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{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox election
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1998 Costa Rican general election
| country = Costa Rica
| country = Costa Rica
| flag_year = state
| type = presidential
| type = presidential
| previous_election = 1994 Costa Rican general election
| previous_election = 1994 Costa Rican general election
Line 7: Line 9:
| next_election = 2002 Costa Rican general election
| next_election = 2002 Costa Rican general election
| next_year = 2002
| next_year = 2002
| election_date = 1 February 1998
| election_date = 1 February 1998<ref name="ER">{{cite web|title=February 1,Election Results - Costa Rica Totals|url=http://www.electionresources.org/cr/president.php?election=1998|website=Election Resources|accessdate=13 March 2016}}</ref>

| module = {{Infobox election
| module = {{Infobox election
| embed = yes
| embed = yes
| election_name = Presidential election
| election_name = Presidential election
| turnout = 69.99% ({{decrease}}11.12[[percentage point|pp]])


| candidate1 = '''[[Miguel Ángel Rodríguez]]'''
<!-- Social Christian -->
| candidate1 = [[Miguel Ángel Rodríguez]]
| image1 = Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Echeverría.jpg
| image1 = [[File:MiguelAngelRodriguezEcheverria.jpg|x150px|]]
| colour1 =
| party1 = Social Christian Unity Party
| party1 = Social Christian Unity Party
| popular_vote1 = '''652,160'''
| home_state1 = [[San José Province|San José]]
| percentage1 = '''46.96%'''
| popular_vote1 = 652.160
| percentage1 = 46.9%


| candidate2 = [[José Miguel Corrales Bolaños]]
<!--National Liberation -->
| candidate2 = [[José Miguel Corrales Bolaños|José Miguel Corrales]]
| image2 = José Miguel Corrales Bolaños D-141 A.jpg
| image2 =[[File:José Miguel Corrales Bolaños D-141 A.jpg|x110px]]
| party2 = National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)
| party2 = National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)
| home_state2 = [[Cartago Province|Cartago]]
| colour2 =
| popular_vote2 = 618,834
| popular_vote2 = 618,834
| percentage2 = 44.4%
| percentage2 = 44.56%


| map_image = Resultados 1998 Presidente.svg
<!-- map -->
| map_caption = Results by canton
| map_image = [[File:Resultados 1998 Presidente.svg|x325px]]
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map =
| map_caption = Results by canton


| title = [[President of Costa Rica|President]]
<!-- bottom -->
| before_election = [[José María Figueres]]
| title = [[President of Costa Rica|President]]
| before_party = National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)
| before_election = [[José María Figueres]]
| after_election = [[Miguel Ángel Rodríguez]]
| before_party = National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)
| after_party = Social Christian Unity Party
| posttitle =
| after_election = [[Miguel Ángel Rodríguez]]
| after_party = Social Christian Unity Party


| module = {{Infobox legislative election
| module = {{Infobox legislative election
| embed = yes
| embed = yes
| election_name = Legislative election
| election_name = Parliamentary election
| results_sec Results


| seats_for_election = All 57 seats in the [[Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica|Legislative Assembly]]
<!--party1-->
| majority_seats = 29
| party1 = Social Christian Unity Party

| party1 = Social Christian Unity Party
| leader1 = [[Miguel Ángel Rodríguez]]
| leader1 = [[Miguel Ángel Rodríguez]]
| percentage1 = 41.2%
| percentage1 = 41.18
| seats1 = 27
| seats1 = 27
| last_election1 = 25
| last_election1 = 25


| party2 = National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)
<!--party2-->
| leader2 = {{nowrap|[[José Miguel Corrales Bolaños]]}}
| party2 = National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)
| percentage2 = 34.83
| leader2 = [[José Miguel Corrales Bolaños]]
| percentage2 = 34.8%
| seats2 = 23
| seats2 = 23
| last_election2 = 28
| last_election2 = 28


| party3 = Democratic Force (Costa Rica)
<!--party3-->
| leader3 = {{ill|Vladimir de la Cruz|es|Vladimir de la Cruz de Lemos}}
| party3 = Democratic Force (Costa Rica)
| percentage3 = 5.77
| leader3 = Vladimir de la Cruz de Lemos
| percentage3 = 5.6%
| seats3 = 3
| seats3 = 3
| last_election3 = 2
| last_election3 = 2


| party4 = Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)
<!--party4-->
| leader4 = {{ill|Federico Malavassi Calvo|es}}
| party4 = Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)
| percentage4 = 3.08
| leader4 = Federico Malavassi Calvo
| percentage4 = 3.1%
| seats4 = 1
| seats4 = 1
| last_election4 = New
| last_election4 = New


| party5 = National Integration Party (Costa Rica)
<!--party5-->
| leader5 = {{ill|Walter Muñoz Céspedes|es}}
| party5 = National Integration Party (Costa Rica)
| percentage5 = 2.78
| leader5 = Walter Muñoz Céspedes
| percentage5 = 2.8%
| seats5 = 1
| seats5 = 1
| last_election5 = New
| last_election5 = New


| party6 = Costa Rican Renovation Party
<!--party6-->
| leader6 = [[Justo Orozco]]
| party6 = Costa Rican Renovation Party
| percentage6 = 2.02
| leader6 = Justo Orozco Álvarez
| percentage6 = 2.0%
| seats6 = 1
| seats6 = 1
| last_election6 = New
| last_election6 = New


| party7 = [[Agrarian Labour Action Party|PALA]]
| party7 = Agrarian Labour Action Party
| color7 = brown
| color7 = brown
| leader7 = Guido Octavio Vargas Artavia
| leader7 = Guido Octavio Vargas Artavia
| percentage7 = 1.2%
| percentage7 = 1.23
| seats7 = 1
| seats7 = 1
| last_election7 = 0
| last_election7 = 0


| map = Elecciones legislativas de Costa Rica de 1998 - Diputados por Provincia.svg
}}
| map_caption = Results by province
}}
}}}}}}{{Politics of Costa Rica}}
}}
{{Politics of Costa Rica}}


'''General elections''' were held in [[Costa Rica]] on 1 February 1998.<ref name=DN>[[Dieter Nohlen|Nohlen, D]] (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I'', p155 {{ISBN|978-0-19-928357-6}}</ref> [[Miguel Ángel Rodríguez]] of the [[Social Christian Unity Party]] won the presidential election, whilst his party also won the parliamentary election. Voter turnout was 70%, the lowest since the 1950s.<ref>Nohlen, pp156-157</ref>
General elections were held in [[Costa Rica]] on 1 February 1998.<ref name=DN>[[Dieter Nohlen]] (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I'', p155 {{ISBN|978-0-19-928357-6}}</ref> [[Miguel Ángel Rodríguez]] of the [[Social Christian Unity Party]] won the presidential election, whilst his party also won the parliamentary election. Voter turnout was 70%, the lowest since the 1950s.<ref>Nohlen, pp156-157</ref>


