rely on context or a marker for indicating the specific vowel sounds of each word. Its proponents argued that this orthography would be the most realistic, and it will be the easiest to implement. "New orthography" proposed a radical modification, specifically to add 9 vowels. At the end of the day, "New orthography" was deemed too unrealistic to implement, as printing presses in the region did not have the required letter types. Thus "middle orthography" was adopted and was referred to as "New orthography / Yaña imlä" in contrast with the old.<ref name="ahmarov"/>
The officially-approved alphabet contained the following letters: {{font|text=ي ھ ۋ و ن م ل ڴ گ ک ق ف ﻉ ش س ژ ز ر ﺫ د ﺡ ﺝ ث ﺕ پ ب|size=4}} for consonants, and {{font|text=ئ ي ۇ و ﻪ ا|size=4}} for vowels. In March 1924, minor changes were made concerning the representation of the sounds / s / and / e / at the beginning of a word. The Arabic-based alphabet remained in use until 1930.

The new writing system used a ''[[hamza]] on ya'' (ئـ‌ ئ) at the beginning of words that start with vowels.<ref name="Биишев">{{cite book|author=А. Г. Биишев|title=О башкирском алфавите|language=ru|trans-title=About the Bashkir alphabet|edition=Вопросы совершенствования алфавитов тюркских языков СССР|location=М.|publisher=Наука|date=1972|pages=49–58}}</ref> The alphabet underwent several minor iterations of changes and updates to the orthographic conventions between 1924 and 1930.

The officially-approved alphabet contained the following consonant and vowel letters:

{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
|+ Bashkir Arabic alphabet consonants <ref name="ahmarov"/><ref name="ishbulatov">Gali Ishbulatov (Ғәли Ишбулатов) (1988) ''Arabic script for learners of the alphabet [Ғәрәп яҙмаһын өйрәнеүселәргә әлифба]'' 2nd ed. (Bashkir) Ufa: Bashkortostan book publishing house. 64 pages. url: [https://kitap.bashkort.org/storage/files/Ғәрәб%20яҙмаһың%20өйрәнеүселәргә%20әлифба.pdf https://kitap.bashkort.org/storage/files/Ғәрәб%20яҙмаһың%20өйрәнеүселәргә%20әлифба.pdf] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20240725172542/https://kitap.bashkort.org/storage/files/%D2%92%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%B1%20%D1%8F%D2%99%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B%D2%A3%20%D3%A9%D0%B9%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5%D2%AF%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B3%D3%99%20%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B1%D0%B0.pdf Archive])</ref>
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Cyrillic)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ب}}</span><br><small>(Б б)</small><br>{{IPAblink|b}}{{IPAblink|β}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|پ}}</span><br><small>(П п)</small><br>{{IPAblink|p}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ت}}</span><br><small>(Т т)</small><br>{{IPAblink|t}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ث}}</span><br><small>(Ҫ ҫ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|θ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|د}}</span><br><small>(Д д)</small><br>{{IPAblink|d}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ذ}}</span><br><small>(Ҙ ҙ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ð}}
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Latin)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ر}}</span><br><small>(Р р)</small><br>{{IPAblink|r}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ژ}}</span><br><small>(Ж ж)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ʐ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|س}}</span><br><small>(С с)</small><br>{{IPAblink|s}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ش}}</span><br><small>(Ш ш)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ʃ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ع}}</span><br><small>(Ғ ғ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ʁ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ق}}</span><br><small>(Ҡ ҡ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|q}}
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Latin)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ك}}</span><br><small>(К к)</small><br>{{IPAblink|k}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|گ}}</span><br><small>(Г г)</small><br>{{IPAblink|g}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڭ}}</span><br><small>(Ң ң)</small><br>[{{IPAlink|ŋ}}~{{IPAlink|ɴ}}]
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ل}}</span><br><small>(Л л)</small><br>{{IPAblink|l}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|م}}</span><br><small>(М м)</small><br>{{IPAblink|m}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ن}}</span><br><small>(Н н)</small><br>{{IPAblink|n}}
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Latin)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|و}}</span><br><small>(У у / Ү ү)</small><br>{{IPAblink|w}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ھ}}</span><br><small>(Һ һ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|h}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ی}}</span><br><small>(Й й)</small><br>{{IPAblink|j}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ئ}}</span><br><small>(- / Ъ ъ / Ь ь)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ʔ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ج}}</span><br><small>(Җ җ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ح}}</span><br><small>(Х х)</small><br>{{IPAblink|χ}}
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Latin)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ز}}</span><br><small>(З з)</small><br>{{IPAblink|z}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ف}}</span><br><small>(Ф ф)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ɸ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ۋ}}</span><br><small>(В в)</small><br>[{{IPAlink|v}}~{{IPAlink|w}}]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Bashkir Arabic alphabet Vowels
!colspan=2|
!colspan=2|[[Roundedness|Rounded]]
!colspan=4|Unrounded
|-
!colspan=2|
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
!colspan=3|Close
!colspan=2|Open
|-
!rowspan=3|[[Back vowel|Back]]
! Arabic
| {{script/Arabic|ࢭئو / ࢭـو}}
| {{script/Arabic|ࢭئۇ / ࢭـۇ‎}}
|colspan=1|
|colspan=2| {{script/Arabic|ࢭئىُـ / ࢭـىُـ/ ࢭىُ}}
|colspan=1| {{script/Arabic|ئا / ا / ‍ـا}}
|-
!Cyrillic<Br>(Latin)
|У у<br>(U u)
|О о<br>(O o)
|colspan=1|
|colspan=2|Ы ы<br>(I ı)
|colspan=1|А а<br>(A a)
|-
!IPA
|{{IPAblink|u}}
|{{IPAblink|ʊ}}
|colspan=1|
|colspan=2|{{IPAblink|ɯ}}
|colspan=1|{{IPAblink|ɑ}}
|-
!rowspan=3|[[Front vowel|Front]]
!Arabic
| {{script/Arabic|ئو / ـو}}
| {{script/Arabic|ئۇ / ـۇ}}
|colspan=1| {{script/Arabic|ئيـ / یـ / ی}}
|colspan=2| {{script/Arabic|ئىُـ / ـىُـ/ ىُ}}
| {{script/Arabic|ئە / ـە / ە}}
|-
!Cyrillic<Br>(Latin)
| Ү ү<br>(Ü ü)
| Ө ө<br>(Ö ö)
|colspan=1|И и<br>(İ i)
|colspan=2|Э э / Е е<br>(Ee)
|Ә ә<br>(Ä ä)
|-
!IPA
|colspan=1| {{IPAblink|ʏ}}
|colspan=1| {{IPAblink|ø}}
|colspan=1| {{IPAblink|e}}
|colspan=2|{{IPAblink|ɪ}}
|colspan=1| {{IPAblink|æ}}
|}
Similar to other Turkic languages, Bashkir has [[vowel harmony]] rules. Bashkir orthography has two-dimensional vowel harmony rules, front versus back vowels, and rounded versus unrounded vowels.

