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| native_name = {{nq|منصور الحق}}
| native_name = {{nq|منصور الحق}}
| native_name_lang = <!--ISO 639-1 code, e.g., "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} in |native_name= instead.-->
| native_name_lang = <!--ISO 639-1 code, e.g., "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} in |native_name= instead.-->
| honorific-suffix = {{small|[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]]&ensp;[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|HI(M)]]&ensp;[[Sitara-e-Basalat|SBt]]&ensp;[[Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Indonesia#Bintang_Jalasena_(Navy_Meritorious_Service_Star)|BJSN]]}}
| honorific-suffix = {{small|[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]] [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|HI(M)]] [[Sitara-e-Basalat|SBt]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Indonesia#Bintang Jalasena (Navy Meritorious Service Star)|BJSN]]}}
| image = File:Admiral Mansurul Haq.jpg
| image = File:Admiral Mansurul Haq.jpg
| image_size =
| image_size =
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| alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| caption =
| order = [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]]
| office = 8th [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]]
| office =
| term_start = 10 November 1994
| term_start = 10 November 1994
| term_end = 1 May 1997
| term_end = 1 May 1997
| predecessor = [[Saeed Mohammad Khan]]
| alongside = <!--For two or more people serving in the same position from the same district. (e.g. United States Senators.)-->
| monarch =
| successor = [[Fasih Bokhari]]
| office2 = [[Chairman]] of [[Pakistan National Shipping Corporation]]
| president =
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| primeminister =
| taoiseach =
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| vicepresident =
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| succeeding = <!--For President-elect or equivalent-->
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| predecessor = Adm. [[Saeed Mohammad Khan|Saeed Moh'd Khan]]
| successor = Adm. [[Fasih Bokhari]]
| prior_term = <!-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->
| order2 = [[Chairman]] of [[Pakistan National Shipping Corporation|National Shipping Corporation]]
| office2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| term_start2 = 17 August 1992
| term_start2 = 17 August 1992
| term_end2 = 6 November 1994
| term_end2 = 6 November 1994
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1937|10|16}}
| alongside2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| birth_place = [[Sialkot]], [[Punjab, British India]]
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| deputy2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| lieutenant2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| succeeding2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| predecessor2 = [[Rear-Admiral|R-Adm]] Jawaid Ali
| successor2 = [[Vice-Admiral|V-Adm]]. [[Abaidullah Khan]]
| parliamentarygroup2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| constituency2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| majority2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| prior_term2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
<!-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Mansurul Haq
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1937|10|16}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pakistan |first1=Tareekh e |title=پاک بحریہ کے سربراہ۔ ایڈمرل منصور الحق|url=http://www.tareekhepakistan.com/detail?title_id=2208&dtd_id=2089 |website=tareekhepakistan.com |accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Sialkot]], [[Punjab, British India|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br />{{small|(present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2018|02|21|1937|10|16}}
| death_place = [[Dubai]], [[UAE|United Arab Emirates]]
| death_cause = [[Heart failure|Cardiac arrest]]
| resting_place = [[Karachi War Cemetery|buried in Sharjah, UAE]]
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship = {{PAK}}
| citizenship = {{PAK}}
| nationality =
| party =
| otherparty = <!--For additional political affiliations-->
| height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" or "X ft Y in" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) -->
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| residence = [[Islamabad]], Pakistan
| residence = [[Islamabad]], Pakistan
| education =
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| occupation =
| profession =
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| salary =
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| website = <!--Military service-->
| website = <!--Military service-->
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| rank = [[File:15-Pakistan Navy-ADM.svg|20px]] [[Admiral]]
| rank = [[File:15-Pakistan Navy-ADM.svg|20px]] [[Admiral]]
| unit = [[Pakistan Navy#Branches|Naval Operations Branch]]
| unit = [[Pakistan Navy#Branches|Naval Operations Branch]]
| commands = [[Pakistan Navy#Naval Commands in Field and Commanders|Commander Pakistan Fleet]]<br />[[Pakistan Navy#Naval Commands in Field and Commanders|Commander Karachi]]<br />[[Joint Staff Headquarters (Pakistan)|DG Joint Training]] at [[JS HQ (Pakistan)|JS HQ]]<br />[[Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (Pakistan)|DCNS (Personnel)]] at [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]]<br />[[Director-General|DG]] [[Naval Intelligence (Pakistan)|Naval Intelligence East]]
| commands = [[Pakistan Navy#Naval Commands in Field and Commanders|Commander Pakistan Fleet]]<br />[[Pakistan Navy#Naval Commands in Field and Commanders|Commander Karachi]]<br />[[Joint Staff Headquarters (Pakistan)|DG Joint Training]] at [[JS HQ (Pakistan)|JS HQ]]<br />[[Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (Pakistan)|DCNS (Personnel)]] at [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|NHQ]]<br />[[Director-General|DG]] [[Naval Intelligence (Pakistan)|Naval Intelligence East]]
| battles = [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]]<br />[[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]]<br />[[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
| battles = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]<br />[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]<br />[[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
| mawards = [[File:Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png|30px]]&ensp;{{small|[[Nishan-i-Imtiaz|Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]}}<br /><b>(withdrawn)</b><br />[[File:Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|30px]] {{small|[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|Hilal-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]}}<br /><b>(withdrawn)</b><br />[[File:Sitara-e-Basalat.png|30px]] {{small|[[Sitara-i-Basalat|Sitara-e-Basalat]]}}<br /><b>(withdrawn)</b><br />[[File:Turkish Armed Forces Medal of Merit.png|30px]] {{small|[[Orders, decorations, and medals of Turkey|Turkish Legion of Merit]]}}<br />[[File:Order of King Abdulaziz, 1st Class (Saudi Arabia).png|30px]] {{small|[[Order of Abdulaziz al Saud|Order of AbdulAziz]]}}<br />[[File:Bintang Jalasena Utama - Navy Star (Indonesia).png|30px]] {{small|[[Orders, decorations, and medals of Indonesia#Bintang Jalasena (Navy Meritorious Service Star)|Bintang Jalasena Utama]]}}
| mawards = [[File:Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png|30px]] {{small|[[Nishan-i-Imtiaz|Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]}}<br />'''(withdrawn)'''<br />[[File:Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|30px]] {{small|[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|Hilal-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]}}<br />'''(withdrawn)'''<br />[[File:Sitara-e-Basalat.png|30px]] {{small|[[Sitara-i-Basalat|Sitara-e-Basalat]]}}<br />'''(withdrawn)'''<br />[[File:Turkish Armed Forces Medal of Merit.png|30px]] {{small|[[Orders, decorations, and medals of Turkey|Turkish Legion of Merit]]}}<br />[[File:Order of King Abdulaziz, 1st Class (Saudi Arabia).png|30px]] {{small|[[Order of Abdulaziz al Saud|Order of AbdulAziz]]}}<br />[[File:Bintang Jalasena Utama rib.svg|30px]] {{small|[[Orders, decorations, and medals of Indonesia#Bintang Jalasena (Navy Meritorious Service Star)|Bintang Jalasena Utama]]}}
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| military_data5 = <!--Embedded templates / Footnotes-->
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}}
}}