An economic recession, a teachers' strike due to a pensions' reform and some corruption scandals made [[President of Costa Rica|President]] [[José María Figueres]]' government highly unpopular. Thus, government endorsed candidate [[José Miguel Corrales]] tried to distance himself from Figueres as much as possible. Corrales won over former [[List of Presidents of the Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica|President of Congress]] Jorge Walter Coto Molina in PLN's primaries but the discovery of [[Voter fraud]] damaged PLN's image and split the party.<ref>Fernández, Oscar ''Costa Rica. La reafirmación del bipartidismo'' Revista Nueva Sociedad No.131, PP. 4-10</ref> On the contrary in PUSC, previous candidate [[Miguel Ángel Rodríguez]] was seen as the natural nominee for this election, and despite the fact that deputy [[Luis Fishman]] was rumored as a possible internal opponent, he finally declined and Rodríguez was nominated without the need of primaries, thus keeping the party united. During Figueres' administration the so call Figueres-Calderón Pact was signed between the leaders of the two main parties (and sons of the two caudillos of the [[Costa Rican Civil War|1948 civil war]]); him and [[Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier]] (Rodríguez political rival) to approve several mutually beneficial laws for both major parties, something that caused outrage among large segments of the population and started the downfall of the [[two-party system]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.revistacienciassociales.ucr.ac.cr/el-discurso-del-pacto-figueres-calderon/ |title= Copia archivada |accessdate= 13 July 2013 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130705062600/http://www.revistacienciassociales.ucr.ac.cr/el-discurso-del-pacto-figueres-calderon/ |archivedate= 5 July 2013 }}</ref>
An economic recession, a teachers' strike due to a pensions' reform and some corruption scandals made [[President of Costa Rica|President]] [[José María Figueres]]' government highly unpopular. Thus, government endorsed candidate [[José Miguel Corrales]] tried to distance himself from Figueres as much as possible. Corrales won over former [[List of Presidents of the Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica|President of Congress]] Jorge Walter Coto Molina in PLN's primaries but the discovery of [[Voter fraud]] damaged PLN's image and split the party.<ref>Fernández, Oscar ''Costa Rica. La reafirmación del bipartidismo'' Revista Nueva Sociedad No.131, PP. 4-10</ref> On the contrary in PUSC, previous candidate [[Miguel Ángel Rodríguez]] was seen as the natural nominee for this election, and despite the fact that deputy [[Luis Fishman]] was rumored as a possible internal opponent, he finally declined and Rodríguez was nominated without the need of primaries, thus keeping the party united. During Figueres' administration the so call Figueres-Calderón Pact was signed between the leaders of the two main parties (and sons of the two caudillos of the [[Costa Rican Civil War|1948 civil war]]); him and [[Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier]] (Rodríguez political rival) to approve several mutually beneficial laws for both major parties, something that caused outrage among large segments of the population and started the downfall of the [[two-party system]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.revistacienciassociales.ucr.ac.cr/el-discurso-del-pacto-figueres-calderon/ |title= Copia archivada |accessdate= 13 July 2013 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130705062600/http://www.revistacienciassociales.ucr.ac.cr/el-discurso-del-pacto-figueres-calderon/ |archivedate= 5 July 2013 }}</ref>


==Results==
==Results==
{{Election results
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right
|cand1=[[Miguel Ángel Rodríguez]]|party1=[[Social Christian Unity Party]]|votes1=652160
!colspan=2|Candidate
|cand2=[[José Miguel Corrales Bolaños]]|party2=[[National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)|National Liberation Party]]|votes2=618834
!Party
|cand3={{ill|Vladimir de la Cruz|es|Vladimir de la Cruz de Lemos}}|party3=[[Democratic Force (Costa Rica)|Democratic Force]]|votes3=41710
!Votes
|cand4={{ill|Walter Muñoz Céspedes|es}}|party4=[[National Integration Party (Costa Rica)|National Integration Party]]|votes4=19934
!%
|cand5=Sherman Thomas Jackson|party5=[[Costa Rican Renewal Party]]|votes5=19313
|-
|cand6=Álvaro González Espinoza|party6=[[Democratic Party (Costa Rica)|Democratic Party]]|votes6=12952
|style=background-color:{{Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color}}| ||align=left|[[Miguel Ángel Rodríguez|Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Echeverría]]||align=left|[[Social Christian Unity Party]]||652,160||46.96
|cand7={{ill|Federico Malavassi Calvo|es}}|party7=[[Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)|Libertarian Movement]]|votes7=5874
|-
|style=background-color:{{Template:National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}| ||align=left|[[José Miguel Corrales Bolaños]]||align=left|[[National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)|National Liberation Party]]||618,834||44.56
|cand8={{ill|Jorge González Martén|es}}|party8=[[National Independent Party (Costa Rica)|National Independent Party]]|votes8=4218
|cand9=Alejandro Madrigal Benavides|party9={{ill|Christian National Alliance Party|es|Alianza Nacional Cristiana}}|votes9=3545
|-
|cand10={{ill|Norma Vargas Duarte|es}}|party10=[[United People (Costa Rica)|United People]]|votes10=3075
|style=background-color:{{Template:Democratic Force (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}| ||align=left|Vladimir de la Cruz de Lemos||align=left|[[Democratic Force (Costa Rica)|Democratic Force]]||41,710||3.00
|cand11={{ill|Rodrigo Gutiérrez Schwanhäuser|es|Rodrigo Alberto Gutiérrez Schwanhausen}}|party11={{ill|New Democratic Party (Costa Rica)|es|Nuevo Partido Democrático (Costa Rica)|lt=New Democratic Party}}|votes11=3025|color11=#77A842
|-
|cand12={{ill|Marina Volio Brenes|es}}|party12=[[National Rescue Party]]|votes12=2681
|style=background-color:{{Template:National Integration Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}| ||align=left|Walter Muñoz Céspedes||align=left|[[National Integration Party (Costa Rica)|National Integration Party]]||19,934||1.44
|cand13=Yolanda Gutiérrez Ventura|party13={{ill|Independent Party (Costa Rica)|es|Partido Independiente (Costa Rica)|lt=Independent Party}}|votes13=1377
|-
|invalid=36318
|style=background-color:{{Template:Costa Rican Renovation Party/meta/color}}| ||align=left|Sherman Thomas Jackson||align=left|[[Costa Rican Renewal Party]]||19,313||1.39
|blank=6897
|-
|electorate=2045980
|style=background-color:{{Template:Democratic Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}| ||align=left|Álvaro González Espinoza||align=left|[[Democratic Party (Costa Rica)|Democratic Party]]||12,952||0.93
|source=[http://www.electionresources.org/cr/president.php?election=1998&province= Election Resources]
|-
}}
|style=background-color:{{Template:Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}| ||align=left|Federico Malavassi Calvo||align=left|[[Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)|Libertarian Movement]]||5,874||0.42
|-
|style=background-color:{{Template:National Independent Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}| ||align=left|Jorge González Martén||align=left|National Independent Party<sup>[[:es:Partido Nacional Independiente (Costa Rica)|es]]</sup>||4,218||0.30
|-
|style=background-color:saddlebrown| ||align=left|Alejandro Madrigal Benavides||align=left|Christian National Alliance<sup>[[:es:Alianza Nacional Cristiana|es]]</sup>||3,545||0.26
|-
|style=background-color:{{Template:United People (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}| ||align=left|Norma Vargas Duarte||align=left|[[United People (Costa Rica)|United People]]||3,075||0.22
|-
|style=background-color:#77A842| ||align=left|Rodrigo Gutiérrez Schwanhäuser||align=left|New Democratic Party||3,025||0.22
|-
|style=background-color:#DB7093| ||align=left|Marina Volio Brenes||align=left|[[National Rescue Party]]||2,681||0.19
|-
|style=background-color:{{Template:Independent Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}| ||align=left|Yolanda Gutiérrez Ventura||align=left|Independent Party||1,377||0.10
|-
|align=left colspan=3|Invalid/blank votes||43,215||–
|-
|align=left colspan=3|'''Total'''||'''1,431,913'''||'''100'''
|-
|align=left colspan=3|Registered voters/turnout||2,045,980||69.99
|-
|align=left colspan=6|Source: Nohlen; [http://atlaselectoral.tse.go.cr/presidencial/1998/area TSE]
|}


