Minister of Education (China): Difference between revisions

Minister of Education of
the People's Republic of China
Minister of Education of ; the People's Republic of China
中华人民共和国教育部部长
	National Emblem of China
	Flag of China
	Incumbent; Huai Jinpeng; since 20 August 2021
	Ministry of Education
Status	Provincial-Ministerial level official
Member of	State Council
Seat	Ministry of Education Building, Xicheng District, Beijing
Nominator	Premier; (chosen within the Chinese Communist Party)
Appointer	President; with the confirmation of the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee
Precursor	Minister of Education of the Republic of China
Formation	19 October 1949; 75 years ago
First holder	Ma Xulun
Deputy	Vice Minister of Education
Website	www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_zzjg/moe_187/

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The minister of education of the People's Republic of China is the head of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China and a member of the State Council. Within the State Council, the position is fourth in order of precedence. The minister is responsible for leading the ministry, presiding over its meetings, and signing important documents related to the ministry. Officially, the minister is nominated by the premier of the State Council, who is then approved by the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee and appointed by the president.^[1]

The current minister is Huai Jinpeng, who concurrently serves as the Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary of the ministry.

History

The Ministry of Education of the Central People's Government was established on 1 October 1949, and Ma Xulun became the first minister on 19 October. The ministry was reorganized to the Ministry of Education of the PRC in September 1954, and the title of the minister was also changed. On 26 July 1968, during the Cultural Revolution, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, the State Council and the Central Military Commission decided to implement military rule over the ministry; the Director of the Military Control Commission Zhu Kui served as the head of the ministry.^[2] On 22 June 1970, the Ministry of Education was abolished and merged into the Science and Education Group of the State Council. On 17 January 1975, the Science and Education Group of the State Council was abolished and the Ministry of Education was re-established. On 18 June 1985, the Ministry of Education was renamed to the State Education Commission,^[3] and was named back to the Ministry of Education on 10 March 1993.

