Italo-Western languages: Difference between revisions

Italo-Western
Italo-Western
Geographic; distribution	Italian Peninsula, Switzerland, France, Istria, Channel Islands, Iberia
Linguistic classification	Indo-European Italic Latino-Faliscan Latin Romance Italo-Western; ; ; ; ;
Early forms	Old Latin Vulgar Latin Proto-Romance ; ;
Subdivisions	Italo-Dalmatian; Western Romance; Venetian;
Language codes
Glottolog	ital1285

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Italo-Western is, in some classifications, the largest branch of the Romance languages. It comprises two of the branches of Romance languages: Italo-Dalmatian and Western Romance. It excludes the Sardinian language and Eastern Romance.

Italo-Dalmatian languages

Based on the criterion of mutual intelligibility, Dalby lists four languages: Italian (Tuscan), Corsican, Neapolitan–Sicilian-Central Italian, and Dalmatian.^[1]

Dalmatian Romance

The Dalmatian language was spoken in the Dalmatia region of Croatia. It became extinct in the 19th century.
The Istriot language is a moribund variety spoken in the southwestern part of Istrian peninsula in Croatia.

Venetian

The Venetian language is sometimes added to Italo-Dalmatian when excluded from Gallo-Italic, and then usually grouped with Istriot. However, Venetian is not grouped into the Italo-Dalmatian languages by Ethnologue^[2] and Glottolog,^[3] unlike Istriot.^[4]^[5]

Tuscan

Tuscan-Corsican: group of dialects spoken in the Italian region of Tuscany, and the French island of Corsica.
- Northern Tuscan dialects:
  - Florentine is spoken in the city of Florence, and was the basis for Standard Italian.
  - Other dialects: Pistoiese; Pesciatino or Valdinievolese; Lucchese; Versiliese; Viareggino; Pisano-Livornese.
- Southern Tuscan dialects:
  - Dialects of Aretino-Chianaiolo, Senese, Grossetano.
- Corsican, spoken on Corsica, is thought to be descended from Tuscan.^[6]
  - Gallurese and Sassarese, spoken on the northern tip of Sardinia, can be considered either dialects of Corsican or Corso-Sardinian transitional varieties.

Italian

Italian is an official language in Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City and western Istria (in Slovenia and Croatia). It used to have official status in Albania, Malta and Monaco, where it is still widely spoken, as well as in former Italian East Africa and Italian North Africa regions where it plays a significant role in various sectors. Italian is also spoken by large expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia. The Italian language was initially and primarily based on Florentine: it has been then deeply influenced by almost all regional languages of Italy while its received pronunciation (known as Pronuncia Fiorentina Emendata, Amended Florentine Pronunciation) is based on the accent of the Roman dialect; these are the reasons why Italian differs significantly from Tuscan and its Florentine variety.^[7]

Central Italian

Central Italian, or in Italian linguistics "Median Italian", is spoken in the regions of Lazio, Umbria, Central Marche, and in small parts of Abruzzo and Tuscany. It is mainly split across the Roma-Ancona line, which divides the Central dialects into a Northwestern Perimedian group and a Southeastern Median one. Romanesco, the historical dialect of Rome, has lost most of its Central peculiarities and is not a regular part of Central, as it historically is the product of the implantation of Florentine on Old Romanesco, the ancient Median dialect which was spoken in Rome prior to the 1500s.

Neapolitan

The Neapolitan language, or known in Italian linguistics as the "intermediate southern dialect group", is spoken in: southern Marche; southernmost Lazio; Abruzzo; Molise; Campania (including Naples); Basilicata; and the north of both Apulia and Calabria.

The Campano dialects of Neapolitan, Irpino, Southern Laziale: spoken in Naples and Campania; and southern Lazio.
Abruzzese-Southern Marchigiano: spoken in the Abruzzo region and southern Marche region.
Molisan: spoken in the Molise region.
Basilicatine (Lucanian): spoken in the region of Basilicata, also known as Lucania.
Pugliese or Apulian: spoken in the northern region of Apulia.
Cosentino, also known as or Northern Calabrian:^[8] spoken in the Province of Cosenza, in northern Calabria.
Vastese, spoken in the town of Vasto.