There are 9 vowel sounds in Bashkir, but the orthography only offers 6 letters (ئا، ئە، یـ، ىُـ، و، ۇ). Thus in order to determine how a vowel letter is pronounced, reliance, either on a special diacritic, or on word context is required.

''[[Dagger alif|low alef]]'' ⟨ {{script/Arabic|ࢭ}} ⟩ has a unique role in Bashkir and Tatar Arabic scripts, a role not seen in other Arabic scripts. Bashkir Arabic script makes use of this special diacrtici {{unichar|08AD|ARABIC LETTER LOW ALEF}}, and it can only ever come at the beginning of words. It never comes in the middle or end of words. Low alef doesn't represent any sound in Bashkir . Instead, it indicates that the vowels in the word will be the following [[back vowel]]s:<ref name="ahmarov"/><ref name="ishbulatov"/>

* '''{{script/Arabic|ىُـ / ىُ}}''': ''Ы ы (I ı)''
* '''{{script/Arabic|ۇ}}''': ''О о (O o)''
* '''{{script/Arabic|و}}''': ''У у (U u)''

The logic essentially is that low alef indicates that the vowels of the word are articulated in the same part of the mouth as an {{IPAblink|ɑ}} sound, which is written with an alif ⟨ {{script/Arabic|ئا / ا}} ⟩, i.e. at back of the mouth.

The corresponding front vowel pairs of the three aforementioned back vowels are the following:

* '''{{script/Arabic|ىُـ / ىُ}}''': ''Э э / Е е (E e)''
* '''{{script/Arabic|ۇ}}''': ''Ө ө (Ӧ ӧ)''
* '''{{script/Arabic|و}}''': ''Ү ү (Ü ü)''

[[Hamza]] plays a similar but inverse role in [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] [[Kazakh_alphabets#Arabic_script|Arabic Alphabet]], marking that vowels in a word will be [[front vowel]]s.

There are exceptions in Bashkir orthography, meaning words that will have [[back vowel]]s, but won't have low alef written for them. First are words that contain the vowel ''alef'' '''А а (A a)''' (shown in Arabic Script as ئا / ا / ـا). This vowel is a back vowel, and its corresponding front vowel pair is written with a different letter altogether. Thus, it is an unambiguous conclusion that any word containing alef, will have all its other vowels as back vowels too. Thus, the ''low alef'' will be redundant, and so it's not written.

For example, the word ''йорт (yort)'', meaning "house", is written with low alef, as '''ࢭیۇرت'''{{nnbsp}}. But in its plural form, ''йортлар (yortlar '' is written as '''یۇرتتار'''.

Inversely, words that contain the vowel ''Ә ә (Ä ä)'' (shown in Arabic Script as ئە / ـە / ە) or ''И и (İ i)'' (shown in Arabic Script as ئیـ / ـیـ / ی) are unambiguously words in which all vowels will be [[front vowel]]s.

