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{{Short description|none}}
{{Politics of Zambia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1968 Zambian general election
| country = Zambia
| election_date = 19 December 1968
| module = {{Infobox election
| embed = yes
| election_name = President
| previous_election =
| previous_year =
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| next_election = 1973 Zambian general election
| next_year = 1973
| votes_for_election=
| turnout = 87.12%
| image1 = Kenneth Kaunda 1964.png
| nominee1 = '''[[Kenneth Kaunda]]'''
| party1 = United National Independence Party
| popular_vote1 = '''1,079,970'''
| percentage1 = '''81.82%'''
| image2 = Harry_Nkumbula_(cropped).png
| nominee2 = [[Harry Nkumbula]]
| party2 = [[Zambian African National Congress|ZANC]]
| popular_vote2 = 240,017
| percentage2 = 18.18%
| title = President
| before_election = [[Kenneth Kaunda]]
| before_party = United National Independence Party
| after_election = [[Kenneth Kaunda]]
| after_party = United National Independence Party
| map_image = File:1968_Zambian_presidential_election_(results_by_province).svg
| module = {{Infobox legislative election
| embed = yes
| previous_election = [[1964 Northern Rhodesian general election|1964]]
| next_election = [[1973 Zambian general election|1973]]
| election_name = National Assembly
| party1 = United National Independence Party | leader1 = [[Kenneth Kaunda]] | percentage1 = 73.19 | seats1 = 81 | last_election1 = 55
| party2 = [[Zambian African National Congress|ZANC]] | leader2 = [[Harry Nkumbula]] | percentage2 = 25.40 | seats2 = 23 | last_election2 = 10
| party3 = [[Independent politician|Independents]] | percentage3 = 1.40 | leader3 = [[Hugh Mitchley]] | seats3 = 1 | last_election3 = 0
}}}}}}{{Politics of Zambia}}


'''General elections''' were held in [[Zambia]] on 19 December 1968 to elect the [[National Assembly (Zambia)|National Assembly]] and [[President of Zambia|President]]. The first post-independence polls saw incumbent [[Kenneth Kaunda]] retain his post as president, whilst his [[United National Independence Party]], the only party to field candidates in all 105 constituencies,<ref name=IPU/> won 81 of the 105 seats in the National Assembly. Voter turnout was 82.5% in the parliamentary election,<ref>[http://africanelections.tripod.com/zm.html Elections in Zambia] African Elections Database</ref> but 87.1% in the presidential election.<ref>Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999) ''Elections in Africa: A data handbook'', p953 {{ISBN|0-19-829645-2}}</ref>
General elections were held in [[Zambia]] on 19 December 1968 to elect the [[National Assembly (Zambia)|National Assembly]] and [[President of Zambia|President]]. The first post-independence polls saw incumbent [[Kenneth Kaunda]] retain his post as president, whilst his [[United National Independence Party]], the only party to field candidates in all 105 constituencies,<ref name=IPU/> won 81 of the 105 seats in the National Assembly. Voter turnout was 82.5% in the parliamentary election,<ref>[http://africanelections.tripod.com/zm.html Elections in Zambia] African Elections Database</ref> but 87.1% in the presidential election.<ref>[[Dieter Nohlen]], Michael Krennerich & Bernhard Thibaut (1999) ''Elections in Africa: A data handbook'', p953 {{ISBN|0-19-829645-2}}</ref>


The only other contestants in the National Assembly elections were the [[Zambian African National Congress]] (73 candidates), and three independents.<ref name=IPU/> The [[United Party (Zambia)|United Party]], which had been established in 1966, was banned in 1968, with many of its members absorbed by the ZANC.<ref name=EISA>[http://www.eisa.org.za/wep/zam1968election.htm Zambia: 1968 Elections] EISA</ref> The election campaign was marred by violence, with UNIP members in [[Northern Province, Zambia|Northern]] and [[Luapula Province]]s blocking ZANC candidates from lodging nomination papers, resulting in 30 UNIP candidates running unopposed.<ref name=EISA/> Nevertheless, the election saw a swing towards the ZANC; four ministers lost their seats.<ref name=IPU>[http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/ZAMBIA_1968_E.PDF Zambia 1968] Inter-Parliamentary Union</ref>
The only other contestants in the National Assembly elections were the [[Zambian African National Congress]] (73 candidates), and three independents.<ref name=IPU/> The [[United Party (Zambia)|United Party]], which had been established in 1966, was banned in 1968, with many of its members absorbed by the ZANC.<ref name=EISA>[http://www.eisa.org.za/wep/zam1968election.htm Zambia: 1968 Elections] EISA</ref> The election campaign was marred by violence, with UNIP members in [[Northern Province, Zambia|Northern]] and [[Luapula Province]]s blocking ZANC candidates from lodging nomination papers, resulting in 30 UNIP candidates running unopposed.<ref name=EISA/> Nevertheless, the election saw a swing towards the ZANC; four ministers lost their seats.<ref name=IPU>[http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/ZAMBIA_1968_E.PDF Zambia 1968] Inter-Parliamentary Union</ref>