List of ministers

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office			Important offices held during tenure	Premier	Ref.
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Took office	Left office	Term	Important offices held during tenure	Premier	Ref.
Minister of Education of the Central People's Government
1		Ma Xulun 马叙伦 (1885–1970)	19 October 1949	15 November 1952	3 years, 27 days	Member of the Central People's Government Deputy Director of the Cultural and Educational Committee of the Central People's Government Director of the Chinese Character Reform Research Committee Chairman of the China Democratic League	Zhou Enlai	^[4]
2		Zhang Xiruo 张奚若 (1889–1973)	15 November 1952	28 September 1954	1 year, 317 days	Vice Chairman of the Political and Legal Affairs Committee of the State Council President of the Chinese People's Institute of Foreign Affairs	Zhou Enlai	^[5]
Minister of Education of the People's Republic of China
2		Zhang Xiruo 张奚若 (1889–1973)	28 September 1954	11 February 1958	3 years, 136 days	Director of the Foreign Cultural Liaison Committee President of the Chinese People's Institute of Foreign Affairs	Zhou Enlai	^[5]
3		Yang Xiufeng 杨秀峰 (1897–1983)	11 February 1958	22 July 1964	6 years, 162 days	Secretary of the Party Leadership Group of the Ministry of Education Deputy Director of the Second Office of the State Council		^[6]
–		Liu Jiping 刘季平 (1915–1990)	22 July 1964	4 October 1964	74 days	Deputy Secretary of the Party Leadership Group of the Ministry of Education		^[7]
4		He Wei 何伟 (1910–1973)	4 October 1964	26 July 1968	3 years, 296 days			^[8]
Director of the Military Control Commission of the Ministry of Education
–		Zhu Kui 朱奎 (1916–1982)	26 July 1968	22 June 1970	1 year, 331 days		Zhou Enlai	^[9]
From 22 June 1970 to 17 January 1975, the post of Minister of Education was abolished.
Minister of Education of the People's Republic of China
5		Zhou Rongxin 周荣鑫 (1917–1976)	17 January 1975	13 April 1976	1 year, 87 days		Zhou Enlai ↓ Hua Guofeng	^[10]
Vacant 13 April 1976 – 25 January 1977
6		Liu Xiyao 刘西尧 (1916–2013)	25 January 1977	23 February 1979	2 years, 29 days	Secretary of the Party Leadership Group of the Ministry of Education	Hua Guofeng	^[11]
7		Jiang Nanxiang 项怀诚 (1913–1988)	23 February 1979	4 May 1982	3 years, 70 days	Secretary of the Party Leadership Group of the Ministry of Education	Hua Guofeng ↓ Zhao Ziyang	^[12]
8		He Dongchang 何东昌 (1923–2014)	4 May 1982	18 June 1985	3 years, 45 days	Secretary of the Party Leadership Group of the Ministry of Education Vice Chairman of the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council	Zhao Ziyang	^[13]
Director of the State Education Commission of the People's Republic of China
9		Li Peng 李鹏 (1928–2019)	18 June 1985	12 April 1988	2 years, 299 days	Vice Premier of the State Council Head of the State Council's Electronic Revitalization Leading Group Secretary of the CCP Secretariat Member of the CCP Politburo Standing Committee Acting Premier of the State Council	Zhao Ziyang ↓ Li Peng	^[14]
10		Li Tieying 李铁映 (born 1936)	12 April 1988	29 March 1993	4 years, 351 days	Secretary of the Party Leadership Group of the State Education Commission Member of the CCP Politburo State Councillor	Li Peng	^[15]
11		Zhu Kaixuan 朱开轩 (1932–2016)	29 March 1993	10 March 1998	4 years, 346 days	Alternate Member of the CCP Central Committee Director of the NPC Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee	Li Peng	^[16]
Minister of Education of the People's Republic of China
12		Chen Zhili 陈至立 (born 1942)	10 March 1998	17 March 2003	5 years, 7 days	Secretary of the Party Leadership Group of the Ministry of Education	Zhu Rongji	^[17]
13		Zhou Ji 周济 (born 1946)	17 March 2003	31 October 2009	6 years, 228 days	Secretary of the Party Leadership Group of the Ministry of Education	Wen Jiabao	^[18]
14		Yuan Guiren 袁贵仁 (born 1950)	31 October 2009	2 July 2016	6 years, 245 days	Secretary of the Party Leadership Group of the Ministry of Education	Wen Jiabao ↓ Li Keqiang	^[19]
15		Chen Baosheng 陈宝生 (born 1956)	2 July 2016	20 August 2021	5 years, 49 days	Secretary of the Party Leadership Group of the Ministry of Education	Li Keqiang	^[20]
16		Huai Jinpeng 怀进鹏 (born 1962)	20 August 2021	Incumbent	3 years, 139 days	Secretary of the Party Leadership Group of the Ministry of Education	Li Keqiang ↓ Li Qiang	^[21]

Timeline

References

^ "Constitution of the People's Republic of China". National People's Congress. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
^ Tang, Shaojie (23 July 2005). "唐少杰："文化大革命"时期清华工宣队诸问题述评" [Tang Shaojie: Comments on the Problems of Tsinghua Workers' Propaganda Team during the Cultural Revolution]. Aisixiang. Archived from the original on 9 June 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
^ "6月18日" [June 18]. Ministry of Education. 18 June 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
^ "马叙伦" [Ma Xulun]. The Portal Website of the Central People's Government. 16 December 2008. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
^ ^a ^b Song, Chundan (5 January 2021). "晚年张奚若" [Zhang Xiruo in his later years]. Tsinghua Alumni Association. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
^ "杨秀峰" [Yang Xiufeng]. The Portal Website of the Central People's Government. 17 December 2008. Archived from the original on 22 March 2009. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
^ "刘季平" [Liu Jiping]. Shanghai Association for Science and Technology. 4 April 2005. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
^ "教育部部长——何伟" [Minister of Education - He Wei]. Zhumadian.com. 9 January 2015. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
^ "【史海钩沉】南保县工委书记朱奎的传奇经历" [[History] The legendary experience of Zhu Kui, secretary of the Nanbao County Working Committee]. Hubei Daily. 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
^ "高官之女忆文革迫害:父亲74年曾报告唐山或大震" [The daughter of a high-ranking official recalls the persecution during the Cultural Revolution: My father reported in 1974 that there might be a major earthquake in Tangshan]. China News Service. 29 December 2008. Archived from the original on 29 December 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
^ "刘西尧同志逝世" [Comrade Liu Xiyao passed away]. People's Daily. 23 September 2013. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
^ "清华大学功勋校长蒋南翔：人物生平" [Tsinghua University Meritorious President Jiang Nanxiang: Biography]. China Education Online. 14 November 2013. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
^ "何东昌同志遗体告别仪式举行" [The farewell ceremony for Comrade He Dongchang was held]. Tsinghua Alumni Association. 18 February 2014. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
^ "李鹏同志生平" [Comrade Li Peng's life]. Xinhua News Agency. 29 July 2019. Archived from the original on 10 September 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
^ "李铁映" [Li Tieying]. The Portal Website of the Central People's Government. 26 September 2008. Archived from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
^ Shen, Yongchang (30 March 2018). "学者型官员——朱开轩" [Scholar-official: Zhu Kaixuan]. Jinshan Newspaper. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
^ "中华全国妇女联合会第十届主席简历" [Resume of the 10th President of the All-China Women's Federation]. All-China Women's Federation. 6 November 2008. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
^ 港报：袁贵仁有望接任中国教育部长. Lianhe Zaobao. Archived February 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ "教育部长袁贵仁" [Minister of Education Yuan Guiren]. Guzhen County People's Government. 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
^ "Top legislature concludes bi-monthly session". Xinhua. Archived from the original on 3 July 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
^ Wu Xiaodong (武晓东) (20 August 2021). 怀进鹏任教育部部长！创了十八大以来的一个首例. sina (in Chinese). Retrieved 20 August 2021.