The second exception, is words that contain the following consonants:

* '''Г г (G g)''' (گ)
* '''Ғ ғ (Ğ ğ)''' (ع)
* '''К к (K k)''' (ك)
* '''Ҡ ҡ (Q q)''' (ق)

As per Bashkir phonology, the letters '''Г г (G g)''' (گ) and '''К к (K k)''' (ك) can only be accompanied by [[front vowel]]s. Thus there won't be any words containing these consonants that would need low alef. In contrast, the letters '''Ғ ғ (Ğ ğ)''' (ع) and '''Ҡ ҡ (Q q)''' (ق) can only be accompanied by [[back vowel]]s. This means that they themselves act as indicators that vowels in a word are [[back vowel]]s, thus eliminating a need for low alef. For example, the word '' yılı (yılı)'', meaning "warm", is written as '''ࢭیىُلىُ''', whereas, a derived word, such as ''йылылыҡ / yılılıq'', meaning "heat", is written as '''یىُلىُلىُق'''.

The rejected "New orthography / Yaña imlä" proposal would not have had reliance on such orthographic conventions as those mentioned above for the actually adopted "Middle orthography". Instead, this orthography was to have 9 vowels, one per each sound, as shown on the below table.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowels in the rejected "New Orthography" proposal for Bashkir
!rowspan="2"|Cyrillic<br>(Latin)
!colspan="4"|Arabic
|-
! Final
! Medial
! Isolated
! Initial
|-
|А а<Br>(A a)
| ا
| ـا
| ا
| ئا
|-
|Ә ә<Br>(Ä ä)
| ـە / ە
| ـىَـ
| ىَـ
| ئىَـ
|-
|Ы ы<Br>(I ı)
| ىُٖـ
| ـىُٖـ
| ىُٖـ
| ئىُٖـ
|-
|Е е / Э э<Br>(E e)
| ىُـ
| ـىُـ
| ىُـ
| ئىُـ
|-
|И и<Br>(İ i)
| ىِـ
| ـىِـ
| ىِـ
| ئىِـ
|-
|О о<Br>(O o)
| ۈ
| ـۈ
| ۈ
| ئۈ
|-
|У у <br>(U u)
| وٓ
| ـوٓ
| وٓ
| ئوٓ
|-
|Ө ө<Br>(Ö ö)
| ۇ
| ـۇ
| ۇ
| ئۇ
|-
|Ү ү<Br>(Ü ü)
| و
| ـو
| و
| ئو
|}