Sicilian

The Sicilian language, known in Italian linguistics as the "extreme southern dialect group", is spoken on the island of Sicily; and in the south of both Calabria and Apulia; and in Cilento, in the southernmost of Campania.
- Sicilian proper, spoken on the island of Sicily: Western Sicilian; Central Metafonetica; Southeast Metafonetica; Ennese; Eastern Nonmetafonetica; Messinese.
- Sicilian dialects on other islands: Isole Eolie, on the Aeolian Islands; Pantesco, on the island of Pantelleria.
- Calabro,^[8] or Central-Southern Calabrian:^[8] dialects are spoken in the central and southern areas of the region of Calabria.
- Salentino, spoken in the Salento region of southern Apulia.
- Southern Cilentan: spoken in Roccagloriosa and Rofrano in southern tip of Cilento, which is southern Province of Salerno, in the Campania region.
Cilentan: spoken in Cilento, influenced by both Neapolitan language and Sicilian language.

In addition, some Gallo-Italic languages are spoken in Central-Southern Italy.

Judeo-Italian

The Judeo-Italian dialects are varieties of Italian used by Jewish communities, between the 10th and the 20th centuries, in Italy and Greece (Corfu and Zakinthos).

Western Romance languages

Based on mutual intelligibility, Dalby lists a dozen languages: Portuguese, Spanish, Asturian-Leonese, Aragonese, Catalan, Gascon, Provençal, Gallo-Wallon, Piedmontese, Ligurian, Lombard, French, Arpitan (or Franco-Provençal), Romansh, and Ladin.^[1]

Gallo-Romance

Gallo-Romance includes:

The Langues d'oïl, or Oïl languages. These include Standard French, Picard, Walloon, Lorrain and Norman.
The Arpitan language, also known as Franco-Provençal. It shares features of both French and the Provençal dialect of Occitan. Sometimes included in the Oïl languages.

Gallo-Romance can include:

The Rhaeto-Romance languages. They include Romansh of Switzerland, Ladin of the Dolomites area, Friulian of Friuli. Rhaeto-Romance languages can be classified as Gallo-Romance, or as an independent branch of the Western Romance languages.
The Occitano-Romance languages of Southern France and East Iberia, includes Occitan and Catalan. Occitano-Romance languages can be classified as Gallo-Romance, Iberian-Romance, or as an independent branch of the Western Romance languages.
- The Occitan language, or langue d'oc, has dialects such as Provençal dialect, and Gascon-Aranese dialect.
- The Catalan language has standard forms of Catalan and Valencian. Can be classified as East Iberian.
The Gallo-Italic languages. They include Piedmontese, Ligurian, Lombard, Emiliano-Romagnolo, Gallo-Italic of Sicily and Gallo-Italic of Basilicata. Gallo-Italic languages can be classified as Gallo-Romance or as Northern Italian dialects. The Venetian language is sometimes included in Gallo-Italic, but it has several characteristics that set it apart from it.^[9]

The Oïl languages, Arpitan, Occitano-Romance and Rhaeto-Romance languages are sometimes called Gallo-Rhaetian.

Iberian-Romance

The West Iberian languages:
- The Castilian languages: includes Spanish and Judaeo-Spanish.
- The Galician-Portuguese languages: includes Portuguese, Galician, and Fala.
- The Astur-Leonese languages: they are, from east to west, Cantabrian, central-eastern Asturian and Leonese proper. Going from north to south, they are Leonese proper, Mirandese, and Extremaduran.
The Pyrenean–Mozarabic languages: includes Aragonese, and the extinct Mozarabic. Can be classified as West Iberian.
The East Iberian language, or Catalan language: usually^{[citation needed]} classified as part of Occitano-Romance, see Gallo-Romance above.