[[Admiral (Pakistan)|Admiral]] '''Mansurul Haq''' {{small|{{small|[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]] [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|HI(M)]] [[Sitara-e-Basalat|SBt]] [[Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Indonesia#Bintang_Jalasena_(Navy_Meritorious_Service_Star)|BJSN]]}}}} ({{lang-ur|{{nq|منصور الحق}}}} ; 16 October 1937 – 21 February 2018) was a senior officer of the [[Pakistan Navy]] who was forcibly retired from his service in 1997 on the allegations leveled against him in the [[Karachi affair|corruption and kickbacks]] resulting during the [[technology transfer]] of submarines from [[France]].<ref name="Tareekh e Pakistan (پاک بحریہ کے سربراہ۔ ایڈمرل منصور الحق))" />
'''Mansurul Haq''' {{small|{{small|[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]] [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|HI(M)]] [[Sitara-e-Basalat|SBt]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Indonesia#Bintang Jalasena (Navy Meritorious Service Star)|BJSN]]}}}} ({{langx|ur|{{nq|منصور الحق}}}}; born 16 October 1937) is a former senior officer of the [[Pakistan Navy]] who was forcibly retired from his service in 1997 on the allegations leveled against him in the [[Karachi affair|corruption and kickbacks]] resulting during the [[technology transfer]] of submarines from [[France]].{{cn|date=November 2024}}


Driving a policy on anti-corruption by the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]], the [[Naval Intelligence (Pakistan)|Naval Intelligence]] led by [[Rear-Admiral]] [[Tanvir Ahmad (admiral)|Tanvir Ahmad]] exposed his role that led to his resignation on 1 May 1997. His case attracted subsequent media attention in Pakistan after his extradition from the [[United States]] by the joint teams of [[Federal Investigation Agency|FIA]] and [[National Accountability Bureau|NAB]]. He was held in [[Prisons in Pakistan|Sihala Prison]] to face accountability.<ref name="BBC">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1274259.stm "Former Pakistani navy chief arrested"] BBC News, 12 April 2001</ref><ref name="Dawn Newspaper, 2002">{{cite news|last1=Staff Writer|title=Ex-chief of Navy stripped of rank, benefits|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/17343|accessdate=21 August 2017|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=31 January 2002|language=en}}</ref>
Driving a policy on anti-corruption by the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]], the [[Naval Intelligence (Pakistan)|Naval Intelligence]] exposed his role that led to his resignation on 1 May 1997. His case attracted subsequent media attention in Pakistan after his voluntary return without any extradition case from the [[United States]] by the joint teams of [[Federal Investigation Agency|FIA]] and [[National Accountability Bureau|NAB]]. He was held in [[Prisons in Pakistan|Sihala Prison]] to face accountability.<ref name="BBC">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1274259.stm "Former Pakistani navy chief arrested"] BBC News, 12 April 2001</ref><ref name="Dawn Newspaper, 2002">{{cite news|last1=Staff Writer|title=Ex-chief of Navy stripped of rank, benefits|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/17343|accessdate=21 August 2017|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=31 January 2002|language=en}}</ref>


However, Haq was later released after successfully negotiating a [[plea bargain]].<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/2002/07/17/local5.htm "Masoorul Haq held in another NAB reference"] ''Dawn'', 17 July 2002</ref> In 2013, he later filed a lawsuit against the [[Government of Pakistan]] at the [[Sindh High Court]], seeking to restore his rank and other privileges. The government restored his rank but not his privileges.<ref name="pakistannewsindex, 2013">{{cite news|last1=staff writer|title=SHC gives govt last chance to reply on Mansurul Haq's petition {{!}} Pakistan News Index|url=https://pakistannewsindex.com/shc-gives-govt-last-chance-to-reply-on-mansurul-haqs-petition/|accessdate=21 August 2017|work=pakistannewsindex.com|agency=pakistannewsindex|publisher=pakistannewsindex|date=12 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822053620/https://pakistannewsindex.com/shc-gives-govt-last-chance-to-reply-on-mansurul-haqs-petition/|archive-date=22 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
However, Haq was later released after successfully negotiating a [[plea bargain]].<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/2002/07/17/local5.htm "Masoorul Haq held in another NAB reference"] ''Dawn'', 17 July 2002</ref> In 2013, he later filed a lawsuit against the [[Government of Pakistan]] at the [[Sindh High Court]], seeking to restore his rank and other privileges. The government restored his rank but not his privileges.<ref name="pakistannewsindex, 2013">{{cite news|last1=staff writer|title=SHC gives govt last chance to reply on Mansurul Haq's petition {{!}} Pakistan News Index|url=https://pakistannewsindex.com/shc-gives-govt-last-chance-to-reply-on-mansurul-haqs-petition/|accessdate=21 August 2017|work=pakistannewsindex.com|agency=pakistannewsindex|publisher=pakistannewsindex|date=12 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822053620/https://pakistannewsindex.com/shc-gives-govt-last-chance-to-reply-on-mansurul-haqs-petition/|archive-date=22 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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==Biography==
==Biography==