=== By province ===
=== By province ===
Line 162: Line 128:
!width=60px| Other %
!width=60px| Other %
|-
|-
!style="background:{{Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color}}"|
!style="background:{{party color|Social Christian Unity Party}}"|
!style="background:{{Template:National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}"|
!style="background:{{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}"|
!style="background:{{Template:Democratic Force (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}"|
!style="background:{{party color|Democratic Force (Costa Rica)}}"|
!style="background:{{Template:National Integration Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}"|
!style="background:{{party color|National Integration Party (Costa Rica)}}"|
!style="background:{{Template:Costa Rican Renovation Party/meta/color}}"|
!style="background:{{party color|Costa Rican Renovation Party}}"|
!style="background:{{Template:Democratic Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}"|
!style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (Costa Rica)}}"|
!style="background:{{Template:Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}"|
!style="background:{{party color|Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)}}"|
!style="background:grey"|
!style="background:grey"|
|-
|-
| align="left"| {{flag|San José}}
| align="left"| {{flag|San José}}
| style="background:#7373dc; color:white;"| 42.94
| style="background:#7373dc; color:white;"| 42.94
| style="background:{{Template:National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 46.72
| style="background:{{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}; color:white;"| 46.72
| 3.33
| 3.33
| 2.16
| 2.16
Line 182: Line 148:
|-
|-
| align="left"| {{flag|Alajuela}}
| align="left"| {{flag|Alajuela}}
| style="background:{{Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 46.86
| style="background:{{party color|Social Christian Unity Party}}; color:white;"| 46.86
| style="background:#66B27B; color:white;"| 45.67
| style="background:#66B27B; color:white;"| 45.67
| 3.13
| 3.13
Line 193: Line 159:
| align="left"| {{flag|Cartago}}
| align="left"| {{flag|Cartago}}
| style="background:#7373dc; color:white;"| 44.35
| style="background:#7373dc; color:white;"| 44.35
| style="background:{{Template:National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 47.69
| style="background:{{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}; color:white;"| 47.69
| 3.16
| 3.16
| 1.37
| 1.37
Line 203: Line 169:
| align="left"| {{flag|Heredia}}
| align="left"| {{flag|Heredia}}
| style="background:#7373dc; color:white;"| 43.39
| style="background:#7373dc; color:white;"| 43.39
| style="background:{{Template:National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 46.35
| style="background:{{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}; color:white;"| 46.35
| 3.45
| 3.45
| 1.63
| 1.63
Line 212: Line 178:
|-
|-
| align="left"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Guanacaste}}}}
| align="left"| {{nowrap|{{flag|Guanacaste}}}}
| style="background:{{Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 55.63
| style="background:{{party color|Social Christian Unity Party}}; color:white;"| 55.63
| style="background:#66B27B; color:white;"| 40.61
| style="background:#66B27B; color:white;"| 40.61
| 1.76
| 1.76
Line 222: Line 188:
|-
|-
| align="left"| {{flag|Puntarenas}}
| align="left"| {{flag|Puntarenas}}
| style="background:{{Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 56.23
| style="background:{{party color|Social Christian Unity Party}}; color:white;"| 56.23
| style="background:#66B27B; color:white;"| 38.57
| style="background:#66B27B; color:white;"| 38.57
| 1.88
| 1.88
Line 232: Line 198:
|-
|-
| align="left"| {{flag|Limón}}
| align="left"| {{flag|Limón}}
| style="background:{{Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 59.58
| style="background:{{party color|Social Christian Unity Party}}; color:white;"| 59.58
| style="background:#66B27B; color:white;"| 32.18
| style="background:#66B27B; color:white;"| 32.18
| 2.62
| 2.62
Line 242: Line 208:
|- style="background:#CDCDCD;"
|- style="background:#CDCDCD;"
| align="left"| '''Total'''
| align="left"| '''Total'''
| style="background:{{Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 46.96
| style="background:{{party color|Social Christian Unity Party}}; color:white;"| 46.96
| 44.56
| 44.56
| 3.00
| 3.00
Line 251: Line 217:
| 1.30
| 1.30
|}
|}
{{bar box
| title=Popular Vote
| titlebar=#ddd
| width=550px
| barwidth=350px
| bars=
{{bar percent|Rodríguez|{{Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color}}|46.96}}
{{bar percent|Corrales|#228B22|44.56}}
{{bar percent|de la Cruz|{{Template:Democratic Force (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|3.00}}
{{bar percent|Muñoz|{{Template:National Integration Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|1.44}}
{{bar percent|Thomas|{{Template:Costa Rican Renovation Party/meta/color}}|1.39}}
{{bar percent|González|{{Template:Democratic Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|0.93}}
{{bar percent|Malavassi|{{Template:Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|0.42}}
{{bar percent|Other|grey|1.30}}
}}


===Parliament===
===Parliament===
The country was for the time still under a heavy [[two-party system]] dynamics<ref name="Landsford">{{cite book|last1=Landsford|first1=Tom|title=Political Handbook of the World 2014|date=20 March 2014|isbn=9781483386263|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iC_VBQAAQBAJ&q=costa+rica%27s+end+of+two+party+system&pg=PA333|accessdate=13 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="Landsford 2">{{cite book|last1=Landsford|first1=Tom|title=Political Handbook of the World 2012|date=2 April 2012|isbn=9781608719952|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d33MfEFXvW8C&q=costa+rica%27s+end+of+two+party+system&pg=PA332|accessdate=13 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Greenspana|first1=Eliot|last2=Gill|first2=Nicholas|last3=O'Malley|first3=Charlie|last4=Gilsenan|first4=Patrick|last5=Perill|first5=Jisel|work=Frommer's Central America|title=Elecciones legislativas de Costa Rica de 2002}}</ref> and the two main parties at the time; [[National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)|National Liberation Party]] and [[Social Christian Unity Party]] won most of the votes. Nevertheless, some third forces also won seats on the Parliament, among them [[left-wing]] [[Democratic Force (Costa Rica)|Democratic Force]] won two seats. It was also the first time that [[liberalism|liberal]] [[Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)|Libertarian Movement]] and [[Christian politics|Christian]] [[Conservativism|conservative]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lopez|first1=Jaime|title=Civic Groups Move Against Gay Marriage in Costa Rica|url=http://news.co.cr/civic-groups-move-against-gay-marriage-in-costa-rica/23281/|accessdate=13 March 2016|agency=Costa Rica Star|date=July 18, 2013}}</ref> [[Costa Rican Renewal Party|Costa Rican Renewal]] won seats (one each) in the Parliament both for their future presidential candidates [[Otto Guevara]] and [[Justo Orozco]] respectively. The small party [[National Integration Party (Costa Rica)|National Integration Party]] led by medic Walter Muñoz won its only seat in history until the 2018 election.
The country was for the time still under a heavy [[two-party system]] dynamics<ref name="Landsford">{{cite book|last1=Landsford|first1=Tom|title=Political Handbook of the World 2014|date=20 March 2014|publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=9781483386263|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iC_VBQAAQBAJ&q=costa+rica%27s+end+of+two+party+system&pg=PA333|accessdate=13 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="Landsford 2">{{cite book|last1=Landsford|first1=Tom|title=Political Handbook of the World 2012|date=2 April 2012|isbn=9781608719952|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d33MfEFXvW8C&q=costa+rica%27s+end+of+two+party+system&pg=PA332|accessdate=13 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Greenspana|first1=Eliot|last2=Gill|first2=Nicholas|last3=O'Malley|first3=Charlie|last4=Gilsenan|first4=Patrick|last5=Perill|first5=Jisel|work=Frommer's Central America|title=Elecciones legislativas de Costa Rica de 2002}}</ref> and the two main parties at the time; [[National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)|National Liberation Party]] and [[Social Christian Unity Party]] won most of the votes. Nevertheless, some third forces also won seats on the Parliament, among them [[left-wing]] [[Democratic Force (Costa Rica)|Democratic Force]] won two seats. It was also the first time that [[liberalism|liberal]] [[Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)|Libertarian Movement]] and [[Christian politics|Christian]] [[Conservativism|conservative]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lopez|first1=Jaime|title=Civic Groups Move Against Gay Marriage in Costa Rica|url=http://news.co.cr/civic-groups-move-against-gay-marriage-in-costa-rica/23281/|accessdate=13 March 2016|agency=Costa Rica Star|date=July 18, 2013}}</ref> [[Costa Rican Renewal Party|Costa Rican Renewal]] won seats (one each) in the Parliament both for their future presidential candidates [[Otto Guevara]] and [[Justo Orozco]] respectively. The small party [[National Integration Party (Costa Rica)|National Integration Party]] led by medic Walter Muñoz won its only seat in history until the 2018 election.