References

^ ^a ^b David Dalby, 1999/2000, The Linguasphere register of the world's languages and speech communities. Observatoire Linguistique, Linguasphere Press. Volume 2. Oxford.[1]^{[permanent dead link‍]}[2][3] Archived 2014-08-27 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Venetian". Ethnologue.
^ "Venetian". Glottolog.
^ "Istriot". Ethnologue.
^ "Istriot". Glottolog.
^ Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (1997). Romance Languages. London: Routlegde. ISBN 0-415-16417-6.
^ La pronuncia italiana (Italian). treccani.it
^ ^a ^b ^c Calabrian in Italian: Calabrese (pl. Calebresi). Synonyms: Calabro, Calabra, Calabri, calabre (m., f., m.pl., f.pl.). Sicilian: calabbrìsi, calavrìsi.
^ Lorenzo Renzi, Nuova introduzione alla filologia romanza, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1994, p. 176 «I dialetti settentrionali formano un blocco abbastanza compatto con molti tratti comuni che li accostano, oltre che tra loro, qualche volta anche alla parlate cosiddette ladine e alle lingue galloromanze [...] Alcuni fenomeni morfologici innovativi sono pure abbastanza largamente comuni, come la doppia serie pronominale soggetto (non sempre in tutte le persone)[...] Ma più spesso il veneto si distacca dal gruppo, lasciando così da una parte tutti gli altri dialetti, detti gallo-italici.»

[Dalby-1] David Dalby, 1999/2000, The Linguasphere register of the world's languages and speech communities. Observatoire Linguistique, Linguasphere Press. Volume 2. Oxford.[1]^{[permanent dead link‍]}[2][3] Archived 2014-08-27 at the Wayback Machine

[2] "Venetian". Ethnologue.

[3] "Venetian". Glottolog.

[4] "Istriot". Ethnologue.

[5] "Istriot". Glottolog.

[Harris-6] Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (1997). Romance Languages. London: Routlegde. ISBN 0-415-16417-6.

[7] La pronuncia italiana (Italian). treccani.it

[calabrian-8] Calabrian in Italian: Calabrese (pl. Calebresi). Synonyms: Calabro, Calabra, Calabri, calabre (m., f., m.pl., f.pl.). Sicilian: calabbrìsi, calavrìsi.

[Renzi-9] Lorenzo Renzi, Nuova introduzione alla filologia romanza, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1994, p. 176 «I dialetti settentrionali formano un blocco abbastanza compatto con molti tratti comuni che li accostano, oltre che tra loro, qualche volta anche alla parlate cosiddette ladine e alle lingue galloromanze [...] Alcuni fenomeni morfologici innovativi sono pure abbastanza largamente comuni, come la doppia serie pronominale soggetto (non sempre in tutte le persone)[...] Ma più spesso il veneto si distacca dal gruppo, lasciando così da una parte tutti gli altri dialetti, detti gallo-italici.»