Mansurul Haq was born in [[Sialkot]], [[Punjab, British India|Punjab]] in [[British Indian Empire|India]], in 1937 into a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi family]].<ref name="Tareekh e Pakistan (پاک بحریہ کے سربراہ۔ ایڈمرل منصور الحق))">{{cite web|last1=Pakistan|first1=Tareekh e|title=Admiral Mansur ul Haq (پاک بحریہ کے سربراہ۔ ایڈمرل منصور الحق)|url=http://www.tareekhepakistan.com/detail?title_id=2208&dtd_id=2089|website=tareekhepakistan.com|publisher=Tareekh e Pakistan (پاک بحریہ کے سربراہ۔ ایڈمرل منصور الحق))|accessdate=23 August 2017|language=ur|format=id|year=1994}}</ref> After his matriculation in Sialkot, he briefly attended the [[Murray College]] and [[was Commissioned officer|commissioned]] in the [[Pakistan Navy]] in 1954 as [[Midshipman]].<ref name="Tareekh e Pakistan (پاک بحریہ کے سربراہ۔ ایڈمرل منصور الحق))"/>
Mansurul Haq was born in [[Sialkot]], [[Punjab, British India]] in 1937 into a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi family]]. After his matriculation in Sialkot, he briefly attended the [[Murray College]] and was [[Commissioned officer|commissioned]] in the [[Pakistan Navy]] in 1954 as [[Midshipman]].{{cn|date=November 2024}}


In 1954, he was sent to the [[United Kingdom]] where he attended the [[Britannia Royal Naval College]] in [[Dartmouth, Devon|Dartmouth]] in [[England]], graduated in [[Maritime geography|geography]] course in 1956.<ref name="Tareekh e Pakistan (پاک بحریہ کے سربراہ۔ ایڈمرل منصور الحق))"/> In 1957, he did his further military training at {{HMS|Excellent|shore establishment|6}} in [[Portsmouth]] where he specialized as [[Naval gunnery|gunnery specialist]], returned to [[Pakistan]] before being promoted as [[Sub lieutenant|sub-lieutenant]] in the Navy in 1958.<ref name="Tareekh e Pakistan (پاک بحریہ کے سربراہ۔ ایڈمرل منصور الحق))"/> In 1964–65, [[Lieutenant (naval)|Lt.]] Haq served in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|second war]] with India, and was posted in [[East Pakistan]] after the war.<ref name="Tareekh e Pakistan (پاک بحریہ کے سربراہ۔ ایڈمرل منصور الحق))"/>
In 1954, he was sent to the [[United Kingdom]] where he attended the [[Britannia Royal Naval College]] in [[Dartmouth, Devon|Dartmouth]] in [[England]], graduated in [[Maritime geography|geography]] course in 1956.{{cn|date=November 2024}} In 1957, he did his further military training at {{HMS|Excellent|shore establishment|6}} in [[Portsmouth]] where he specialized as [[Naval gunnery|gunnery specialist]], returned to [[Pakistan]] before being promoted as [[Sub lieutenant|sub-lieutenant]] in the Navy in 1958.{{cn|date=November 2024}} In 1964–65, [[Lieutenant (naval)|Lt.]] Haq served in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|second war]] with India and was posted in [[East Pakistan]] after the war.{{cn|date=November 2024}}


In 1969–71, [[Lieutenant-Commander]] Haq was posted in East Pakistan where he was the [[Director (business)|Director]] of the [[Naval Intelligence of Pakistan|Naval Intelligence]], fighting a war against [[India]] in December 1971.<ref name="AGN Kazis' file">{{cite web|last1=Kazi|first1=Dr. AGN|title=Gen Abdul Hamid Khan meets Lt Cdr (later Admiral) Mansur ul Haq in East Pakistan, 1971|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/pimu/4244050697/|website=Flickr|publisher=AGN Kazis' file|accessdate=23 August 2017|language=en-us|year=1971}}</ref> He was taken as [[Pakistani prisoners of war in India|war prisoner]] by [[Indian Army]] and was repatriated back to Pakistan following the [[Delhi Agreement|trilateral agreement]] signed in 1974.<ref name="Dawn newspapers, 2005">{{cite news|last1=Tariq|first1=Kamala|title=KARACHI: Notice issued on Mansur's petition|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/139826/karachi-notice-issued-on-mansur-s-petition|accessdate=23 August 2017|work=Dawn|agency=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=19 May 2005|language=en-pk}}</ref>{{rp|248–249}}<ref name="Jang Publishers, Sirohey">{{cite book|last1=Sirohey|first1=Iftikhar Ahmed|title=Truth Never Retires: An Autobiography of Admiral Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey|date=1995|publisher=Jang Publishers|location=Karachi, Sind, Pk|pages=592|edition=1st|language=en-pk}}</ref>
In 1969–71, [[Lieutenant-Commander]] Haq was posted in East Pakistan where he was the [[Director (business)|Director]] of the [[Naval Intelligence of Pakistan|Naval Intelligence]], fighting a war against [[India]] in December 1971.<ref name="AGN Kazis' file">{{cite web|last1=Kazi|first1=Dr. AGN|title=Gen Abdul Hamid Khan meets Lt Cdr (later Admiral) Mansur ul Haq in East Pakistan, 1971|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/pimu/4244050697/|website=Flickr|publisher=AGN Kazis' file|accessdate=23 August 2017|language=en-us|year=1971}}</ref> He was taken as [[Pakistani prisoners of war in India|war prisoner]] by [[Indian Army]] and was repatriated back to Pakistan following the [[Delhi Agreement|trilateral agreement]] signed in 1974.<ref name="Dawn newspapers, 2005">{{cite news|last1=Tariq|first1=Kamala|title=KARACHI: Notice issued on Mansur's petition|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/139826/karachi-notice-issued-on-mansur-s-petition|accessdate=23 August 2017|work=Dawn|agency=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=19 May 2005|language=en-pk}}</ref>{{rp|248–249}}<ref name="Jang Publishers, Sirohey">{{cite book|last1=Sirohey|first1=Iftikhar Ahmed|title=Truth Never Retires: An Autobiography of Admiral Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey|date=1995|publisher=Jang Publishers|location=Karachi, Sind, Pk|pages=592|edition=1st|language=en-pk}}</ref>