{{Election results
{{bar box
|image=[[File:Costa Rica_Legislative Assembly_1998.svg]]
| title=Popular Vote
|party1=[[Social Christian Unity Party]]|votes1=569792|seats1=27|sc1=+2
| titlebar=#ddd
|party2=[[National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)|National Liberation Party]]|votes2=481933|seats2=23|sc2=–5
| float=right
|party3=[[Democratic Force (Costa Rica)|Democratic Force]]|votes3=79826|seats3=3|sc3=+1
| width=550px
|party4=[[Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)|Libertarian Movement]]|votes4=42640|seats4=1|sc4=New
| barwidth=350px
|party5=[[National Integration Party (Costa Rica)|National Integration Party]]|votes5=38408|seats5=1|sc5=New
| bars=
|party6=[[Costa Rican Renewal Party]]|votes6=27892|seats6=1|sc6=New
{{bar percent|Social Christian Unity|{{Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color}}|41.18}}
|party7=[[Democratic Party (Costa Rica)|Democratic Party]]|votes7=17060|seats7=0|sc7=New
{{bar percent|National Liberation|#228B22|34.83}}
|party8=[[Agrarian Labour Action Party]]|votes8=16955|seats8=1|sc8=+1
{{bar percent|Democratic Force|{{Template:Democratic Force (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|5.77}}
|party9=[[United People (Costa Rica)|United People]]|votes9=15028|seats9=0|sc9=0
{{bar percent|Libertarian Movement|{{Template:Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|3.08}}
|party10=[[National Independent Party (Costa Rica)|National Independent Party]]|votes10=12794|seats10=0|sc10=0
{{bar percent|National Integration|{{Template:National Integration Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|2.78}}
|party11={{ill|General Union Party|es|Partido Unión Generaleña}}|votes11=12583|seats11=0|sc11=0
{{bar percent|Costa Rican Renewal|{{Template:Costa Rican Renovation Party/meta/color}}|2.02}}
|party12={{ill|New Democratic Party (Costa Rica)|es|Nuevo Partido Democrático (Costa Rica)|lt=New Democratic Party}}|votes12=12476|seats12=0|sc12=New|color12=#77A842
{{bar percent|Democratic|{{Template:Democratic Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|1.23}}
|party13=[[National Rescue Party]]|votes13=9588|seats13=0|sc13=New
{{bar percent|Agrarian Labour Action|#8f5100|1.23}}
|party14={{ill|Christian National Alliance Party|es|Alianza Nacional Cristiana}}|votes14=9176|seats14=0|sc14=0
{{bar percent|United People|{{Template:United People (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|1.09}}
|party15={{ill|National Agrarian Party (Costa Rica)|es|Partido Agrario Nacional|lt=National Agrarian Party}}|votes15=7497|seats15=0|sc15=–1
{{bar percent|Nat. Independent|{{Template:National Independent Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|0.92}}
|party16=[[Cartago Agrarian Union Party]]|votes16=7138|seats16=0|sc16=–1
{{bar percent|Other|grey|5.87}}
|party17=[[Alajuelense Democratic Action]]|votes17=6614|seats17=0|sc17=0
|party18={{ill|Independent Party (Costa Rica)|es|Partido Independiente (Costa Rica)|lt=Independent Party}}|votes18=6025|seats18=0|sc18=0
|party19=Change Now|votes19=2223|seats19=0|sc19=New|color19=#BEF8F7
|party20=National Convergence Party|votes20=2197|seats20=0|sc20=0|color20=black
|party21=[[Authentic Limonense Party]]|votes21=2167|seats21=0|sc21=0
|party22=Cartago Agrarian Force Party|votes22=1892|seats22=0|sc22=New
|party23=[[Independent Guanacaste Party]]|votes23=1623|seats23=0|sc23=0
|invalid=32709
|blank=14343
|total_sc=0
|electorate=2045980
|source=[http://www.electionresources.org/cr/deputies.php?election=1998&province= Election Resources]
}}
}}

{{bar box
| title=Seats
| titlebar=#ddd
| float=right
| width=550px
| barwidth=350px
| bars=
{{bar percent|Social Christian Unity|{{Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color}}|47.37}}
{{bar percent|National Liberation|#228B22|40.35}}
{{bar percent|Democratic Force|{{Template:Democratic Force (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|5.26}}
{{bar percent|Libertarian Movement|{{Template:Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|1.75}}
{{bar percent|National Integration|{{Template:National Integration Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|1.75}}
{{bar percent|Costa Rican Renewal|{{Template:Costa Rican Renovation Party/meta/color}}|1.75}}
{{bar percent|Agrarian Labour Action|#8f5100|1.75}}
}}
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:right
|colspan=6|[[File:Costa Rica_Legislative Assembly_1998.svg|center]]
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!Votes
!%
!Seats
!+/–
|-
|bgcolor={{Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color}}| ||align=left|[[Social Christian Unity Party]]||569,792||41.18|||27||style="color:green;"| +2
|-
|bgcolor={{Template:National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}| ||align=left|[[National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)|National Liberation Party]]||481,933||34.83|||23||style="color:red;"| -5
|-
|bgcolor={{Template:Democratic Force (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}| ||align=left|[[Democratic Force (Costa Rica)|Democratic Force]]||79,826||5.77|||3||style="color:green;"| +1
|-
|bgcolor={{Template:Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}| ||align=left|[[Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)|Libertarian Movement]]||42,640||3.08|||1||New
|-
|bgcolor={{Template:National Integration Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}| ||align=left|[[National Integration Party (Costa Rica)|National Integration Party]]||38,408||2.78|||1||New
|-
|bgcolor={{Template:Costa Rican Renovation Party/meta/color}}| ||align=left|[[Costa Rican Renewal Party]]||27,892||2.02|||1||New
|-
|bgcolor={{Template:Democratic Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}| ||align=left|[[Democratic Party (Costa Rica)|Democratic Party]]||17,060||1.23|||0||New
|-
|bgcolor=#8f5100| ||align=left|[[Agrarian Labour Action Party]]||16,955||1.23||1||style="color:green;"| +1
|-
|bgcolor={{Template:United People (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}| ||align=left|[[United People (Costa Rica)|United People]]||15,028||1.09|||0||0
|-
|bgcolor={{Template:National Independent Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}| ||align=left|National Independent Party<sup>[[:es:Partido Nacional Independiente (Costa Rica)|es]]</sup>||12,794||0.92||0||0
|-
|bgcolor={{Template:General Union Party/meta/color}}| ||align=left|General Union Party<sup>[[:es:Partido Unión Generaleña|es]]</sup>||12,583||0.91|||0||0
|-
|bgcolor=#77A842| ||align=left|New Democratic Party||12,476||0.90||0||New
|-
|bgcolor=#DB7093| ||align=left|[[National Rescue Party]]||9,588||0.69||0||New
|-
|bgcolor=saddlebrown| ||align=left|Christian National Alliance<sup>[[:es:Alianza Nacional Cristiana|es]]</sup>||9,176||0.66||0||0
|-
|bgcolor={{Template:National Agrarian Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}| ||align=left|National Agrarian Party||7,497||0.54|||0||style="color:red;"| -1
|-
|bgcolor={{Template:Cartago Agrarian Union Party/meta/color}}| ||align=left|[[Cartago Agrarian Union Party]]||7,138||0.52||0||style="color:red;"| -1
|-
|bgcolor={{Template:Alajuelense Democratic Action/meta/color}}| ||align=left|[[Alajuelense Democratic Action]]||6,614||0.48|||0||0
|-
|bgcolor={{Template:Independent Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}| ||align=left|Independent Party||6,025||0.44||0||0
|-
|bgcolor=#BEF8F7| ||align=left|Change Now||2,223||0.16||0||New
|-
|bgcolor=black| ||align=left|National Convergence Party||2,197||0.16||0||0
|-
|bgcolor=#66cc33| ||align=left|[[Limonese Authentic Party]]||2,167||0.16||0||0
|-
|bgcolor=#87CEEB| ||align=left|Cartago Agrarian Force||1,892||0.14||0||New
|-
|bgcolor=#2e9eff| ||align=left|[[Independent Guanacaste Party]]||1,623||0.12||0||0
|-
|align=left colspan=2|Invalid/blank votes||47,052||–||–||–
|-
|align=left colspan=2|'''Total'''||'''1,415,319'''||'''100'''||'''57'''||'''0'''
|-
|align=left colspan=2|Registered voters/turnout||1,881,348||69.99||–||–
|-
|align=left colspan=6|Source: [http://www.tse.go.cr/ TSE]; [http://www.electionresources.org/cr/deputies.php?election=1998&province= Election Resources]
|}