[:0222-1] "Constitution of the People's Republic of China". National People's Congress. Retrieved 8 August 2022.

[爱思想1-2] Tang, Shaojie (23 July 2005). "唐少杰："文化大革命"时期清华工宣队诸问题述评" [Tang Shaojie: Comments on the Problems of Tsinghua Workers' Propaganda Team during the Cultural Revolution]. Aisixiang. Archived from the original on 9 June 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2024.

[3] "6月18日" [June 18]. Ministry of Education. 18 June 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2024.

[4] "马叙伦" [Ma Xulun]. The Portal Website of the Central People's Government. 16 December 2008. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.

[:0-5] Song, Chundan (5 January 2021). "晚年张奚若" [Zhang Xiruo in his later years]. Tsinghua Alumni Association. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2024.

[6] "杨秀峰" [Yang Xiufeng]. The Portal Website of the Central People's Government. 17 December 2008. Archived from the original on 22 March 2009. Retrieved 3 August 2024.

[7] "刘季平" [Liu Jiping]. Shanghai Association for Science and Technology. 4 April 2005. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.

[8] "教育部部长——何伟" [Minister of Education - He Wei]. Zhumadian.com. 9 January 2015. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.

[9] "【史海钩沉】南保县工委书记朱奎的传奇经历" [[History] The legendary experience of Zhu Kui, secretary of the Nanbao County Working Committee]. Hubei Daily. 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.

[10] "高官之女忆文革迫害:父亲74年曾报告唐山或大震" [The daughter of a high-ranking official recalls the persecution during the Cultural Revolution: My father reported in 1974 that there might be a major earthquake in Tangshan]. China News Service. 29 December 2008. Archived from the original on 29 December 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2024.

[11] "刘西尧同志逝世" [Comrade Liu Xiyao passed away]. People's Daily. 23 September 2013. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.

[12] "清华大学功勋校长蒋南翔：人物生平" [Tsinghua University Meritorious President Jiang Nanxiang: Biography]. China Education Online. 14 November 2013. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.

[13] "何东昌同志遗体告别仪式举行" [The farewell ceremony for Comrade He Dongchang was held]. Tsinghua Alumni Association. 18 February 2014. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.

[新华网1-14] "李鹏同志生平" [Comrade Li Peng's life]. Xinhua News Agency. 29 July 2019. Archived from the original on 10 September 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.

[15] "李铁映" [Li Tieying]. The Portal Website of the Central People's Government. 26 September 2008. Archived from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.

[16] Shen, Yongchang (30 March 2018). "学者型官员——朱开轩" [Scholar-official: Zhu Kaixuan]. Jinshan Newspaper. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.