His career progressed extremely well in the Navy, and was sent to attend the [[US Naval War College|Naval War College]] in [[Rhode Island]] in the [[United States]] where he graduated in management course.<ref name="EcRev"/> In 1983, [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] Haq was promoted to one-star assignment in the [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]], and [[Commodore (rank)|Cdre]] Haq briefly tenured as the [[Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff|ACNS (Ops)]].<ref name="EcRev">Economic Review, Volume 24, Page 94 – Economic & Industrial Publications., 1993</ref> In 1985–89, [[Commodore (rank)|Cdre]] Haq served in the [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defence]] and later as Director of Joint Training at the [[Joint Staff Headquarters (Pakistan)|JS HQ]] before being promoted to two-star assignment, and [[Rear-Admiral]] Haq was made a senior [[fleet commander]] as Commander Pakistan Fleet (COMPAK), and later as Commander Karachi (COMKAR) in 1991–92.{{rp|337}}<ref name="East & West Publishing Company">{{cite book|title=Pakistan Year Book|date=1992|publisher=East & West Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8kEAQAAIAAJ&q=mansurul+haq+Commander+Karachi|accessdate=23 August 2017}}</ref>
His career progressed extremely well in the Navy and was sent to attend the [[US Naval War College|Naval War College]] in [[Rhode Island]] in the [[United States]] where he graduated in management course.<ref name="EcRev"/> In 1983, [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] Haq was promoted to one-star assignment in the [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]], and [[Commodore (rank)|Cdre]] Haq briefly tenured as the [[Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Pakistan)|ACNS (Ops)]].<ref name="EcRev">Economic Review, Volume 24, Page 94 – Economic & Industrial Publications., 1993</ref> In 1985–89, [[Commodore (rank)|Cdre]] Haq served in the [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defence]] and later as Director of Joint Training at the [[Joint Staff Headquarters (Pakistan)|JS HQ]] before being promoted to two-star assignment, and [[Rear-Admiral]] Haq was made a senior [[fleet commander]] as Commander Pakistan Fleet (COMPAK), and later as Commander Karachi (COMKAR) in 1991–92.{{rp|337}}<ref name="East & West Publishing Company">{{cite book|title=Pakistan Year Book|date=1992|publisher=East & West Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8kEAQAAIAAJ&q=mansurul+haq+Commander+Karachi|accessdate=23 August 2017}}</ref>

On 22 February 2018, his family's spokesperson reportedly announced in a [[Pakistani media|news media]] of his death in his estate in [[Dubai]] and was buried in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates .<ref>{{cite news |title=Admiral (r) Mansurul Haq passes away at 81 |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/02/22/admiral-r-mansurul-haq-passes-away-at-81/ |accessdate=30 July 2018 |work=Pakistan Today}}</ref>


==Chief of Naval Staff==
==Chief of Naval Staff==
{{Main|Karachi affair|l1=Agosta Submarines Scandal}}
{{Main|Karachi affair|l1=Agosta Submarines Scandal}}
In 1992, [[Rear-Admiral]] Haq was promoted to [[Three-star rank|three-star]] assignment, and was appointed as [[secondment]] at the [[Pakistan National Shipping Corporation|National Shipping Corporation]] (PNSC) by then-[[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]] Admiral [[Saeed Mohammad Khan|S.M. Khan]]. However, his chairmanship was caught between the [[Privatization in Pakistan|privatization policy]] led by then-[[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] and Admiral [[Saeed Mohammad Khan|S.M. Khan]], when a civilian bureaucrat filed a petition against his tenureship at the [[Sindh High Court]].{{rp|contents}}<ref name="Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, Prasad">{{cite book|last1=Prasad|first1=Dr Nitin|title=Contemporary Pakistan: Political System, Military and Changing Scenario|date=2016|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=9789385505270|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FLufCwAAQBAJ&q=mansurul+haq+vice+admiral&pg=PT54|accessdate=23 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>
In 1992, [[Rear-Admiral]] Haq was promoted to [[Three-star rank|three-star]] assignment and was appointed as [[secondment]] at the [[Pakistan National Shipping Corporation|National Shipping Corporation]] (PNSC) by then-[[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]] Admiral [[Saeed Mohammad Khan|S.M. Khan]]. However, his chairmanship was caught between the [[Privatization in Pakistan|privatization policy]] led by then-[[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] and Admiral [[Saeed Mohammad Khan|S.M. Khan]], when a civilian bureaucrat filed a petition against his tenureship at the [[Sindh High Court]]. {{rp|contents}}<ref name="Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, Prasad">{{cite book|last1=Prasad|first1=Dr Nitin|title=Contemporary Pakistan: Political System, Military and Changing Scenario|date=2016|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=9789385505270|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FLufCwAAQBAJ&q=mansurul+haq+vice+admiral&pg=PT54|accessdate=23 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>