====By province====
====By province====
Line 383: Line 267:
! colspan="2" width="30px"| Others
! colspan="2" width="30px"| Others
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:{{Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color}}"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Social Christian Unity Party}}"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{Template:National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{Template:Democratic Force (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Force (Costa Rica)}}"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{Template:Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)}}"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{Template:National Integration Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|National Integration Party (Costa Rica)}}"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{Template:Costa Rican Renovation Party/meta/color}}"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Costa Rican Renovation Party}}"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{Template:Democratic Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (Costa Rica)}}"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{Template:United People (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|United People (Costa Rica)}}"|
! colspan="2" style="background:grey"|
! colspan="2" style="background:grey"|
|-
|-
Line 413: Line 297:
|-
|-
| align="left"| {{flag|San José}}
| align="left"| {{flag|San José}}
| style="background:{{Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 37.60
| style="background:{{party color|Social Christian Unity Party}}; color:white;"| 37.60
|'''8'''
|'''8'''
| style="background:#66B27B; color:white;"| 36.21
| style="background:#66B27B; color:white;"| 36.21
Line 433: Line 317:
|-
|-
| align="left"| {{flag|Alajuela}}
| align="left"| {{flag|Alajuela}}
| style="background:{{Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 40.89
| style="background:{{party color|Social Christian Unity Party}}; color:white;"| 40.89
|'''4'''
|'''4'''
| style="background:#66B27B; color:white;"| 35.52
| style="background:#66B27B; color:white;"| 35.52
Line 453: Line 337:
|-
|-
| align="left"| {{flag|Cartago}}
| align="left"| {{flag|Cartago}}
| style="background:{{Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 39.39
| style="background:{{party color|Social Christian Unity Party}}; color:white;"| 39.39
|'''3'''
|'''3'''
| style="background:#66B27B; color:white;"| 36.49
| style="background:#66B27B; color:white;"| 36.49
Line 473: Line 357:
|-
|-
| align="left"| {{flag|Heredia}}
| align="left"| {{flag|Heredia}}
| style="background:{{Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 39.20
| style="background:{{party color|Social Christian Unity Party}}; color:white;"| 39.20
|'''3'''
|'''3'''
| style="background:#66B27B; color:white;"| 35.85
| style="background:#66B27B; color:white;"| 35.85
Line 493: Line 377:
|-
|-
| align="left"| {{flag|Guanacaste}}
| align="left"| {{flag|Guanacaste}}
| style="background:{{Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 50.05
| style="background:{{party color|Social Christian Unity Party}}; color:white;"| 50.05
|'''3'''
|'''3'''
| style="background:#66B27B; color:white;"| 33.66
| style="background:#66B27B; color:white;"| 33.66
Line 513: Line 397:
|-
|-
| align="left"| {{flag|Puntarenas}}
| align="left"| {{flag|Puntarenas}}
| style="background:{{Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 50.50
| style="background:{{party color|Social Christian Unity Party}}; color:white;"| 50.50
|'''4'''
|'''4'''
| style="background:#66B27B; color:white;"| 32.42
| style="background:#66B27B; color:white;"| 32.42
Line 533: Line 417:
|-
|-
| align="left"| {{flag|Limón}}
| align="left"| {{flag|Limón}}
| style="background:{{Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 47.71
| style="background:{{party color|Social Christian Unity Party}}; color:white;"| 47.71
|'''2'''
|'''2'''
| style="background:#66B27B; color:white;"| 24.30
| style="background:#66B27B; color:white;"| 24.30
Line 553: Line 437:
|- style="background:#CDCDCD;"
|- style="background:#CDCDCD;"
| align="left"| '''Total'''
| align="left"| '''Total'''
| style="background:{{Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 41.18
| style="background:{{party color|Social Christian Unity Party}}; color:white;"| 41.18
|'''27'''
|'''27'''
| 34.83
| 34.83
Line 574: Line 458:


===Local governments===
===Local governments===
{{Election results
{{bar box
|seattype1=Alderpeople|seattype2=+/–|seattype3=Municipal<br>syndics|seattype4=+/–
| title=Alderpeople
|party1=[[Social Christian Unity Party]]|votes1=564531|st1t1=271|st2t1=+39|st3t1=295|st4t1=+190
| titlebar=#ddd
|party2=[[National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)|National Liberation Party]]|votes2=488870|st1t2=226|st2t2=–43|st3t2=145|st4t2=–178
| float= right
|party3=[[Democratic Force (Costa Rica)|Democratic Force]]|votes3=85313|st1t3=24|st2t3=+2|st3t3=0|st4t3=0
| width=450px
|party4=[[Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)|Libertarian Movement]]|votes4=33544|st1t4=4|st2t4=New|st3t4=0|st4t4=New
| barwidth=250px
|party5=[[Costa Rican Renewal Party]]|votes5=25654|st1t5=0|st2t5=New|st3t5=0|st4t5=New
| bars=
|party6=[[National Integration Party (Costa Rica)|National Integration Party]]|votes6=23896|st1t6=3|st2t6=New|st3t6=0|st4t6=New
{{bar percent|Social Christian Unity|{{Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color}}|46.89}}
|party7=[[Democratic Party (Costa Rica)|Democratic Party]]|votes7=19204|st1t7=0|st2t7=New|st3t7=0|st4t7=New
{{bar percent|National Liberation|#228B22|39.10}}
|party8=[[Agrarian Labour Action Party]]|votes8=15157|st1t8=7|st2t8=+7|st3t8=2|st4t8=+2
{{bar percent|Regionalist|#cfcfcf|4.84}}
|party9=[[National Independent Party (Costa Rica)|National Independent Party]]|votes9=14975|st1t9=2|st2t9=+2|st3t9=0|st4t9=0
{{bar percent|Democratic Force|{{Template:Democratic Force (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|4.15}}
|party10={{ill|General Union Party|es|Partido Unión Generaleña}}|votes10=13378|st1t10=3|st2t10=–1|st3t10=0|st4t10=0
{{bar percent|Libertarian Movement|{{Template:Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|0.69}}
|party11={{ill|New Democratic Party (Costa Rica)|es|Nuevo Partido Democrático (Costa Rica)|lt=New Democratic Party}}|votes11=12804|st1t11=2|st2t11=New|st3t11=0|st4t11=New|color11=#77A842
{{bar percent|National Integration|{{Template:National Integration Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|0.52}}
|party12=[[United People (Costa Rica)|United People]]|votes12=12216|st1t12=1|st2t12=+1|st3t12=0|st4t12=0
{{bar percent|General Union|#FFEA94|0.52}}
|party13=[[National Rescue Party]]|votes13=11385|st1t13=2|st2t13=New|st3t13=0|st4t13=New
{{bar percent|Independent|{{Template:Independent Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|0.52}}
|party14=[[Escazu's Progressive Yoke]]|votes14=9699|st1t14=4|st2t14=New|st3t14=3|st4t14=New
{{bar percent|National Rescue|#DB7093|0.35}}
|party15={{ill|Independent Party (Costa Rica)|es|Partido Independiente (Costa Rica)|lt=Independent Party}}|votes15=8095|st1t15=3|st2t15=+3|st3t15=0|st4t15=0
{{bar percent|National Independent|{{Template:National Independent Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|0.35}}
|party16={{ill|National Agrarian Party (Costa Rica)|es|Partido Agrario Nacional|lt=National Agrarian Party}}|votes16=7827|st1t16=5|st2t16=–2|st3t16=0|st4t16=0
{{bar percent|New Democratic|#77A842|0.35}}
|party17=[[21st Century Curridabat]]|votes17=5117|st1t17=2|st2t17=New|st3t17=1|st4t17=New
{{bar percent|United People|{{Template:United People (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|0.17}}
|party18=National Convergence Party|votes18=4044|st1t18=1|st2t18=+1|st3t18=0|st4t18=0|color18=black
|party19=[[Alajuelense Democratic Action]]|votes19=4027|st1t19=1|st2t19=–2|st3t19=0|st4t19=0
|party20=Party of the Sun|votes20=3628|st1t20=2|st2t20=New|st3t20=2|st4t20=New
|party21={{ill|Christian National Alliance Party|es|Alianza Nacional Cristiana}}|votes21=2787|st1t21=0|st2t21=0|st3t21=0|st4t21=0
|party22=[[Independent Guanacaste Party]]|votes22=2610|st1t22=2|st2t22=0|st3t22=0|st4t22=0
|party23=Cartago Agrarian Force Party|votes23=2430|st1t23=0|st2t23=New|st3t23=0|st4t23=New
|party24=[[Authentic Limonense Party]]|votes24=1871|st1t24=1|st2t24=0|st3t24=0|st4t24=0
|party25=Humanist Party of Montes de Oca|votes25=1870|st1t25=1|st2t25=New|st3t25=0|st4t25=New|color25=orange
|party26=Change Now|votes26=1790|st1t26=0|st2t26=New|st3t26=0|st4t26=New|color26=#BEF8F7
|party27=Independent Belemite Party|votes27=1386|st1t27=1|st2t27=New|st3t27=0|st4t27=New
|party28=New Alajuelita Party |votes28=1350|st1t28=1|st2t28=0|st3t28=0|st4t28=0
|party29=Humanist Party of Heredia|votes29=1128|st1t29=0|st2t29=New|st3t29=0|st4t29=New|color29=orange
|party30=Golfitenean Action Party|votes30=694|st1t30=0|st2t30=New|st3t30=0|st4t30=New
|total_st2t=+34|total_st4t=+19
|invalid=49341
|electorate=2045173
|source=TSE<ref>{{cite web |url=http://atlaselectoral.tse.go.cr/regiduria/1990/area |title=Elecciones Regidurías 1998 |language=Spanish |website=tse.go.cr |publisher=Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones |access-date= 21 May 2020}}</ref>
}}
}}
{{bar box
| title=Municipal Syndics
| titlebar=#ddd
| float= right
| width=450px
| barwidth=250px
| bars=
{{bar percent|Social Christian Unity|{{Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color}}|66.00}}
{{bar percent|National Liberation|#228B22|32.44}}
{{bar percent|Regionalist|#cfcfcf|1.56}}
}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:97%;"
|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9" align="center"
! style="text-align:centre;" rowspan="2" colspan="2" width="250"| Parties
! colspan="3"| Popular vote
! colspan="2"| Alderpeople
! colspan="2"| Municipal Syndics
|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9" align="center"
! width="85"| Votes
! width="50"| %
! width="50"| ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! width="50"| Total
! width="50"| +/-
! width="50"| Total
! width="50"| +/-
|-
| bgcolor="{{Template:Social Christian Unity Party/meta/color}}"|
| align="left"| [[Social Christian Unity Party]] (PUSC)
| 564,531 || 40.86 || style="color:red;"| -0.65
| 271 || style="color:green;"| +39 || 295 || style="color:green;"| +190
|-
| bgcolor="{{Template:National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}"|
| align="left"| [[National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)|National Liberation Party]] (PLN)
| 488,870 || 35.38 || style="color:red;"| -10.98
| 226 || style="color:red;"| -43 || 145 || style="color:red;"| -178
|-
| bgcolor="{{Template:Democratic Force (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}"|
| align="left"| [[Democratic Force (Costa Rica)|Democratic Force]] (FD)
| 85,313 || 6.17 || style="color:green;"| +1.27
| 24 || style="color:green;"| +2 || 0 || 0
|-
| bgcolor="{{Template:Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}"|
| align="left"| [[Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica)|Libertarian Movement]] (ML)
| 33,544 || 2.43 || ''New''
| 4 || ''New'' || 0 || ''New''
|-
| bgcolor="{{Template:Costa Rican Renovation Party/meta/color}}"|
| align="left"| [[Costa Rican Renewal Party]] (PRC)
| 25,654 || 1.86 || ''New''
| 0 || ''New'' || 0 || ''New''
|-
| bgcolor="{{Template:National Integration Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}"|
| align="left"| [[National Integration Party (Costa Rica)|National Integration Party]] (PIN)
| 23,896 || 1.73 || ''New''
| 3 || ''New'' || 0 || ''New''
|-
| bgcolor="{{Template:Democratic Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}"|
| align="left"| [[Democratic Party (Costa Rica)|Democratic Party]] (PD)
| 19,204 || 1.39 || ''New''
| 0 || ''New'' || 0 || ''New''
|-
| bgcolor="#8f5100"|
| align="left"| [[Agrarian Labour Action Party]] (PALA)
| 15,157 || 1.10 || style="color:green;"| +0.76
| 7 || style="color:green;"| +7 || 2 || style="color:green;"| +2
|-
| bgcolor="{{Template:National Independent Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}"|
| align="left"| National Independent Party (PNI)
| 14,975 || 1.08 || style="color:green;"| +0.49
| 2 || style="color:green;"| +2 || 0 || 0
|-
| bgcolor="#FFEA94"|
| align="left"| General Union Party (PUG)
| 13,378 || 0.99 || style="color:red;"| -0.65
| 3 || style="color:red;"| -1 || 0 || 0
|-
| bgcolor="#77A842"|
| align="left"| New Democratic Party (NPD)
| 12,804 || 0.93 || ''New''
| 2 || ''New'' || 0 || ''New''
|-
| bgcolor="{{Template:United People (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}"|
| align="left"| [[United People (Costa Rica)|United People]] (UP)
| 12,216 || 0.88 || style="color:green;"| +0.88
| 1 || style="color:green;"| +1 || 0 || 0
|-
| bgcolor="#DB7093"|
| align="left"| [[National Rescue Party]] (PRESNA)
| 11,385 || 0.82 || ''New''
| 2 || ''New'' || 0 || ''New''
|-
| bgcolor="#00A550"|
| align="left"| [[Escazu's Progressive Yoke]] (YPE)
| 9,699 || 0.70 || ''New''
| 4 || ''New'' || 3 || ''New''
|-
| bgcolor="{{Template:Independent Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}"|
| align="left"| Independent Party (PI)
| 8,095 || 0.59 || style="color:green;"| +0.18
| 3 || style="color:green;"| +3 || 0 || 0
|-
| bgcolor="#FCFFC4"|
| align="left"| National Agrarian Party (PAN)
| 7,827 || 0.57 || style="color:red;"| -0.56
| 5 || style="color:red;"| -2 || 0 || 0
|-
| bgcolor="#ffff00"|
| align="left"| [[21st Century Curridabat]] (CSXXI)
| 5,117 || 0.37 || ''New''
| 2 || ''New'' || 1 || ''New''
|-
| bgcolor="black"|
| align="left"| National Convergence Party (PCN)
| 4,044 || 0.29 || style="color:green;"| +0.05
| 1 || style="color:green;"| +1 || 0 || 0
|-
| bgcolor="#FF7E1C"|
| align="left"| [[Alajuelense Democratic Action]] (PADA)
| 4,027 || 0.29 || style="color:red;"| -0.49
| 1 || style="color:red;"| -2 || 0 || 0
|-
| bgcolor="#27E3E5"|
| align="left"| Party of the Sun (PdS)
| 3,628 || 0.26 || ''New''
| 2 || ''New'' || 2 || ''New''
|-
| bgcolor="saddlebrown"|
| align="left"| Christian National Alliance (ANC)
| 2,787 || 0.20 || style="color:green;"| +0.20
| 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| bgcolor="#2e9eff"|
| align="left"| [[Independent Guanacaste Party]] (PGI)
| 2,610 || 0.19 || style="color:red;"| -0.14
| 2 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| bgcolor="#87CEEB"|
| align="left"| Cartago Agrarian Force (FAC)
| 2,430 || 0.18 || ''New''
| 0 || ''New'' || 0 || ''New''
|-
| bgcolor="#66cc33"|
| align="left"| [[Limonese Authentic Party|Limonense Authentic Party]] (PAL)
| 1,871 || 0.14 || style="color:red;"| -0.17
| 1 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| bgcolor="orange"|
| align="left"| Humanist Party of Montes de Oca (PH-MdO)
| 1,870 || 0.14 || ''New''
| 1 || ''New'' || 0 || ''New''
|-
| bgcolor="#BEF8F7"|
| align="left"| Change Now (CYA)
| 1,790 || 0.13 || ''New''
| 0 || ''New'' || 0 || ''New''
|-
| bgcolor="#e76100"|
| align="left"| Independent Belemite Party (PIB)
| 1,386 || 0.10 || ''New''
| 1 || ''New'' || 0 || ''New''
|-
| bgcolor="yellow"|
| align="left"| New Alajuelita Party (PALNU)
| 1,350 || 0.10 || style="color:red;"| -0.07
| 1 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| bgcolor="orange"|
| align="left"| Humanist Party of Heredia (PH-Her)
| 1,128 || 0.08|| ''New''
| 0 || ''New'' || 0 || ''New''
|-
| bgcolor="#7DC9FF"|
| align="left"| Golfitenean Action Party (PAGOL)
| 694 || 0.05 || ''New''
| 0 || ''New'' || 0 || ''New''
|-
| colspan="15" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
| 1,380,833 || 100.00 || - || 578 || +34 || 447 || +19
|-
| colspan="15" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
|-
| align="left" colspan="2"| Invalid votes
| 49,341 || 3.45 || bgcolor="#E9E9E9" rowspan= "4" colspan="5"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Votes cast / turnout
| 1,430,174 || 69.99
|-
| align="left" colspan="2"| Abstentions
| 614,999 || 30.01
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|-
| align="left" colspan="2"| '''Registered voters'''
| '''2,045,173''' || '''100%'''
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
|-
| align="left" colspan="9"| Sources<ref>{{cite web |url=http://atlaselectoral.tse.go.cr/regiduria/1990/area |title=Elecciones Regidurías 1998 |language=Spanish |website=tse.go.cr |publisher=Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones |access-date= 21 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| align="left" colspan="9"|
|}