[17] "中华全国妇女联合会第十届主席简历" [Resume of the 10th President of the All-China Women's Federation]. All-China Women's Federation. 6 November 2008. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.

[Zaobao-18] 港报：袁贵仁有望接任中国教育部长. Lianhe Zaobao. Archived February 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

[19] "教育部长袁贵仁" [Minister of Education Yuan Guiren]. Guzhen County People's Government. 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.

[20] "Top legislature concludes bi-monthly session". Xinhua. Archived from the original on 3 July 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.

[21] Wu Xiaodong (武晓东) (20 August 2021). 怀进鹏任教育部部长！创了十八大以来的一个首例. sina (in Chinese). Retrieved 20 August 2021.

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@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 | insignia = National Emblem of the People's Republic of China (2).svg
 | insigniasize = 100
-| insigniacaption = [[National Emblem of the People's Republic of China]]
+| insigniacaption = [[National Emblem of China]]
 | flag = Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg
-| flagcaption = [[Flag of the People's Republic of China]]
+| flagcaption = [[Flag of China]]
 | termlength =
 | nominator = [[Premier of China|Premier]]<br>(chosen within the [[Chinese Communist Party]])
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 | deputy = Vice Minister of Education
 | first = [[Ma Xulun]]
-| appointer_qualified = with the confirmation of the [[National People's Congress]] or its [[Standing Committee of the National People's  Congress|Standing Committee]]
+| appointer_qualified = with the confirmation of the [[National People's Congress]] or its [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress|Standing Committee]]
 | status = [[Civil service of the People's Republic of China#Levels and ranking system|Provincial-Ministerial level official]]
 }}
-The '''Minister of Education of the People's Republic of China''' is the head of the [[Ministry of Education (China)|Ministry of Education]] of the [[China|People's Republic of China]] and a member of the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]]. Within the State Council, the position is fourth in [[Order of precedence in China|order of precedence]]. The minister is responsible for leading the ministry, presiding over its meetings, and signing important documents related to the ministry. Officially, the minister is nominated by the [[Premier of China|premier of the State Council]], who is then approved by the [[National People's Congress]] or its [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress|Standing Committee]] and appointed by the [[President of China|president]].<ref name=":0222">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the People's Republic of China |url=http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/constitution2019/201911/1f65146fb6104dd3a2793875d19b5b29.shtml |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=[[National People's Congress]]}}</ref>
+The '''minister of education of the People's Republic of China''' is the head of the [[Ministry of Education (China)|Ministry of Education]] of the [[China|People's Republic of China]] and a member of the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]]. Within the State Council, the position is fourth in [[Order of precedence in China|order of precedence]]. The minister is responsible for leading the ministry, presiding over its meetings, and signing important documents related to the ministry. Officially, the minister is nominated by the [[Premier of China|premier of the State Council]], who is then approved by the [[National People's Congress]] or its [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress|Standing Committee]] and appointed by the [[President of China|president]].<ref name=":0222">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the People's Republic of China |url=http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/constitution2019/201911/1f65146fb6104dd3a2793875d19b5b29.shtml |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=[[National People's Congress]]}}</ref>
-The current minister is [[Huai Jinpeng]], who concurrently serves as the Communist Party Secretary of the Ministry.
+The current minister is [[Huai Jinpeng]], who concurrently serves as the [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary]] of the ministry.
 == History ==