=== Latin alphabet ===
=== Latin alphabet ===
Line 34: Line 236:
!Latin
!Latin
|-
|-
|h
|һ
|h
|h
|-
|-
|x
|х
|[[H with stroke|ħ]]
|[[H with stroke|ħ]]
|-
|-
|s
|ѕ
|{{ILL|ȗ|fr}}, ә
|{{ILL|ȗ|fr|v=sup}}, ә
|-
|-
|ң
|ң
Line 58: Line 260:
|ĵ
|ĵ
|-
|-
|w
|ԝ
|ŭ
|ŭ
|-
|-
Line 64: Line 266:
|ĝ, j
|ĝ, j
|}
|}
In June 1927, the All-Union Committee of the New Turkic Alphabet approved a single alphabet for the Turkic peoples of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]; [[Yañalif]]. The Bashkir Latinized alphabet was again revised to align with this standard, and on 6 July 1930, the Central Executive Committee of the [[Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Bashkir ASSR]] officially approved the new revision. In May 1933, at the conference of the Bashkir Scientific Research Institute of Language and Literature, the letter Ç ç was removed. The digraph ''ьj'' was similarly eliminated in 1938. Following these reforms, the Bashkir Latinized alphabet existed as follows:<ref name="Биишев" />
In June 1927, the All-Union Committee of the New Turkic alphabet approved a single alphabet for the Turkic peoples of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]; [[Yañalif]]. The Bashkir Latinized alphabet was again revised to align with this standard, and on 6 July 1930, the Central Executive Committee of the [[Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Bashkir ASSR]] officially approved the new revision. In May 1933, at the conference of the Bashkir Scientific Research Institute of Language and Literature, the letter Ç ç was removed. The digraph ''ьj'' was similarly eliminated in 1938. Following these reforms, the Bashkir Latinized alphabet existed as follows:<ref name="Биишев" />
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
| A a
| A a
Line 86: Line 288:
| M m
| M m
| N n
| N n
| Ꞑ ꞑ
| Ŋ ŋ
| O o
| O o
| Ө ө
| Ө ө
Line 93: Line 295:
| R r
| R r
| S s
| S s
| Ѣ ƀ
| Ҍ ҍ
| T t
| T t
|-
|-
Line 127: Line 329:
| ң || нг, нъ, ң, н́, н̄, ҥ
| ң || нг, нъ, ң, н́, н̄, ҥ
|-
|-
| ғ || гь, v, гг, ѓ
| ғ || гь, ѵ, гг, ѓ
|-
|-
| ҡ || кь, k, кк, к̄
| ҡ || кь, k, кк, к̄
Line 191: Line 393:
| Е е, [[E (Cyrillic)|Э э]]
| Е е, [[E (Cyrillic)|Э э]]
| E e
| E e
| [[Ze (Cyrillic)|Э э]]
| [[E (Cyrillic)|Э э]]
| Ь ь, [[File:Cyrillic capital letter Je with inverted belt.svg|7px]] [[File:Cyrillic letter small capital Je with inverted belt.svg|6px]]
| Ь ь, [[File:Cyrillic capital letter Je with inverted belt.svg|7px]] [[File:Cyrillic letter small capital Je with inverted belt.svg|6px]]
| ئ
| ئىُ
|-
|-
| [[Yo (Cyrillic)|Ё ё]]
| [[Yo (Cyrillic)|Ё ё]]
Line 223: Line 425:
| I i
| I i
| И и
| И и
| ي
| ئی
|-
|-
| Й й
| Й й
Line 235: Line 437:
| K k
| K k
| К к
| К к
| ک
| ك
|-
|-
| Ҡ ҡ
| Ҡ ҡ
Line 265: Line 467:
| Ꞑ ꞑ
| Ꞑ ꞑ
| Ҥ ҥ
| Ҥ ҥ
| ڴ
| ڭ
|-
|-
| О о
| О о
Line 271: Line 473:
| O o
| O o
| [[File:Cyrillic capital letter open at bottom O.svg|10px]] [[File:Cyrillic small letter open at bottom O.svg|8px]]
| [[File:Cyrillic capital letter open at bottom O.svg|10px]] [[File:Cyrillic small letter open at bottom O.svg|8px]]
| ۇ
| ࢭئۇ
|-
|-
| Ө ө
| Ө ө
| Ө ө
| Ө ө
| Ö ö
| Ö ö
| [[File:Cyrillic_capital_letter_O_with_left_notch.svg|11x11px]] [[File:Cyrillic_capital_letter_O_with_left_notch.svg|8x8px]]
| Ꞝꞝ
| ۇ
| ئۇ
|-
|-
| П п
| П п
Line 298: Line 500:
|-
|-
| Ҫ ҫ
| Ҫ ҫ
| Ҍ ҍ
| [[File:Latin capital letter T with bowl.svg|9px]] [[File:Latin small letter bashkir Th.svg|6px]]
| Th th
| Th th
| [[File:Cyrillic capital letter long Es.svg|10px]] [[File:Cyrillic small letter long Es.svg|8px]]
| [[File:Cyrillic capital letter long Es.svg|10px]] [[File:Cyrillic small letter long Es.svg|8px]]
Line 313: Line 515:
| U u
| U u
| У у
| У у
| و
| ࢭئو
|-
|-
| Ү ү
| Ү ү
Line 319: Line 521:
| Ü ü
| Ü ü
| [[File:Cyrillic capital letter script U.svg|12px]] [[File:Cyrillic letter small capital script U.svg|10px]]
| [[File:Cyrillic capital letter script U.svg|12px]] [[File:Cyrillic letter small capital script U.svg|10px]]
| و
| ئو
|-
|-
| Ф ф
| Ф ф
Line 364: Line 566:
|-
|-
| –
| –
| ьj ''(before 1939)''
| Ьj ьj ''(before 1939)''
| Y y
| Y y
| –
| –
| ي
| ی
|-
|-
| Ъ ъ
| Ъ ъ
Line 379: Line 581:
| Ә ә
| Ә ә
| Ъ ъ
| Ъ ъ
| ࢭىُ‎
| ئ
|-
|-
| Ь ь
| Ь ь
Line 391: Line 593:
| E e
| E e
| [[File:Cyrillic capital letter script A.svg|10px]] [[File:Cyrillic small letter script A.svg|8px]]
| [[File:Cyrillic capital letter script A.svg|10px]] [[File:Cyrillic small letter script A.svg|8px]]
| ﻪ
| ئە
|-
|-
| [[Yu (Cyrillic)|Ю ю]]
| [[Yu (Cyrillic)|Ю ю]]
Line 408: Line 610:
==Sample of the scripts==
==Sample of the scripts==
Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]:
Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]:

{| class="wikitable"
{{fs interlinear |indent=2
|-
|Барлыҡ кешеләр ирекле, дәрәжәләре һәм хоҡуҡтары тигеҙ булып тыуалар. Улар аҡыл һәм выждан эйәһе һәм бер-береһенә ҡарата ҡәрҙәшлек рухында хәрәкәт итергә тейештәр.
! Cyrillic !! Latin !! English translation
|Barlıq keşelər irekle, dərəjələre həm xoquqtarı tigeź bulıp tıwalar. Ular aqıl həm vıjdan eyəhe həm ber-berehenə qarata qərźəşlek ruxında xərəkət itergə teyeştər.
|-
||Барлыҡ кешеләр ирекле, дәрәжәләре һәм хоҡуҡтары тигеҙ булып тыуалар. Улар аҡыл һәм выждан эйәһе һәм бер-береһенә ҡарата ҡәрҙәшлек рухында хәрәкәт итергә тейештәр.||Barlıq keşelär irekle, däräjäläre häm xoquqtarı tiñ bulıp tıualar. Ular aqıl häm vıjdan eyähe häm ber-berehenä qarata qärźäşlek ruxında xäräkät itergä teyeştär.|| All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
|All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.}}
|}


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 16:01, 25 December 2024

The Bashkir alphabet (Bashkir: Башҡорт әлифбаһы, romanized: Başqort əlifbahı) is a writing system used for the Bashkir language. Until the mid-19th century, Bashkir speakers wrote in the Volga Türki literary language using the Arabic script. In 1869, Russian linguist Mirsalikh Bekchurin published the first guide to Bashkir grammar, and the first Cyrillic Bashkir introductory book was published by Vasily Katarinsky in Orenburg in 1892. Latinisation was first discussed in June 1924, when the first draft of the Bashkir alphabet using the Latin script was created. More reforms followed, culminating in the final version in 1938.

History

[edit]

Early period

[edit]

Until the mid-19th century, Bashkir speakers wrote in the Volga Türki literary language using the Arabic script. Many works of Bashkir literature were written in Volga Türki, including Bashkir shezhere ("Genealogies of the Bashkir People"), Batyrsha's Letter to Empress Elizaveta, the orders of Salawat Yulayev, as well as works from the poets A. Kargaly, Tadgetdin Yalsigul Al-Bashkordi, H. Salikhov, Gali Sokoroy, Miftahetdin Akmulla, and Mukhametsalim Umetbaev. The influence of spoken Bashkir is noticeable in many works from the period.[1][2]

The first attempts to create a writing system that fully represented the Bashkir language began in the middle of the 19th century, with writers attempting to adapt the Cyrillic alphabet. One such proponent was turkologist and linguist Nikolay Ilminsky, in his work Introductory Reading in the Turkish-Tatar Language Course.[3]

In 1869, Russian linguist Mirsalikh Bekchurin published the first guide to Bashkir grammar in the book An Initial Guide to the Study of Arabic, Persian and Tatar Languages with the Adverbs of Bukhara, Bashkirs, Kyrgyz and Residents of Turkestan.[4] The first Cyrillic Bashkir introductory book was published by Vasily Katarinsky in Orenburg in 1892, with his proposed alphabet excluding the letters ё, й, ѳ, and ѵ from the contemporaneous Cyrillic alphabet and including the additional characters of Ä, г̇, ҥ, Ö, ӳ. Another primer was prepared at the end of the 19th century by Nikolaï Katanov [de] using the umlaut (ӓ – / ә /, ӧ – / ө /, ӟ – / ҙ /, к̈ – / ҡ /, ӱ – / и /, etc.), however this work was never published.[4]

In 1907, Alexander Bessonov published The Primer for the Bashkirs. This publication proposed that alphabet included all the letters of the Cyrillic alphabet of the time, except for ё and й, and added the characters ä, г̣, д̣ [fr], ҥ, ö, с̣ [fr], and ӱ. Five years later, Mstislav Kulaev (Mukhametkhan Kulaev) published The Basics of Onomatopoeia and the Alphabet for Bashkirs (reprinted in 1919), again making use of the Cyrillic alphabet in conjunction with new characters.[5][6]

Arabic alphabet

[edit]

In July 1921, the 2nd All-Bashkir Congress of Soviets decided to create their own script for Bashkir as the state language of the Bashkir ASSR. In December 1922, the Congress formed a commission for the development of a new official alphabet and spelling at the ASSR's Academic Center of the People's Commissariat of Education. This alphabet remained in use until the official adoption of Latin alphabet in 1930.[7]

The commission adapted the Arabic alphabet to the needs of Bashkir phonology. The commission excluded some letters and normalized the spelling of vowels. The process wasn't without controversy. During the conference, 3 proposals came to be considered, "Old orthography / Iśke imlä", "Middle orthography / Urta imlä", and "New orthography / Yaña imlä". Old orthography was the existing old Bashkir written tradition that was in use for centuries in Bashkortostan. Middle orthography was a middle-ground modification that proposed modifying the alphabet to match Bashkir phonology, but not too radically. This orthography is to have 6 vowels, and rely on context or a marker for indicating the specific vowel sounds of each word. Its proponents argued that this orthography would be the most realistic, and it will be the easiest to implement. "New orthography" proposed a radical modification, specifically to add 9 vowels. At the end of the day, "New orthography" was deemed too unrealistic to implement, as printing presses in the region did not have the required letter types. Thus "middle orthography" was adopted and was referred to as "New orthography / Yaña imlä" in contrast with the old.[7]

The new writing system used a hamza on ya (ئـ‌ ئ) at the beginning of words that start with vowels.[8] The alphabet underwent several minor iterations of changes and updates to the orthographic conventions between 1924 and 1930.