==References==
==References==
Line 803: Line 501:
{{Costa Rican elections}}
{{Costa Rican elections}}


[[Category:1998 elections in Central America|Costa Rica]]
[[Category:1998 elections in Central America|Costa]]
[[Category:1998 in Costa Rica]]
[[Category:1998 in Costa Rica|General]]
[[Category:Elections in Costa Rica]]
[[Category:Parliamentary elections in Costa Rica]]
[[Category:Presidential elections in Costa Rica]]

Latest revision as of 17:50, 25 December 2024

1998 Costa Rican general election
← 1994 1 February 1998 2002 →
Presidential election
Turnout69.99% (Decrease11.12pp)
 
Candidate Miguel Ángel Rodríguez José Miguel Corrales Bolaños
Party PUSC PLN
Popular vote 652,160 618,834
Percentage 46.96% 44.56%
Results by canton
President before election

José María Figueres
PLN

Elected President

Miguel Ángel Rodríguez
PUSC

Parliamentary election
All 57 seats in the Legislative Assembly
29 seats needed for a majority
Party Leader Vote % Seats +/–
PUSC Miguel Ángel Rodríguez 41.18 27 +2
PLN José Miguel Corrales Bolaños 34.83 23 −5
PFD Vladimir de la Cruz [es] 5.77 3 +1
PML Federico Malavassi Calvo [es] 3.08 1 New
PIN Walter Muñoz Céspedes [es] 2.78 1 New
PRC Justo Orozco 2.02 1 New
PALA Guido Octavio Vargas Artavia 1.23 1 +1
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Results by province
Politics of Costa Rica
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Executive
Legislature
Judiciary
Administrative divisions
Elections
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flag Costa Rica portal

General elections were held in Costa Rica on 1 February 1998.[1] Miguel Ángel Rodríguez of the Social Christian Unity Party won the presidential election, whilst his party also won the parliamentary election. Voter turnout was 70%, the lowest since the 1950s.[2]

An economic recession, a teachers' strike due to a pensions' reform and some corruption scandals made President José María Figueres' government highly unpopular. Thus, government endorsed candidate José Miguel Corrales tried to distance himself from Figueres as much as possible. Corrales won over former President of Congress Jorge Walter Coto Molina in PLN's primaries but the discovery of Voter fraud damaged PLN's image and split the party.[3] On the contrary in PUSC, previous candidate Miguel Ángel Rodríguez was seen as the natural nominee for this election, and despite the fact that deputy Luis Fishman was rumored as a possible internal opponent, he finally declined and Rodríguez was nominated without the need of primaries, thus keeping the party united. During Figueres' administration the so call Figueres-Calderón Pact was signed between the leaders of the two main parties (and sons of the two caudillos of the 1948 civil war); him and Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier (Rodríguez political rival) to approve several mutually beneficial laws for both major parties, something that caused outrage among large segments of the population and started the downfall of the two-party system.[4]