-The Ministry of Education of the Central People's Government was established on 1 October 1949, and [[Ma Xulun]] became the first minister on 19 October. The ministry was reorganized to the Ministry of Education of the PRC in September 1954, and the title of the minister was also changed. On 26 July 1958, during the [[Cultural Revolution]], the [[Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party]], the State Council and the [[Central Military Commission (China)|Central Military Commission]] decided to implement military rule over the ministry; the Director of the Military Control Commission [[Zhu Kui]] served as the head of the ministry.<ref name="爱思想1">{{cite web |author1=Tang |first=Shaojie |date=2005-07-23 |title=唐少杰：“文化大革命”时期清华工宣队诸问题述评 |trans-title=Tang Shaojie: Comments on the Problems of Tsinghua Workers' Propaganda Team during the Cultural Revolution |url=http://www.aisixiang.com/data/7680.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609082430/http://www.aisixiang.com/data/7680.html |archive-date=2015-06-09 |accessdate=3 August 2024 |website=Aisixiang}}</ref> On 22 June 1970, the Ministry of Education was abolished and merged into the Science and Education Group of the State Council. On 17 January 1975, the Science and Education Group of the State Council was abolished and the Ministry of Education was re-established. On 18 June 1985, the Ministry of Education was renamed to the State Education Commission,<ref>{{cite web |date=2008-06-18 |title=6月18日 |trans-title=June 18 |url=http://old.moe.gov.cn//publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/moe_1695/200806/35946.html |accessdate=3 August 2024 |website=Ministry of Education}}</ref> and was named back to the Ministry of Education on 10 March 1993.
+The Ministry of Education of the Central People's Government was established on 1 October 1949, and [[Ma Xulun]] became the first minister on 19 October. The ministry was reorganized to the Ministry of Education of the PRC in September 1954, and the title of the minister was also changed. On 26 July 1968, during the [[Cultural Revolution]], the [[Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party]], the State Council and the [[Central Military Commission (China)|Central Military Commission]] decided to implement military rule over the ministry; the Director of the Military Control Commission [[Zhu Kui]] served as the head of the ministry.<ref name="爱思想1">{{cite web |author1=Tang |first=Shaojie |date=2005-07-23 |title=唐少杰："文化大革命"时期清华工宣队诸问题述评 |trans-title=Tang Shaojie: Comments on the Problems of Tsinghua Workers' Propaganda Team during the Cultural Revolution |url=http://www.aisixiang.com/data/7680.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609082430/http://www.aisixiang.com/data/7680.html |archive-date=2015-06-09 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=Aisixiang}}</ref> On 22 June 1970, the Ministry of Education was abolished and merged into the Science and Education Group of the State Council. On 17 January 1975, the Science and Education Group of the State Council was abolished and the Ministry of Education was re-established. On 18 June 1985, the Ministry of Education was renamed to the State Education Commission,<ref>{{cite web |date=2008-06-18 |title=6月18日 |trans-title=June 18 |url=http://old.moe.gov.cn//publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/moe_1695/200806/35946.html |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=Ministry of Education}}</ref> and was named back to the Ministry of Education on 10 March 1993.
 == List of ministers ==
@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
 |15 November 1952
 |{{age in years and days|19 October 1949|15 November 1952}}
-| align="left" |Member of the Central People's Government<br>Deputy Director of the Cultural and Educational Committee of the Central People's Government<br>Director of the the Chinese Character Reform Research Committee<br>Chairman of the [[China Democratic League]]
+| align="left" |Member of the Central People's Government<br>Deputy Director of the Cultural and Educational Committee of the Central People's Government<br>Director of the Chinese Character Reform Research Committee<br>Chairman of the [[China Democratic League]]
 | rowspan="2" |[[Zhou Enlai]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |date=2008-12-16 |title=马叙伦 |trans-title=Ma Xulun |url=https://www.gov.cn/govweb/gjjg/2008-12/16/content_1179285.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017141725/https://www.gov.cn/govweb/gjjg/2008-12/16/content_1179285.htm |archive-date=2023-10-17 |accessdate=3 August 2024 |website=The Portal Website of the Central People's Government}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{cite web |date=2008-12-16 |title=马叙伦 |trans-title=Ma Xulun |url=https://www.gov.cn/govweb/gjjg/2008-12/16/content_1179285.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017141725/https://www.gov.cn/govweb/gjjg/2008-12/16/content_1179285.htm |archive-date=2023-10-17 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=The Portal Website of the Central People's Government}}</ref>