The officially-approved alphabet contained the following consonant and vowel letters:

Bashkir Arabic alphabet consonants [7][9]
Arabic
(Cyrillic)
[IPA] 		ب‎
(Б б)
[b][β] 		پ‎
(П п)
[p] 		ت‎
(Т т)
[t] 		ث‎
(Ҫ ҫ)
[θ] 		د‎
(Д д)
[d] 		ذ‎
(Ҙ ҙ)
[ð]
Arabic
(Latin)
[IPA] 		ر‎
(Р р)
[r] 		ژ‎
(Ж ж)
[ʐ] 		س‎
(С с)
[s] 		ش‎
(Ш ш)
[ʃ] 		ع‎
(Ғ ғ)
[ʁ] 		ق‎
(Ҡ ҡ)
[q]
Arabic
(Latin)
[IPA] 		ك‎
(К к)
[k] 		گ‎
(Г г)
[g] 		ڭ‎
(Ң ң)
[ŋ~ɴ] 		ل‎
(Л л)
[l] 		م‎
(М м)
[m] 		ن‎
(Н н)
[n]
Arabic
(Latin)
[IPA] 		و‎
(У у / Ү ү)
[w] 		ھ‎
(Һ һ)
[h] 		ی‎
(Й й)
[j] 		ئ‎
(- / Ъ ъ / Ь ь)
[ʔ] 		ج‎
(Җ җ)
[d͡ʒ] 		ح‎
(Х х)
[χ]
Arabic
(Latin)
[IPA] 		ز‎
(З з)
[z] 		ف‎
(Ф ф)
[ɸ] 		ۋ‎
(В в)
[v~w]
Bashkir Arabic alphabet Vowels
Rounded Unrounded
Close Open Close Open
Back Arabic ࢭئو / ࢭـو‎ ࢭئۇ / ࢭـۇ‎‎ ࢭئىُـ / ࢭـىُـ/ ࢭىُ‎ ئا / ا / ‍ـا‎
Cyrillic
(Latin) 		У у
(U u) 		О о
(O o) 		Ы ы
(I ı) 		А а
(A a)
IPA [u] [ʊ] [ɯ] [ɑ]
Front Arabic ئو / ـو‎ ئۇ / ـۇ‎ ئيـ / یـ / ی‎ ئىُـ / ـىُـ/ ىُ‎ ئە / ـە / ە‎
Cyrillic
(Latin) 		Ү ү
(Ü ü) 		Ө ө
(Ö ö) 		И и
(İ i) 		Э э / Е е
(Ee) 		Ә ә
(Ä ä)
IPA [ʏ] [ø] [e] [ɪ] [æ]

Similar to other Turkic languages, Bashkir has vowel harmony rules. Bashkir orthography has two-dimensional vowel harmony rules, front versus back vowels, and rounded versus unrounded vowels.

There are 9 vowel sounds in Bashkir, but the orthography only offers 6 letters (ئا، ئە، یـ، ىُـ، و، ۇ). Thus in order to determine how a vowel letter is pronounced, reliance, either on a special diacritic, or on word context is required.

low alef ⟨ ࢭ‎ ⟩ has a unique role in Bashkir and Tatar Arabic scripts, a role not seen in other Arabic scripts. Bashkir Arabic script makes use of this special diacrtici U+08AD ࢭ ARABIC LETTER LOW ALEF, and it can only ever come at the beginning of words. It never comes in the middle or end of words. Low alef doesn't represent any sound in Bashkir . Instead, it indicates that the vowels in the word will be the following back vowels:[7][9]

  • ىُـ / ىُ‎: Ы ы (I ı)
  • ۇ‎: О о (O o)
  • و‎: У у (U u)

The logic essentially is that low alef indicates that the vowels of the word are articulated in the same part of the mouth as an [ɑ] sound, which is written with an alif ⟨ ئا / ا‎ ⟩, i.e. at back of the mouth.

The corresponding front vowel pairs of the three aforementioned back vowels are the following:

  • ىُـ / ىُ‎: Э э / Е е (E e)
  • ۇ‎: Ө ө (Ӧ ӧ)
  • و‎: Ү ү (Ü ü)

Hamza plays a similar but inverse role in Kazakh Arabic Alphabet, marking that vowels in a word will be front vowels.

There are exceptions in Bashkir orthography, meaning words that will have back vowels, but won't have low alef written for them. First are words that contain the vowel alef А а (A a) (shown in Arabic Script as ئا / ا / ـا). This vowel is a back vowel, and its corresponding front vowel pair is written with a different letter altogether. Thus, it is an unambiguous conclusion that any word containing alef, will have all its other vowels as back vowels too. Thus, the low alef will be redundant, and so it's not written.