[[Vice-Admiral]] Haq fiercely opposed any attempts of [[Privatization in Pakistan|privatization policy]], causing a stress on the [[civil-military relations]] with the [[Government of Pakistan|civilian federal government]].{{rp|contents}}<ref name="Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, Prasad"/> In 1992, Vice-Admiral Haq announced to sell off the old metal scrap that would raise the revenue of [[United States dollar|US$]]50–60&nbsp;million to buy new [[cargo ship]]s.{{rp|4}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Lloyd's List Maritime Asia|date=1994|publisher=Lloyd's of London Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7u1AAAAIAAJ&q=mansurul+haq|accessdate=23 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>
[[Vice-Admiral]] Haq fiercely opposed any attempts of [[Privatization in Pakistan|privatization policy]], causing a stress on the [[civil-military relations]] with the [[Government of Pakistan|civilian federal government]].{{rp|contents}}<ref name="Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, Prasad"/> In 1992, Vice-Admiral Haq announced to sell off the old metal scrap that would raise the revenue of [[United States dollar|US$]]50–60&nbsp;million to buy new [[cargo ship]]s.{{rp|4}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Lloyd's List Maritime Asia|date=1994|publisher=Lloyd's of London Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7u1AAAAIAAJ&q=mansurul+haq|accessdate=23 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>
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In 2010, [[Commodore (rank)|Cdre]] Shahid Ashraf, the [[Director-General|DG]] [[Naval Intelligence|NI]] under Admiral Haq, revealed on the [[Dawn News]] that the submarine deal, for which Admiral Mansurul Haq pleaded guilty, was signed before he took charge as Chief of Naval Staff.<ref name="The News International 2010">{{cite news|last1=staff writer|first1=editorial|title=DG Naval Intelligence ready to spill the beans|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/610048-dg-naval-intelligence-ready-to-spill-the-beans|accessdate=8 September 2017|work=The News International|date=10 November 2010|language=en}}</ref> Shahid Ashraf further claimed that Admiral Haq was not part of the selection team which recommended [[Agosta class submarine|Agosta 90B]] for purchase from France.<ref name="The News International 2010"/> The selection was made during Admiral [[Saeed Mohammad Khan]].<ref name="The News International 2010"/> The selection committee included various Admirals including those who subsequently held senior positions after Admiral Haq was removed from his position. However, Shahid Ashraf did not put forward any evidence that proved Haq's innocence.<ref>{{YouTube|sL-TbIpotLs}}</ref>
In 2010, [[Commodore (rank)|Cdre]] Shahid Ashraf, the [[Director-General|DG]] [[Naval Intelligence|NI]] under Admiral Haq, revealed on the [[Dawn News]] that the submarine deal, for which Admiral Mansurul Haq pleaded guilty, was signed before he took charge as Chief of Naval Staff.<ref name="The News International 2010">{{cite news|last1=staff writer|first1=editorial|title=DG Naval Intelligence ready to spill the beans|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/610048-dg-naval-intelligence-ready-to-spill-the-beans|accessdate=8 September 2017|work=The News International|date=10 November 2010|language=en}}</ref> Shahid Ashraf further claimed that Admiral Haq was not part of the selection team which recommended [[Agosta class submarine|Agosta 90B]] for purchase from France.<ref name="The News International 2010"/> The selection was made during Admiral [[Saeed Mohammad Khan]].<ref name="The News International 2010"/> The selection committee included various Admirals including those who subsequently held senior positions after Admiral Haq was removed from his position. However, Shahid Ashraf did not put forward any evidence that proved Haq's innocence.<ref>{{YouTube|sL-TbIpotLs}}</ref>


In June 2010, [[French police|French investigators]] raided the house of Amir Lodhi, and handed over the important documents relating the defence deals to the [[National Accountability Bureau|NAB]]. The reports confiscated by the French investigators revealed to have found in regards involvement of former [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Asif Ali Zardari]] who had have received [[Euros|€]]33 million while Amir Lodhi's share was [[Euros|€]]2.9&nbsp;million.<ref>[http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/15-Jan-2011/Zardari-pocketed-millions-in-French-subs-deal-report "Zardari 'pocketed millions' in French subs deal: report"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705140246/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/politics/15-Jan-2011/Zardari-pocketed-millions-in-French-subs-deal-report |date=5 July 2012 }} ''Nation'', 15 January 2011</ref>
In June 2010, [[French police|French investigators]] raided the house of Amir Lodhi, and handed over the important documents relating the defence deals to the [[National Accountability Bureau|NAB]]. The reports confiscated by the French investigators revealed to have found in regards involvement of former [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Asif Ali Zardari]] who had have received [[Euros|€]]33 million while Amir Lodhi's share was [[Euros|€]]2.9&nbsp;million.<ref>[https://www.nation.com.pk/15-Jan-2011/zardari-pocketed-millions-in-french-subs-deal-report "Zardari 'pocketed millions' in French subs deal: report"] ''Nation'', 15 January 2011</ref>


About the case study and trial of the Haq, former [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|chief of naval staff]], [[Admiral|Adm.]] [[Abdul Aziz Mirza]] reportedly quoted in the [[Pakistani media|news media]] that "former Naval Chief Mansurul haq was not convicted of Agosta kickbacks but for the bribes he had pocketed in other defence deals."{{rp|contents}}<ref name="Grosvenor House Publishing, Sehri">{{cite book|last1=Sehri|first1=Inam|title=Judges and Generals in Pakistan|date=2013|publisher=Grosvenor House Publishing|isbn=9781781482346|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgRnAgAAQBAJ&q=mansurul+haq+aziz+mirza&pg=PT411|language=en}}</ref>
About the case study and trial of the Haq, former [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|chief of naval staff]], [[Admiral|Adm.]] [[Abdul Aziz Mirza]] reportedly quoted in the [[Pakistani media|news media]] that "former Naval Chief Mansurul haq was not convicted of Agosta kickbacks but for the bribes he had pocketed in other defence deals."{{rp|contents}}<ref name="Grosvenor House Publishing, Sehri">{{cite book|last1=Sehri|first1=Inam|title=Judges and Generals in Pakistan|date=2013|publisher=Grosvenor House Publishing|isbn=9781781482346|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgRnAgAAQBAJ&q=mansurul+haq+aziz+mirza&pg=PT411|language=en}}</ref>
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|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Turkish Armed Forces Medal of Merit.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of King Abdulaziz, 1st Class (Saudi Arabia).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of King Abdulaziz, 1st Class (Saudi Arabia).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Bintang Jalasena Utama - Navy Star (Indonesia).png|width=130}}
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!'''{{flag|Indonesia}}'''
|'''[[Orders, decorations, and medals of Indonesia#Bintang Jalasena (Navy Meritorious Service Star)|Bintang Jalasena Utama]]'''
|'''[[Orders, decorations, and medals of Indonesia#Bintang Jalasena (Navy Meritorious Service Star)|Bintang Jalasena Utama]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Bintang Jalasena Utama - Navy Star (Indonesia).png|width=130}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Haq, Mansurul}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:People from Sialkot]]
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[[Category:Graduates of Britannia Royal Naval College]]
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[[Category:Naval War College alumni]]
[[Category:Naval War College alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistan Naval War College alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistan Naval War College alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistan Navy admirals]]
[[Category:Government of Benazir Bhutto staffers and personnel]]
[[Category:Government of Benazir Bhutto staffers and personnel]]
[[Category:Pakistani civil servants]]
[[Category:Pakistani chief executives]]
[[Category:Pakistani chief executives]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Naval Staff (Pakistan)]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Naval Staff (Pakistan)]]
[[Category:Pakistani expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Pakistani expatriates in the United States]]
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[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Texas]]
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[[Category:Pakistani expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Pakistani expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:People from Karachi]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Karachi]]