 |-
 !2
@@ Line 83: / Line 83: @@
 | align="left" |Director of the Foreign Cultural Liaison Committee<br>President of the Chinese People's Institute of Foreign Affairs
 | rowspan="4" |[[Zhou Enlai]]
-|<ref name=":0">{{cite web |author1=Song |first=Chundan |date=2021-01-05 |title=晚年张奚若 |trans-title=Zhang Xiruo in his later years |url=https://www.tsinghua.org.cn/info/1951/33102.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008154016/https://www.tsinghua.org.cn/info/1951/33102.htm |archive-date=2021-10-08 |accessdate=3 August 2024 |website=Tsinghua Alumni Association}}</ref>
+|<ref name=":0">{{cite web |author1=Song |first=Chundan |date=2021-01-05 |title=晚年张奚若 |trans-title=Zhang Xiruo in his later years |url=https://www.tsinghua.org.cn/info/1951/33102.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008154016/https://www.tsinghua.org.cn/info/1951/33102.htm |archive-date=2021-10-08 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=Tsinghua Alumni Association}}</ref>
 |-
 !3
@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 |{{age in years and days|11 February 1958|22 July 1964}}
 | align="left" |Secretary of the Party Leadership Group of the Ministry of Education<br>Deputy Director of the Second Office of the State Council
-|<ref>{{cite web |date=2008-12-17 |title=杨秀峰 |trans-title=Yang Xiufeng |url=https://www.gov.cn/gjjg/2008-12/17/content_1180531.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322092953/http://www.gov.cn/gjjg/2008-12/17/content_1180531.htm |archive-date=2009-03-22 |accessdate=3 August 2024 |website=The Portal Website of the Central People's Government}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{cite web |date=2008-12-17 |title=杨秀峰 |trans-title=Yang Xiufeng |url=https://www.gov.cn/gjjg/2008-12/17/content_1180531.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322092953/http://www.gov.cn/gjjg/2008-12/17/content_1180531.htm |archive-date=2009-03-22 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=The Portal Website of the Central People's Government}}</ref>
 |-
 !–
@@ Line 101: / Line 101: @@
 |{{age in years and days|22 July 1964|4 October 1964}}
 | align="left" |Deputy Secretary of the Party Leadership Group of the Ministry of Education
-|<ref>{{cite web |date=2005-04-04 |title=刘季平 |trans-title=Liu Jiping |url=https://www.sast.gov.cn/content.html?id=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017141736/https://www.sast.gov.cn/content.html?id=12 |archive-date=2023-10-17 |accessdate=3 August 2024 |website=Shanghai Association for Science and Technology}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{cite web |date=2005-04-04 |title=刘季平 |trans-title=Liu Jiping |url=https://www.sast.gov.cn/content.html?id=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017141736/https://www.sast.gov.cn/content.html?id=12 |archive-date=2023-10-17 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=Shanghai Association for Science and Technology}}</ref>
 |-
 !4
@@ Line 110: / Line 110: @@
 |{{age in years and days|4 October 1964|26 July 1968}}
 | align="left" |
-|<ref>{{cite web |date=2015-01-09 |title=教育部部长——何伟 |trans-title=Minister of Education - He Wei |url=http://www.zmdnews.cn/2015/0109/254527.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017141748/http://www.zmdnews.cn/2015/0109/254527.shtml |archive-date=2023-10-17 |accessdate=3 August 2024 |website=Zhumadian.com}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{cite web |date=2015-01-09 |title=教育部部长——何伟 |trans-title=Minister of Education - He Wei |url=http://www.zmdnews.cn/2015/0109/254527.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017141748/http://www.zmdnews.cn/2015/0109/254527.shtml |archive-date=2023-10-17 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=Zhumadian.com}}</ref>
 |-
 ! colspan="9" |'''Director of the Military Control Commission of the Ministry of Education'''
@@ Line 122: / Line 122: @@
 | align="left" |
 |[[Zhou Enlai]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-10-07 |title=【史海钩沉】南保县工委书记朱奎的传奇经历 |trans-title=[History] The legendary experience of Zhu Kui, secretary of the Nanbao County Working Committee |url=https://news.hubeidaily.net/pc/c_1852699.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017141736/https://news.hubeidaily.net/pc/c_1852699.html |archive-date=2023-10-17 |accessdate=3 August 2024 |website=Hubei Daily}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-10-07 |title=【史海钩沉】南保县工委书记朱奎的传奇经历 |trans-title=[History] The legendary experience of Zhu Kui, secretary of the Nanbao County Working Committee |url=https://news.hubeidaily.net/pc/c_1852699.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017141736/https://news.hubeidaily.net/pc/c_1852699.html |archive-date=2023-10-17 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=Hubei Daily}}</ref>