For example, the word йорт (yort), meaning "house", is written with low alef, as ࢭیۇرت . But in its plural form, йортлар (yortlar is written as یۇرتتار.

Inversely, words that contain the vowel Ә ә (Ä ä) (shown in Arabic Script as ئە / ـە / ە) or И и (İ i) (shown in Arabic Script as ئیـ / ـیـ / ی) are unambiguously words in which all vowels will be front vowels.

The second exception, is words that contain the following consonants:

  • Г г (G g) (گ)
  • Ғ ғ (Ğ ğ) (ع)
  • К к (K k) (ك)
  • Ҡ ҡ (Q q) (ق)

As per Bashkir phonology, the letters Г г (G g) (گ) and К к (K k) (ك) can only be accompanied by front vowels. Thus there won't be any words containing these consonants that would need low alef. In contrast, the letters Ғ ғ (Ğ ğ) (ع) and Ҡ ҡ (Q q) (ق) can only be accompanied by back vowels. This means that they themselves act as indicators that vowels in a word are back vowels, thus eliminating a need for low alef. For example, the word yılı (yılı), meaning "warm", is written as ࢭیىُلىُ, whereas, a derived word, such as йылылыҡ / yılılıq, meaning "heat", is written as یىُلىُلىُق.

The rejected "New orthography / Yaña imlä" proposal would not have had reliance on such orthographic conventions as those mentioned above for the actually adopted "Middle orthography". Instead, this orthography was to have 9 vowels, one per each sound, as shown on the below table.

Vowels in the rejected "New Orthography" proposal for Bashkir
Cyrillic
(Latin) 		Arabic
Final Medial Isolated Initial
А а
(A a) 		ا ـا ا ئا
Ә ә
(Ä ä) 		ـە / ە ـىَـ ىَـ ئىَـ
Ы ы
(I ı) 		ىُٖـ ـىُٖـ ىُٖـ ئىُٖـ
Е е / Э э
(E e) 		ىُـ ـىُـ ىُـ ئىُـ
И и
(İ i) 		ىِـ ـىِـ ىِـ ئىِـ
О о
(O o) 		ۈ ـۈ ۈ ئۈ
У у
(U u) 		وٓ ـوٓ وٓ ئوٓ
Ө ө
(Ö ö) 		ۇ ـۇ ۇ ئۇ
Ү ү
(Ü ü) 		و ـو و ئو

Latin alphabet

[edit]

The Bashkir ASSR Academic Center began discussing Latinisation in June 1924 and drafted a Bashkir alphabet using the Latin script later that year.[10] That draft was later modified according to the following suggestions:[5]

Cyrillic Latin
һ h
х ħ
ѕ ȗ [fr], ә
ң n̑
ш ŝ
ҫ t'
ый o
f ĵ
ԝ ŭ
җ ĝ, j

In June 1927, the All-Union Committee of the New Turkic alphabet approved a single alphabet for the Turkic peoples of the USSR; Yañalif. The Bashkir Latinized alphabet was again revised to align with this standard, and on 6 July 1930, the Central Executive Committee of the Bashkir ASSR officially approved the new revision. In May 1933, at the conference of the Bashkir Scientific Research Institute of Language and Literature, the letter Ç ç was removed. The digraph ьj was similarly eliminated in 1938. Following these reforms, the Bashkir Latinized alphabet existed as follows:[8]

A a B ʙ V v G g Ƣ ƣ
D d Đ đ E e Ƶ ƶ Z z
I i J j K k Q q L l
M m N n Ŋ ŋ O o Ө ө
P p R r S s Ҍ ҍ T t
U u Y y F f X x H h
C c Ş ş Ь ь Ә ә

Cyrillic alphabet

[edit]
Final
version		 Alternative
version
ә э, ӓ, ā
ү ӳ, уь, ӱ, ӯ
һ һь, хъ, гх, ҳ, хь
ҙ дз, д́, дь, q, ӟ, дъ
ҫ с̈, сь, ԑ, ц, с́, тсь
ө ӧ, оь, ő, ō, ǫ
ң нг, нъ, ң, н́, н̄, ҥ
ғ гь, ѵ, гг, ѓ
ҡ кь, k, кк, к̄

Historical and current alphabets

[edit]

Compiled by:[8][5]