In 1972, the Kaunda government announced its intention to make UNIP [[one-party state|the only legally permitted party]] in the country. This was formalised with a new constitution that was promulgated in August 1973.<ref>[https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/The_State_of_Political_Parties_in_Zambia_2003_Final_Report.pdf The State of Political Parties In Zambia] [[National Democratic Institute]], 2003</ref> As a result, the 1968 elections were the last multiparty elections held in Zambia until [[Zambian general election, 1991|1991]].
In 1972, the Kaunda government announced its intention to make UNIP [[one-party state|the only legally permitted party]] in the country. This was formalised with a new constitution that was promulgated in August 1973.<ref>[https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/The_State_of_Political_Parties_in_Zambia_2003_Final_Report.pdf The State of Political Parties In Zambia] [[National Democratic Institute]], 2003</ref> As a result, the 1968 elections were the last multiparty elections held in Zambia until [[1991 Zambian general election|1991]].

==Electoral system==
Of the 110 members of the National Assembly, 105 were elected by the [[first-past-the-post]] system in single-member constituencies, with a further five appointed by the President.<ref name=IPU/>

The President was elected using a [[first-past-the-post]] [[double simultaneous vote]] system; candidates for the National Assembly declared which candidate they endorsed for president when they lodged their nomination papers, and those who failed to do so were disqualified. Voters had only one vote, so that voting for a parliamentary candidate automatically meant also voting for the presidential candidate to which the parliamentary candidate had pledged. In constituencies where there was only one parliamentary candidate returned unopposed, all registered voters were "counted" as having voted for the MP's pledged presidential candidate despite the fact no actual voting took place,<ref name=IPU/> effectively disenfranchising them in the presidential election.


==Results==
==Results==
===President===
===President===
{{Election results
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right
|cand1=[[Kenneth Kaunda]]|party1=[[United National Independence Party]]|votes1=1079970
!Candidate
|cand2=[[Harry Nkumbula]]|party2=[[Zambian African National Congress]]|votes2=240017
!Party
|invalid=63490
!Votes
|electorate=1587966
!%
|source=Nohlen ''et al.''
|-
}}
|align=left|[[Kenneth Kaunda]]||align=left|[[United National Independence Party]]||1,079,970||81.8
|-
|align=left|[[Harry Nkumbula]]||align=left|[[Zambian African National Congress]]||240,017||18.2
|-
|align=left colspan=2|Invalid/blank votes||63,490||−
|-
|align=left colspan=2|'''Total'''||'''1,383,477'''||'''100'''
|-
|align=left colspan=2|Registered voters/turnout||1,587,966||87.1
|-
|align=left colspan=4|Source: Nohlen et al.
|}


===National Assembly===
===National Assembly===
{{Election results
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right
|image=[[File:National Assembly of Zambia (1968 elections).svg]]
!Party
|party1=[[United National Independence Party]]|votes1=657764|seats1=81|sc1=+26
!Votes
|party2=[[Zambian African National Congress]]|votes2=228277|seats2=23|sc2=+13
!%
|party3=Independents|votes3=12619|seats3=1|sc3=+1
!Seats
|row4=Presidential appointees|seats4=5|sc4=New
!+/–
|invalid=63490
|-
|total_sc=+35
|align=left|[[United National Independence Party]]||657,764||73.2||81||+26
|electorate=1166637
|-
|source=Nohlen ''et al.''
|align=left|[[Zambian African National Congress]]||228,277||25.4||23||+13
}}
|-
|align=left|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]||12,619||1.4||1||+1
|-
|align=left|Presidential appointees||−||−||5||New
|-
|align=left|Invalid/blank votes||63,490||−||−||−
|-
|align=left|'''Total'''||'''962,150'''||'''100'''||'''110'''||'''+35'''
|-
|align=left|Registered voters/turnout||1,166,637||82.5||−||−
|-
|align=left colspan=5|Source: [http://africanelections.tripod.com/zm.html African Elections Database]
|}