 |-
-| colspan="9" | From 2822 June 1970 to 17 January 1975, the post of Minister of Education was abolished.
+| colspan="9" | From 22 June 1970 to 17 January 1975, the post of Minister of Education was abolished.
 |-
 ! colspan="9" |'''Minister of Education of the People's Republic of China'''
@@ Line 136: / Line 136: @@
 | align="left" |
 |[[Zhou Enlai]]<br>↓<br>[[Hua Guofeng]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |date=2008-12-29 |title=高官之女忆文革迫害:父亲74年曾报告唐山或大震 |trans-title=The daughter of a high-ranking official recalls the persecution during the Cultural Revolution: My father reported in 1974 that there might be a major earthquake in Tangshan |url=https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cul/news/2008/12-29/1506096.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229122557/http://www.chinanews.com.cn/cul/news/2008/12-29/1506096.shtml |archive-date=2008-12-29 |accessdate=3 August 2024 |website=China News Network}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{cite web |date=2008-12-29 |title=高官之女忆文革迫害:父亲74年曾报告唐山或大震 |trans-title=The daughter of a high-ranking official recalls the persecution during the Cultural Revolution: My father reported in 1974 that there might be a major earthquake in Tangshan |url=https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cul/news/2008/12-29/1506096.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229122557/http://www.chinanews.com.cn/cul/news/2008/12-29/1506096.shtml |archive-date=2008-12-29 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=[[China News Service]]}}</ref>
 |-
 | colspan="9" | ''Vacant'' <br /> 13 April 1976 – 25 January 1977
@@ Line 148: / Line 148: @@
 | align="left" |Secretary of the Party Leadership Group of the Ministry of Education
 |[[Hua Guofeng]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |date=2013-09-23 |title=刘西尧同志逝世 |trans-title=Comrade Liu Xiyao passed away |url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2013/0923/c87393-23007470.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017142301/http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2013/0923/c87393-23007470.html |archive-date=2023-10-17 |accessdate=3 August 2024 |website=Communist Party of China News Network}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{cite web |date=2013-09-23 |title=刘西尧同志逝世 |trans-title=Comrade Liu Xiyao passed away |url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2013/0923/c87393-23007470.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017142301/http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2013/0923/c87393-23007470.html |archive-date=2023-10-17 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=[[People's Daily]]}}</ref>
 |-
 !7
@@ Line 158: / Line 158: @@
 | align="left" |Secretary of the Party Leadership Group of the Ministry of Education
 |[[Hua Guofeng]]<br>↓<br>[[Zhao Ziyang]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |date=2013-11-14 |title=清华大学功勋校长蒋南翔：人物生平 |trans-title=Tsinghua University Meritorious President Jiang Nanxiang: Biography |url=https://gaokao.eol.cn/daxue/zixun/201311/t20131114_1039580.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017031555/https://gaokao.eol.cn/daxue/zixun/201311/t20131114_1039580.shtml |archive-date=2023-10-17 |accessdate=3 August 2024 |website=China Education Online}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{cite web |date=2013-11-14 |title=清华大学功勋校长蒋南翔：人物生平 |trans-title=Tsinghua University Meritorious President Jiang Nanxiang: Biography |url=https://gaokao.eol.cn/daxue/zixun/201311/t20131114_1039580.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017031555/https://gaokao.eol.cn/daxue/zixun/201311/t20131114_1039580.shtml |archive-date=2023-10-17 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=China Education Online}}</ref>
 |-
 !8
@@ Line 168: / Line 168: @@
 | align="left" |Secretary of the Party Leadership Group of the Ministry of Education<br>Vice Chairman of the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council
 |[[Zhao Ziyang]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |date=2014-02-18 |title=何东昌同志遗体告别仪式举行 |trans-title=The farewell ceremony for Comrade He Dongchang was held |url=https://www.tsinghua.org.cn/info/1014/11225.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017142304/https://www.tsinghua.org.cn/info/1014/11225.htm |archive-date=2023-10-17 |accessdate=3 August 2024 |website=Tsinghua Alumni Association}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{cite web |date=2014-02-18 |title=何东昌同志遗体告别仪式举行 |trans-title=The farewell ceremony for Comrade He Dongchang was held |url=https://www.tsinghua.org.cn/info/1014/11225.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017142304/https://www.tsinghua.org.cn/info/1014/11225.htm |archive-date=2023-10-17 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=Tsinghua Alumni Association}}</ref>