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@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 {{Infobox language family
 | name          = Italo-Western
-| region        = [[Italian Peninsula]], [[Switzerland]], [[France]], [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia (Spain, Portugal, Andorra, and Gibraltar)]]
+| region        = [[Italian Peninsula]], [[Switzerland]], [[France]], [[Istria]], [[Channel Islands]], [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]]
 | familycolor   = Indo-European
 | fam2          = [[Italic languages|Italic]]
 | fam3          = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
-| fam4          = [[Romance languages|Romance]]
+| fam4          = [[Latin]]
+| fam5          = [[Romance languages|Romance]]
-| ancestor      = [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
+| ancestor      = [[Old Latin]]
-| ancestor2     = [[Proto-Italic language|Proto-Italic]]
+| ancestor2     = [[Vulgar Latin]]
-| ancestor3     = [[Old Latin]]
+| ancestor3     = [[Proto-Romance language|Proto-Romance]]
-| ancestor4     = [[Vulgar Latin]]
-| ancestor5     = [[Proto-Romance language|Proto-Romance]]
 | child1        = [[Italo-Dalmatian languages|Italo-Dalmatian]]
 | child2        = [[Western Romance languages|Western Romance]]
+| child3        = ''[[Venetian language|Venetian]]''
 | glotto        = ital1285
 | glottorefname = Italo–Western Romance
@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 ===Central Italian===
-[[Central Italian]], or Latin-Umbrian-Marchegian and in Italian linguistics as "middle Italian dialects", is mainly spoken in the regions of: [[Lazio]] (which includes [[Rome]]); [[Umbria]]; central [[Marche]]; a small part of [[Abruzzo]] and [[Tuscany]].
+[[Central Italian]], or in Italian linguistics "Median Italian", is spoken in the regions of [[Lazio]], [[Umbria]], Central [[Marche]], and in small parts of [[Abruzzo]] and [[Tuscany]]. It is mainly split across the Roma-Ancona line, which divides the Central dialects into a Northwestern Perimedian group and a Southeastern Median one. Romanesco, the historical dialect of Rome, has lost most of its Central peculiarities and is not a regular part of Central, as it historically is the product of the implantation of Florentine on Old Romanesco, the ancient Median dialect which was spoken in Rome prior to the 1500s.
-*[[Romanesco dialect|Romanesco]], spoken in [[Rome]], Lazio. As mentioned above, it is the basis of the accent of the received pronunciation in standard Italian.
-*Tuscia or Viterbo: spoken in the [[Province of Viterbo]], Lazio.
-*Central-Northern Lazian:<ref>Pellegrini G., ''Carta dei dialetti d'Italia'', CNR - Pacini ed., Pisa, 1977</ref> spoken in the southern areas of the [[Metropolitan City of Rome Capital]] and the northern areas of the Provinces of [[Frosinone]] and [[Province of Latina|Latina]] Lazio.
-*Umbrian: spoken in [[Umbria]].
-*Central [[Marchigiano]]: spoken in central [[Marche]].
-*[[Sabino dialect|Sabino]]: spoken in the city of [[L'Aquila]] ([[Abruzzo]]) and the [[Province of Rieti]] (Lazio).
 ===Neapolitan===
@@ Line 76: / Line 70: @@
 ===Judeo-Italian===
+The [[Judeo-Italian dialects]] are varieties of Italian used by Jewish communities, between the 10th and the 20th centuries, in [[Italy]] and [[Greece]] ([[Corfu]] and [[Zakinthos]]).
-{{main|Judeo-Italian language}}
-The [[Judeo-Italian language]]s are varieties of Italian used by Jewish communities, between the 10th and the 20th centuries, in [[Italy]] and [[Greece]] ([[Corfu]] and [[Zakinthos]]).
 ==Western Romance languages==
 {{main|Western Romance languages}}
-Based on [[mutual intelligibility]], Dalby lists a dozen languages: [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Asturian-Leonese language|Asturian-Leonese]], [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]], [[Franco-Provençal language|Arpitan]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Gascon language|Gascon]], [[Occitan language|Provençal]], [[Langues d'oïl|Gallo-Wallon]], [[Piedmontese]], [[Ligurian language (Romance)|Ligurian]], [[Lombard language|Lombard]], [[French language|French]], [[Franco-Provençal language|Franco-Provençal]], [[Romansh language|Romansh]], and [[Ladin language|Ladin]].<ref name=Dalby />