==See also==
==See also==
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{{Zambian elections}}
{{Zambian elections}}


[[Category:1968 elections in Africa]]
[[Category:1968 elections in Africa|Zambia]]
[[Category:1968 in Zambia]]
[[Category:1968 in Zambia]]
[[Category:Presidential elections in Zambia|1968]]
[[Category:Presidential elections in Zambia]]
[[Category:Elections in Zambia|1968]]
[[Category:Parliamentary elections in Zambia]]
[[Category:December 1968 events in Africa]]

Latest revision as of 17:40, 25 December 2024

1968 Zambian general election
19 December 1968
President
1973 →
Turnout87.12%
 
Nominee Kenneth Kaunda Harry Nkumbula
Party UNIP ZANC
Popular vote 1,079,970 240,017
Percentage 81.82% 18.18%
President before election

Kenneth Kaunda
UNIP

Elected President

Kenneth Kaunda
UNIP

National Assembly
← 1964
1973 →
Party Leader Vote % Seats +/–
UNIP Kenneth Kaunda 73.19 81 +26
ZANC Harry Nkumbula 25.40 23 +13
Independents Hugh Mitchley 1.40 1 +1
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Politics of Zambia
Coat of arms of Zambia
Constitution
Government
Legislature
Judiciary
Elections
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
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flag Zambia portal

General elections were held in Zambia on 19 December 1968 to elect the National Assembly and President. The first post-independence polls saw incumbent Kenneth Kaunda retain his post as president, whilst his United National Independence Party, the only party to field candidates in all 105 constituencies,[1] won 81 of the 105 seats in the National Assembly. Voter turnout was 82.5% in the parliamentary election,[2] but 87.1% in the presidential election.[3]

The only other contestants in the National Assembly elections were the Zambian African National Congress (73 candidates), and three independents.[1] The United Party, which had been established in 1966, was banned in 1968, with many of its members absorbed by the ZANC.[4] The election campaign was marred by violence, with UNIP members in Northern and Luapula Provinces blocking ZANC candidates from lodging nomination papers, resulting in 30 UNIP candidates running unopposed.[4] Nevertheless, the election saw a swing towards the ZANC; four ministers lost their seats.[1]

In 1972, the Kaunda government announced its intention to make UNIP the only legally permitted party in the country. This was formalised with a new constitution that was promulgated in August 1973.[5] As a result, the 1968 elections were the last multiparty elections held in Zambia until 1991.

Electoral system

[edit]

Of the 110 members of the National Assembly, 105 were elected by the first-past-the-post system in single-member constituencies, with a further five appointed by the President.[1]

The President was elected using a first-past-the-post double simultaneous vote system; candidates for the National Assembly declared which candidate they endorsed for president when they lodged their nomination papers, and those who failed to do so were disqualified. Voters had only one vote, so that voting for a parliamentary candidate automatically meant also voting for the presidential candidate to which the parliamentary candidate had pledged. In constituencies where there was only one parliamentary candidate returned unopposed, all registered voters were "counted" as having voted for the MP's pledged presidential candidate despite the fact no actual voting took place,[1] effectively disenfranchising them in the presidential election.

Results

[edit]

President

[edit]
CandidatePartyVotes%
Kenneth KaundaUnited National Independence Party1,079,97081.82
Harry NkumbulaZambian African National Congress240,01718.18
Total1,319,987100.00
Valid votes1,319,98795.41
Invalid/blank votes63,4904.59
Total votes1,383,477100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,587,96687.12
Source: Nohlen et al.

National Assembly

[edit]
PartyVotes%Seats+/–
United National Independence Party657,76473.1981+26
Zambian African National Congress228,27725.4023+13
Independents12,6191.401+1
Presidential appointees5New
Total898,660100.00110+35
Valid votes898,66093.40
Invalid/blank votes63,4906.60
Total votes962,150100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,166,63782.47
Source: Nohlen et al.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Zambia 1968 Inter-Parliamentary Union
  2. ^ Elections in Zambia African Elections Database
  3. ^ Dieter Nohlen, Michael Krennerich & Bernhard Thibaut (1999) Elections in Africa: A data handbook, p953 ISBN 0-19-829645-2
  4. ^ a b Zambia: 1968 Elections EISA
  5. ^ The State of Political Parties In Zambia National Democratic Institute, 2003
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