Cyrillic
(1940-present) 		Latin
(1930-1940) 		Latin
(1924 project)[11] 		Kulayev's
alphabet 		Arabic
А а A a A a А а ا
Б б B ʙ B b Б б ب
В в V v V v – ۋ
W w – و
Г г G g G g Г г گ
Ғ ғ Ƣ ƣ Ĝ ĝ غ
Д д D d D d Д д د
Ҙ ҙ Đ đ Dh dh ذ
Е е, Э э E e Э э Ь ь, ئىُ
Ё ё – – – –
Ж ж Ƶ ƶ Ƶ ƶ Ж ж ژ
-дж- Ç ç (before 1933) J j – ج
З з Z z Z z З з ز
И и I i I i И и ئی
Й й J j – Ј ј ى
К к K k K k К к ك
Ҡ ҡ Q q Q q Һ һ ق
Л л L l L l Л л ل
М м M m M m М м م
Н н N n N n Н н ن
Ң ң Ꞑ ꞑ Ꞑ ꞑ Ҥ ҥ ڭ
О о O o O o ࢭئۇ
Ө ө Ө ө Ö ö ئۇ
П п P p P p П п پ
Р р R r R r Р р ر
С с S s S s С с س
Ҫ ҫ Ҍ ҍ Th th ث
Т т T t T t Т т ت
У у U u U u У у ࢭئو
Ү ү Y y Ü ü ئو
Ф ф F f F f Ф ф ف
Х х X x X x Х х ح
Һ һ H h H h ھ
Ц ц – – – –
Ч ч C c C c – چ
Ш ш Ş ş Ç ç Ш ш ش
Щ щ – – – –
– Ьj ьj (before 1939) Y y – ی
Ъ ъ – – – –
Ы ы Ь ь Ә ә Ъ ъ ࢭىُ‎
Ь ь – – – –
Ә ә Ә ә E e ئە
Ю ю – – – –
Я я – – – –

Sample of the scripts

[edit]

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

Барлыҡ

Barlıq

кешеләр

keşelər

ирекле,

irekle,

дәрәжәләре

dərəjələre

һәм

həm

хоҡуҡтары

xoquqtarı

тигеҙ

tigeź

булып

bulıp

тыуалар.

tıwalar.

Улар

Ular

аҡыл

aqıl

һәм

həm

выждан

vıjdan

эйәһе

eyəhe

һәм

həm

бер-береһенә

ber-berehenə

ҡарата

qarata

ҡәрҙәшлек

qərźəşlek

рухында

ruxında

хәрәкәт

xərəkət

итергә

itergə

тейештәр.

teyeştər.

Барлыҡ кешеләр ирекле, дәрәжәләре һәм хоҡуҡтары тигеҙ булып тыуалар. Улар аҡыл һәм выждан эйәһе һәм бер-береһенә ҡарата ҡәрҙәшлек рухында хәрәкәт итергә тейештәр.

Barlıq keşelər irekle, dərəjələre həm xoquqtarı tigeź bulıp tıwalar. Ular aqıl həm vıjdan eyəhe həm ber-berehenə qarata qərźəşlek ruxında xərəkət itergə teyeştər.

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Языки Российской Федерации и соседних государств. Vol. I (385 экз ed.). М.: «Наука». 2001. pp. 173–176. ISBN 5-02-022647-5.
  2. ^ Письменные языки мира. Российская Федерация. Vol. I. М. 2000. p. 74.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ Р. М. Латыпова (2014). "Деятельность Н. И. Ильминского в создании башкирского алфавита". Universum: филология и искусствоведение.
  4. ^ a b Л. М. Хусаинова (2017). "Алфавиты башкирского языка в XIX – начале XX вков". Вестник Оренбургского государственного университета. Vol. 3, no. 203. pp. 37–42.
  5. ^ a b c Ҡ. З. Әхмәров (2012). Башҡорт яҙыуы тарихынан (2 1500 экз ed.). Өфө: Китап. ISBN 978-5-295-05619-2.
  6. ^ Л. М. Хусаинова (2012). Башкирское письмо (300 экз ed.). Стерлитамак: Стерлитамакский филиал БашГУ. p. 99.
  7. ^ a b c d Ahmarov, Qasim Zakirovich (2012). History of Bashkir writing (Башҡорт яҙыуы тарихынан) (PDF) (in Bashkir) (2 ed.). Ufa: Kitap. p. 184. ISBN 978-5-295-05619-2. (archive
  8. ^ a b c А. Г. Биишев (1972). О башкирском алфавите [About the Bashkir alphabet] (in Russian) (Вопросы совершенствования алфавитов тюркских языков СССР ed.). М.: Наука. pp. 49–58.
  9. ^ a b Gali Ishbulatov (Ғәли Ишбулатов) (1988) Arabic script for learners of the alphabet [Ғәрәп яҙмаһын өйрәнеүселәргә әлифба] 2nd ed. (Bashkir) Ufa: Bashkortostan book publishing house. 64 pages. url: https://kitap.bashkort.org/storage/files/Ғәрәб%20яҙмаһың%20өйрәнеүселәргә%20әлифба.pdf (Archive)
  10. ^ М. З. Закиев (2005). Тюрко-татарское письмо (история, состояние и перспективы). М.: ИНСАН. p. 71. ISBN 5-85840-330-1.
  11. ^ Project for a Tatar-Bashkir alphabet as published in the newspaper 'Эшче', 18 July 1924: Курбатов, Хәлиф Рәхим улы (1960), Татар теленең алфавиты hәм орфография тарихы, Kazan: Tatar Book Publishers, p. 71
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