Latest revision as of 18:31, 25 December 2024

This article is about former Admiral M Mansurul Haq. For Brigadier (r) Mansoor-ul-Haq Malik, see Mansoor-ul-Haq Malik.

Admiral
Mansurul Haq
NI(M) HI(M) SBt BJSN
منصور الحق
8th Chief of Naval Staff
In office
10 November 1994 – 1 May 1997
Preceded bySaeed Mohammad Khan
Succeeded byFasih Bokhari
Chairman of Pakistan National Shipping Corporation
In office
17 August 1992 – 6 November 1994
Personal details
Born(1937-10-16)16 October 1937
Sialkot, Punjab, British India
Citizenship Pakistan
Residence(s)Islamabad, Pakistan
Military service
Allegiance Pakistan
Branch/service Pakistan Navy
Years of service1954–1997
Rank Admiral
UnitNaval Operations Branch
CommandsCommander Pakistan Fleet
Commander Karachi
DG Joint Training at JS HQ
DCNS (Personnel) at NHQ
DG Naval Intelligence East
Battles/warsIndo-Pakistani War of 1965
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
Bangladesh Liberation War
Awards Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Military)
(withdrawn)
Hilal-e-Imtiaz (Military)
(withdrawn)
Sitara-e-Basalat
(withdrawn)
Turkish Legion of Merit
Order of AbdulAziz
Bintang Jalasena Utama

Mansurul Haq NI(M) HI(M) SBt BJSN (Urdu: منصور الحق; born 16 October 1937) is a former senior officer of the Pakistan Navy who was forcibly retired from his service in 1997 on the allegations leveled against him in the corruption and kickbacks resulting during the technology transfer of submarines from France.[citation needed]

Driving a policy on anti-corruption by the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, the Naval Intelligence exposed his role that led to his resignation on 1 May 1997. His case attracted subsequent media attention in Pakistan after his voluntary return without any extradition case from the United States by the joint teams of FIA and NAB. He was held in Sihala Prison to face accountability.[1][2]

However, Haq was later released after successfully negotiating a plea bargain.[3] In 2013, he later filed a lawsuit against the Government of Pakistan at the Sindh High Court, seeking to restore his rank and other privileges. The government restored his rank but not his privileges.[4]

Biography

[edit]

Mansurul Haq was born in Sialkot, Punjab, British India in 1937 into a Punjabi family. After his matriculation in Sialkot, he briefly attended the Murray College and was commissioned in the Pakistan Navy in 1954 as Midshipman.[citation needed]

In 1954, he was sent to the United Kingdom where he attended the Britannia Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in England, graduated in geography course in 1956.[citation needed] In 1957, he did his further military training at HMS Excellent in Portsmouth where he specialized as gunnery specialist, returned to Pakistan before being promoted as sub-lieutenant in the Navy in 1958.[citation needed] In 1964–65, Lt. Haq served in the second war with India and was posted in East Pakistan after the war.[citation needed]

In 1969–71, Lieutenant-Commander Haq was posted in East Pakistan where he was the Director of the Naval Intelligence, fighting a war against India in December 1971.[5] He was taken as war prisoner by Indian Army and was repatriated back to Pakistan following the trilateral agreement signed in 1974.[6]: 248–249 [7]

His career progressed extremely well in the Navy and was sent to attend the Naval War College in Rhode Island in the United States where he graduated in management course.[8] In 1983, Captain Haq was promoted to one-star assignment in the Navy NHQ, and Cdre Haq briefly tenured as the ACNS (Ops).[8] In 1985–89, Cdre Haq served in the Ministry of Defence and later as Director of Joint Training at the JS HQ before being promoted to two-star assignment, and Rear-Admiral Haq was made a senior fleet commander as Commander Pakistan Fleet (COMPAK), and later as Commander Karachi (COMKAR) in 1991–92.: 337 [9]

Chief of Naval Staff

[edit]
Main article: Agosta Submarines Scandal

In 1992, Rear-Admiral Haq was promoted to three-star assignment and was appointed as secondment at the National Shipping Corporation (PNSC) by then-Chief of Naval Staff Admiral S.M. Khan. However, his chairmanship was caught between the privatization policy led by then-Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and Admiral S.M. Khan, when a civilian bureaucrat filed a petition against his tenureship at the Sindh High Court. : contents [10]

Vice-Admiral Haq fiercely opposed any attempts of privatization policy, causing a stress on the civil-military relations with the civilian federal government.: contents [10] In 1992, Vice-Admiral Haq announced to sell off the old metal scrap that would raise the revenue of US$50–60 million to buy new cargo ships.: 4 [11]

In 1994, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto publicly announced to promote Vice-Admiral Haq as a four-star admiral in the Navy, appointing him as the Chief of Naval Staff.: 35 [12] The promotion came with controversy since Vice-Admiral Mansur was due retirement a month before the change was due.: 35 [12]