Results

[edit]
CandidatePartyVotes%
Miguel Ángel RodríguezSocial Christian Unity Party652,16046.96
José Miguel Corrales BolañosNational Liberation Party618,83444.56
Vladimir de la Cruz [es]Democratic Force41,7103.00
Walter Muñoz Céspedes [es]National Integration Party19,9341.44
Sherman Thomas JacksonCosta Rican Renewal Party19,3131.39
Álvaro González EspinozaDemocratic Party12,9520.93
Federico Malavassi Calvo [es]Libertarian Movement5,8740.42
Jorge González Martén [es]National Independent Party4,2180.30
Alejandro Madrigal BenavidesChristian National Alliance Party [es]3,5450.26
Norma Vargas Duarte [es]United People3,0750.22
Rodrigo Gutiérrez Schwanhäuser [es]New Democratic Party [es]3,0250.22
Marina Volio Brenes [es]National Rescue Party2,6810.19
Yolanda Gutiérrez VenturaIndependent Party [es]1,3770.10
Total1,388,698100.00
Valid votes1,388,69896.98
Invalid votes36,3182.54
Blank votes6,8970.48
Total votes1,431,913100.00
Registered voters/turnout2,045,98069.99
Source: Election Resources

By province

[edit]
Province Rodríguez % Corrales % de la Cruz % Muñoz % Thomas % González % Malavassi % Other %
 San José 42.94 46.72 3.33 2.16 1.81 1.15 0.58 1.31
 Alajuela 46.86 45.67 3.13 0.96 1.21 0.92 0.30 0.95
 Cartago 44.35 47.69 3.16 1.37 0.81 0.99 0.29 1.34
 Heredia 43.39 46.35 3.45 1.63 2.12 1.41 0.35 1.30
 Guanacaste 55.63 40.61 1.76 0.30 0.58 0.14 0.15 0.83
 Puntarenas 56.23 38.57 1.88 0.47 0.52 0.26 0.40 1.67
 Limón 59.58 32.18 2.62 0.88 1.51 0.63 0.54 2.06
Total 46.96 44.56 3.00 1.44 1.39 0.93 0.42 1.30

Parliament

[edit]

The country was for the time still under a heavy two-party system dynamics[5][6][7] and the two main parties at the time; National Liberation Party and Social Christian Unity Party won most of the votes. Nevertheless, some third forces also won seats on the Parliament, among them left-wing Democratic Force won two seats. It was also the first time that liberal Libertarian Movement and Christian conservative[8] Costa Rican Renewal won seats (one each) in the Parliament both for their future presidential candidates Otto Guevara and Justo Orozco respectively. The small party National Integration Party led by medic Walter Muñoz won its only seat in history until the 2018 election.

PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Social Christian Unity Party569,79241.1827+2
National Liberation Party481,93334.8323–5
Democratic Force79,8265.773+1
Libertarian Movement42,6403.081New
National Integration Party38,4082.781New
Costa Rican Renewal Party27,8922.021New
Democratic Party17,0601.230New
Agrarian Labour Action Party16,9551.231+1
United People15,0281.0900
National Independent Party12,7940.9200
General Union Party [es]12,5830.9100
New Democratic Party [es]12,4760.900New
National Rescue Party9,5880.690New
Christian National Alliance Party [es]9,1760.6600
National Agrarian Party [es]7,4970.540–1
Cartago Agrarian Union Party7,1380.520–1
Alajuelense Democratic Action6,6140.4800
Independent Party [es]6,0250.4400
Change Now2,2230.160New
National Convergence Party2,1970.1600
Authentic Limonense Party2,1670.1600
Cartago Agrarian Force Party1,8920.140New
Independent Guanacaste Party1,6230.1200
Total1,383,527100.00570
Valid votes1,383,52796.71
Invalid votes32,7092.29
Blank votes14,3431.00
Total votes1,430,579100.00
Registered voters/turnout2,045,98069.92
Source: Election Resources

By province

[edit]
Province PUSC PLN FD ML PIN PRC PD PU Others
% S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S
 San José 37.60 8 36.21 8 7.31 2 4.64 1 4.69 1 2.44 1 1.60 0 0.88 0 4.63 0
 Alajuela 40.89 4 35.52 4 5.20 1 1.40 0 1.30 0 1.38 0 1.08 0 0.41 0 12.82 1
 Cartago 39.39 3 36.49 3 5.14 0 1.71 0 2.08 0 0.97 0 1.15 0 1.75 0 11.32 0
 Heredia 39.20 3 35.85 2 7.12 0 2.45 0 3.22 0 2.48 0 1.76 0 1.12 0 6.80 0
 Guanacaste 50.05 3 33.66 2 4.19 0 1.08 0 0.55 0 3.10 0 0.21 0 0.62 0 6.54 0
 Puntarenas 50.50 4 32.42 2 3.05 0 3.95 0 0.97 0 1.16 0 0.70 0 1.60 0 5.65 0
 Limón 47.71 2 24.30 2 2.70 0 3.29 0 1.11 0 2.49 0 0.74 0 2.88 0 14.78 0
Total 41.18 27 34.83 23 5.77 3 3.08 1 2.78 1 2.02 1 1.23 0 1.09 0 8.02 1

Local governments

[edit]
PartyVotes%Seats
Alderpeople+/–Municipal
syndics		+/–
Social Christian Unity Party564,53140.87271+39295+190
National Liberation Party488,87035.39226–43145–178
Democratic Force85,3136.1824+200
Libertarian Movement33,5442.434New0New
Costa Rican Renewal Party25,6541.860New0New
National Integration Party23,8961.733New0New
Democratic Party19,2041.390New0New
Agrarian Labour Action Party15,1571.107+72+2
National Independent Party14,9751.082+200
General Union Party [es]13,3780.973–100
New Democratic Party [es]12,8040.932New0New
United People12,2160.881+100
National Rescue Party11,3850.822New0New
Escazu's Progressive Yoke9,6990.704New3New
Independent Party [es]8,0950.593+300
National Agrarian Party [es]7,8270.575–200
21st Century Curridabat5,1170.372New1New
National Convergence Party4,0440.291+100
Alajuelense Democratic Action4,0270.291–200
Party of the Sun3,6280.262New2New
Christian National Alliance Party [es]2,7870.200000
Independent Guanacaste Party2,6100.192000
Cartago Agrarian Force Party2,4300.180New0New
Authentic Limonense Party1,8710.141000
Humanist Party of Montes de Oca1,8700.141New0New
Change Now1,7900.130New0New
Independent Belemite Party1,3860.101New0New
New Alajuelita Party1,3500.101000
Humanist Party of Heredia1,1280.080New0New
Golfitenean Action Party6940.050New0New
Total1,381,280100.00569+34448+19
Valid votes1,381,28096.55
Invalid/blank votes49,3413.45
Total votes1,430,621100.00
Registered voters/turnout2,045,17369.95
Source: TSE[9]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Dieter Nohlen (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p155 ISBN 978-0-19-928357-6
  2. ^ Nohlen, pp156-157
  3. ^ Fernández, Oscar Costa Rica. La reafirmación del bipartidismo Revista Nueva Sociedad No.131, PP. 4-10
  4. ^ "Copia archivada". Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
  5. ^ Landsford, Tom (20 March 2014). Political Handbook of the World 2014. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781483386263. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  6. ^ Landsford, Tom (2 April 2012). Political Handbook of the World 2012. ISBN 9781608719952. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  7. ^ Greenspana, Eliot; Gill, Nicholas; O'Malley, Charlie; Gilsenan, Patrick; Perill, Jisel. Elecciones legislativas de Costa Rica de 2002. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Lopez, Jaime (18 July 2013). "Civic Groups Move Against Gay Marriage in Costa Rica". Costa Rica Star. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  9. ^ "Elecciones Regidurías 1998". tse.go.cr (in Spanish). Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
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