+Based on [[mutual intelligibility]], Dalby lists a dozen languages: [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Asturian-Leonese language|Asturian-Leonese]], [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Gascon language|Gascon]], [[Occitan language|Provençal]], [[Langues d'oïl|Gallo-Wallon]], [[Piedmontese]], [[Ligurian language (Romance)|Ligurian]], [[Lombard language|Lombard]], [[French language|French]], [[Franco-Provençal language|Arpitan (or Franco-Provençal)]], [[Romansh language|Romansh]], and [[Ladin language|Ladin]].<ref name=Dalby />
 ===Gallo-Romance===
@@ Line 92: / Line 85: @@
 *The [[Occitano-Romance languages]] of [[Southern France]] and [[Iberia|East Iberia]], includes [[Occitan language|Occitan]] and [[Catalan language|Catalan]]. Occitano-Romance languages can be classified as [[Gallo-Romance]], [[Iberian Romance languages|Iberian-Romance]], or as an independent branch of the Western Romance languages.
 **The [[Occitan language]], or langue d'oc, has dialects such as [[Provençal dialect]], and [[Gascon dialect|Gascon-Aranese dialect]].
-**The [[Catalan language]] has standard forms of Catalan and [[Valencian]]. Can be classified as [[Iberian Romance languages|East Iberian]].
+**The [[Catalan language]] has standard forms of Catalan and [[Valencian language|Valencian]]. Can be classified as [[Iberian Romance languages|East Iberian]].
 *The [[Gallo-Italic languages]]. They include [[Piedmontese]], [[Ligurian language (Romance)|Ligurian]], [[Lombard language|Lombard]], [[Emiliano-Romagnolo language|Emiliano-Romagnolo]], [[Gallo-Italic of Sicily]] and [[Gallo-Italic of Basilicata]]. Gallo-Italic languages can be classified as [[Gallo-Romance]] or as [[Italo-Dalmatian|Northern Italian dialects]]. The [[Venetian language]] is sometimes included in Gallo-Italic, but it has several characteristics that set it apart from it.<ref name =Renzi>Lorenzo Renzi, Nuova introduzione alla filologia romanza, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1994, p. 176 «I dialetti settentrionali formano un blocco abbastanza compatto con molti tratti comuni che li accostano, oltre che tra loro, qualche volta anche alla parlate cosiddette ladine e alle lingue galloromanze [...] Alcuni fenomeni morfologici innovativi sono pure abbastanza largamente comuni, come la doppia serie pronominale soggetto (non sempre in tutte le persone)[...] Ma più spesso il veneto si distacca dal gruppo, lasciando così da una parte tutti gli altri dialetti, detti gallo-italici.»</ref>
 The Oïl languages, Arpitan, Occitano-Romance and Rhaeto-Romance languages are sometimes called '''Gallo-Rhaetian'''.
@@ Line 100: / Line 93: @@
 *The [[West Iberian languages]]:
 **The [[Castilian languages]]: includes [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Judaeo-Spanish]].
-**The [[Galician-Portuguese|Galician-Portuguese languages]]: includes [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Galician language|Galician]], [[Fala language|Fala]] and [[Riverense Portuñol language|Uruguayan Portuñol]].
+**The [[Galician-Portuguese|Galician-Portuguese languages]]: includes [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Galician language|Galician]], and [[Fala language|Fala]].
-**The [[Astur-Leonese languages]]: they are, from east to west, [[Cantabrian dialect|Cantabrian]], [[Asturian language|central-eastern Asturian]] and [[Leonese language|Leonese proper]]. Going from north to south, they are [[Leonese dialect|Leonese proper]], [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]], [[Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]] and [[Barranquenho]].
+**The [[Astur-Leonese languages]]: they are, from east to west, [[Cantabrian dialect|Cantabrian]], [[Asturian language|central-eastern Asturian]] and [[Leonese language|Leonese proper]]. Going from north to south, they are [[Leonese dialect|Leonese proper]], [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]], and [[Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]].
 *The [[Pyrenean–Mozarabic]] languages: includes [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]], and the extinct [[Mozarabic language|Mozarabic]]. Can be classified as [[West Iberian languages|West Iberian]].
-*The [[Iberian Romance languages|East Iberian language]], or [[Catalan language]]: usually classified as part of [[Occitano-Romance]], see Gallo-Romance above.
+*The [[Iberian Romance languages|East Iberian language]], or [[Catalan language]]: usually{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} classified as part of [[Occitano-Romance]], see Gallo-Romance above.
 == References ==