Although, it was Admiral Saeed Mohammad Khan who had given a go-ahead of procuring the technology transfer of the Agosta 90B submarines in 1994 against his discretionary and wanting to directly procure the Victoria-class submarines. Admiral Haq, nonetheless oversaw the financial deals closed in between the Benazir administration and the administrations of Mitterrand and Chirac in 1994–97.[13] In 1995, Adm. Haq held additional talks with the French Navy over the strengthening of the cooperation between two nations.: 56–60 [14]

Dismissal and extradition

[edit]

In 1996–97, the Naval Intelligence led by Rear-Admiral Tanvir Ahmed began investigating the allegations and rumors at the Navy NHQ surrounding the role of Admiral S.M. Khan and Admiral Haq.[15] The whole nation became completely aware of the scandal in 1998, when the scandal was exposed.[16]

In driving the anti-corruption policy by then-Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, Admiral Haq's role was exposed by R-Adm Tanvir Ahmed, and was forced retired from his four-star commission in 1997.: 90–91 [17][18] The Naval Police and officials of the Naval Intelligence led by R-Adm. Tanvir Ahmed arrested Admiral Haq but no evidence came out to convict him in 1998.[19]: contents [20]

In 1998, Haq emigrated to the United States and settled in Austin in Texas where he bought a house.[21] In 1999, the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) announced to open the investigations on Agosta scandal, with French Tracfin aiding the investigations, where major breakthrough in the investigation was made in 2000–01.[21]

In 2001, the anti-corruption courts issued the arrest warrants, and President Pervez Musharraf negotiated with the U.S. President George Bush for his extradition to Pakistan.[21] The Texas Ranger detained him in Texas, and extradited him to Pakistan on 17 April 2001.: 128 [1][21][22] While Haque had a right to fight for his extradition, he choose not to.[21]

Lawsuits, imprisonment and release

[edit]

In 2001, the Accountability Court inducted Haq in receiving commissions and kickbacks worth $3.369 million in defence deals.[23] Civilian prosecution also leveled charges on him of being involved in financial deals made through selling the metal scrap through the National Shipping Corporation (PNSC), which caused the PNSC to lose $3 million in national exchequer.[21] In 2004, the anti-corruption court sentenced him in rigorous seven-year rigorous imprisonment and fined ₨.2 million.[24] Upon being convicted, the naval police shifted him in the Sihala Prison in Punjab in Pakistan but soon began his negotiation with the Government of Pakistan to return the money as plea bargain in exchange of light sentence and minimal jail time.[25]

In 2003–05, Haq returned a total sum of $7.5 million while in office, which were immediately shifted back to Navy's national account.: 71 [26]: content [27] The amount was said to be enough to pay the salaries of entire navy for two years.: 213 [28]

After transferring the amount back to Navy's account, Haq was released from the prison and all cases against him were closed as part of the deal, eventually settling in Karachi.[29] He paid additional US$ 2.5 million which were deposited to Pakistan Navy's account in two easy installment payments, after which, he was released as the NAB agents vacated his house in Karachi.[30]

In 2013, Haq filed a lawsuit against the Government of Pakistan, seeking to restore his medical privileges, pensions, and four-star rank, at the Sindh High Court.[4] Chief Justice of Sindh High Court, Justice Faisal Arab (now serving as Justice in the Supreme Court of Pakistan), heard his appeal as Haq cited his 43 years of military service in the Navy who fought the two wars where he was taken war prisoner by India in 1971.[4] In 2013, the Government of Pakistan agreed to restore his rank (as former) and limited medical pensions but not all benefits that are enjoyed by four-star officers in the Pakistani military.[4]

Aftermath of Agosta submarine scandal

[edit]

Later revelation and subsequent knowledge

[edit]

After the nationwide general elections held in 2008, which saw the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) forming the government and Asif Zardari elected as President, the knowledge on the Agosta submarines scandal became to emerge again, which brought several PPP politicians being involved in the scandal in public notice.[15] Despite many investigative journalism reports and media airing the information gained on the Agosta submarines scandal, Haq remained silent and refused to appear on the news media.[13]

Role of Adm. SM Khan and others were also implicated, including the role of Aamir Lodhi, an arms dealer based in France who is also brother of Maleeha Lodhi former Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations, she served from February 2015 to September 2019 .[31]

Though, Adm. SM Khan denied his role in such deals as the latter wanted to purchase the Victoria-class submarines in 1994.[13]

In 2010, Cdre Shahid Ashraf, the DG NI under Admiral Haq, revealed on the Dawn News that the submarine deal, for which Admiral Mansurul Haq pleaded guilty, was signed before he took charge as Chief of Naval Staff.[32] Shahid Ashraf further claimed that Admiral Haq was not part of the selection team which recommended Agosta 90B for purchase from France.[32] The selection was made during Admiral Saeed Mohammad Khan.[32] The selection committee included various Admirals including those who subsequently held senior positions after Admiral Haq was removed from his position. However, Shahid Ashraf did not put forward any evidence that proved Haq's innocence.[33]

In June 2010, French investigators raided the house of Amir Lodhi, and handed over the important documents relating the defence deals to the NAB. The reports confiscated by the French investigators revealed to have found in regards involvement of former President Asif Ali Zardari who had have received €33 million while Amir Lodhi's share was €2.9 million.[34]

About the case study and trial of the Haq, former chief of naval staff, Adm. Abdul Aziz Mirza reportedly quoted in the news media that "former Naval Chief Mansurul haq was not convicted of Agosta kickbacks but for the bribes he had pocketed in other defence deals.": contents [16]

Awards and decorations

[edit]
Pakistan Navy Operations Branch Badge
Command at Sea insignia
Nishan-e-Imtiaz

(Military)

(Order of Excellence)

Hilal-e-Imtiaz

(Military)

(Crescent of Excellence)

Sitara-e-Basalat

(Star of Good Conduct)

Tamgha-e-Diffa

(General Service Medal)

Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War

(War Star 1965)

Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War

(War Star 1971)

Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War

(War Medal 1965)

Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War

(War Medal 1971)

10 Years Service Medal 20 Years Service Medal 30 Years Service Medal 40 Years Service Medal
Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-

Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam

(100th Birth Anniversary of

Muhammad Ali Jinnah)

1976

Tamgha-e-Jamhuria

(Republic Commemoration Medal)

1956

Hijri Tamgha

(Hijri Medal)

1979

Jamhuriat Tamgha

(Democracy Medal)

1988

Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha

(Resolution Day

Golden Jubilee Medal)

1990

Turkish Legion of Merit

(Turkey)

Order of King Abdulaziz

(Saudi Arabia)

Bintang Jalasena Utama

(Indonesia)

Foreign Decorations

[edit]
Foreign Awards
 Turkey The Legion of Merit Turkey
 Saudi Arabia Order of King Abdulaziz
 Indonesia Bintang Jalasena Utama

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Former Pakistani navy chief arrested" BBC News, 12 April 2001
  2. ^ Staff Writer (31 January 2002). "Ex-chief of Navy stripped of rank, benefits". Dawn. Pakistan. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  3. ^ "Masoorul Haq held in another NAB reference" Dawn, 17 July 2002
  4. ^ a b c d staff writer (12 October 2013). "SHC gives govt last chance to reply on Mansurul Haq's petition | Pakistan News Index". pakistannewsindex.com. pakistannewsindex. pakistannewsindex. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  5. ^ Kazi, Dr. AGN (1971). "Gen Abdul Hamid Khan meets Lt Cdr (later Admiral) Mansur ul Haq in East Pakistan, 1971". Flickr. AGN Kazis' file. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  6. ^ Tariq, Kamala (19 May 2005). "KARACHI: Notice issued on Mansur's petition". Dawn. Pakistan. Dawn. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  7. ^ Sirohey, Iftikhar Ahmed (1995). Truth Never Retires: An Autobiography of Admiral Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey (1st ed.). Karachi, Sind, Pk: Jang Publishers. p. 592.
  8. ^ a b Economic Review, Volume 24, Page 94 – Economic & Industrial Publications., 1993
  9. ^ Pakistan Year Book. East & West Publishing Company. 1992. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  10. ^ a b Prasad, Dr Nitin (2016). Contemporary Pakistan: Political System, Military and Changing Scenario. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN 9789385505270. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  11. ^ Lloyd's List Maritime Asia. Lloyd's of London Press. 1994. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  12. ^ a b Anwar, Muhammad; Baig, Ebad (2012). Pakistan: Time for Change (google books). AuthorHouse. p. 160. ISBN 9781477250303. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  13. ^ a b c "PPP govt, not Navy, purchased French subs, in a deal". The News International. Islamabad: News International 2011. 12 October 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  14. ^ Daily Report: Near East & South Asia. The Service. 1995. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  15. ^ a b Sharif, Arshad. "REPORTER-Kickbacks and commissions in Agosta submarine case-Part-3-Clip-1" (watch.tv). Dawndate=30 December 2010 (in Urdu). Islamabad. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  16. ^ a b Sehri, Inam (2013). Judges and Generals in Pakistan. Grosvenor House Publishing. ISBN 9781781482346.
  17. ^ Singh, Ravi Shekhar Narain Singh (2008). "military and politics" (google books). The Military Factor in Pakistan. Lancer Publishers. ISBN 9780981537894. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  18. ^ Tohid, Owais (24 August 2002). "Pakistan launches submarine". Karachi, Pakistan: BBC News. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  19. ^ Sharif, Arshad (30 December 2010). "REPORTER- Part-3-Clip-4" (watch?v). Dawn News (in Urdu). Karachi, Pakistan. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  20. ^ Sehri, Inam (2013). Judges and Generals in Pakistan. Grosvenor House Publishing. ISBN 9781781482346. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Ahmed, PN, Rear Admiral Tanvir (2001). "CASE STUDY" (PDF). nab.gov.pk. Islamabad: NAB Press. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  22. ^ Sareen, Tilak Raj (2004). Socio-economic and Political Development in South Asia. Delhi India: Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 9788182050778. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  23. ^ Iqbal, Nasir (23 October 2001). "ISLAMABAD: Former naval chief indicted in $3.369m kickbacks case". Dawn. Pakistan. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  24. ^ "SC directs NAB to hire new prosecutor for Mansur trial" Daily Times, 20 March 2003
  25. ^ Staff writer (31 January 2002). "Ex-chief of Navy stripped of rank, benefits". Dawn. Pakistan. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  26. ^ Bureau, Pakistan National Accountability (2002). Annual Report. National Accountability Bureau. Retrieved 8 September 2017. {{cite book}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  27. ^ Lieven, Anatol (2012). Pakistan: A Hard Country. PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781610391627. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  28. ^ Hill, Geoff (2003). "the money trail" (google books). The Battle for Zimbabwe: The Final Countdown. London, UK: Zebra. p. 300. ISBN 9781868726523. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  29. ^ "Musharraf tried Haq under NAB law and Navy was not hurt". The News International. The News International, 2017. 12 January 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  30. ^ "NAB agrees to free Admiral Mansur for Rs 457.5 million". The News International. 2002. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  31. ^ Special Report (5 November 2003). "Musharraf Fires US Spy Agency for Pushing Amir Lodhi's Arrest:Maleeha's Fugitive Brother Allowed to Sneak Away from Embassy in Washington". antisystemic.org. South Asian Tribune, 2003. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  32. ^ a b c staff writer, editorial (10 November 2010). "DG Naval Intelligence ready to spill the beans". The News International. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  33. ^ Video on YouTube
  34. ^ "Zardari 'pocketed millions' in French subs deal: report" Nation, 15 January 2011
[edit]

Media coverage

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Military offices
Preceded by Chief of Naval Staff
1994 – 1997 		Succeeded by
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