 |-
 ! colspan="9" |'''Director of the State Education Commission of the People's Republic of China'''
@@ Line 180: / Line 180: @@
 | align="left" |[[Vice Premier of China|Vice Premier of the State Council]]<br>Head of the State Council's Electronic Revitalization Leading Group<br>Secretary of the [[Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP Secretariat]]<br>Member of the [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP Politburo Standing Committee]]<br>Acting [[Premier of China|Premier of the State Council]]
 |[[Zhao Ziyang]]<br>↓<br>[[Li Peng]]
-|<ref name="新华网1">{{cite web |date=2019-07-29 |title=李鹏同志生平 |trans-title=Comrade Li Peng's life |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/2019-07/29/c_1124813081.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910111210/http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-07/29/c_1124813081.htm |archive-date=2023-09-10 |accessdate=3 August 2024 |website=Xinhua News Agency}}</ref>
+|<ref name="新华网1">{{cite web |date=2019-07-29 |title=李鹏同志生平 |trans-title=Comrade Li Peng's life |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/2019-07/29/c_1124813081.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910111210/http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-07/29/c_1124813081.htm |archive-date=2023-09-10 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=[[Xinhua News Agency]]}}</ref>
 |-
 !10
@@ Line 190: / Line 190: @@
 | align="left" |Secretary of the Party Leadership Group of the State Education Commission<br>Member of the [[Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP Politburo]]<br>[[State councillor|State Councillor]]
 | rowspan="2" |[[Li Peng]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |date=2008-09-26 |title=李铁映 |trans-title=Li Tieying |url=https://www.gov.cn/gjjg/2008-09/26/content_1106306.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513023053/http://www.gov.cn/gjjg/2008-09/26/content_1106306.htm |archive-date=2023-05-13 |accessdate=3 August 2024 |website=The Portal Website of the Central People's Government}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{cite web |date=2008-09-26 |title=李铁映 |trans-title=Li Tieying |url=https://www.gov.cn/gjjg/2008-09/26/content_1106306.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513023053/http://www.gov.cn/gjjg/2008-09/26/content_1106306.htm |archive-date=2023-05-13 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=The Portal Website of the Central People's Government}}</ref>
 |-
 !11
@@ Line 199: / Line 199: @@
 |{{age in years and days|29 March 1993|10 March 1998}}
 | align="left" |Alternate Member of the [[Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP Central Committee]]<br>Director of the [[Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee|NPC Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee]]
-|<ref>{{cite news |author1=Shen |first=Yongchang |date=2018-03-30 |title=学者型官员——朱开轩 |trans-title=Scholar-official: Zhu Kaixuan |url=http://www.jsbao.com/Article/index/aid/2360963.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017142305/http://www.jsbao.com/Article/index/aid/2360963.html |archive-date=2023-10-17 |accessdate=3 August 2024 |work=Jinshan Newspaper}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{cite news |author1=Shen |first=Yongchang |date=2018-03-30 |title=学者型官员——朱开轩 |trans-title=Scholar-official: Zhu Kaixuan |url=http://www.jsbao.com/Article/index/aid/2360963.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017142305/http://www.jsbao.com/Article/index/aid/2360963.html |archive-date=2023-10-17 |access-date=3 August 2024 |work=Jinshan Newspaper}}</ref>
 |-
 ! colspan="9" |'''Minister of Education of the People's Republic of China'''
@@ Line 211: / Line 211: @@
 | align="left" |Secretary of the Party Leadership Group of the Ministry of Education
 |[[Zhu Rongji]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |date=2008-11-06 |title=中华全国妇女联合会第十届主席简历 |trans-title=Resume of the 10th President of the All-China Women's Federation |url=https://www.women.org.cn/zhuanti/www.women.org.cn/shida/web/ShowNewsxb24e.html?news_id=42887&alias=0803 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017142416/https://www.women.org.cn/zhuanti/www.women.org.cn/shida/web/ShowNewsxb24e.html?news_id=42887&alias=0803 |archive-date=2023-10-17 |accessdate=2023-10-17 |website=All-China Women's Federation}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{cite web |date=2008-11-06 |title=中华全国妇女联合会第十届主席简历 |trans-title=Resume of the 10th President of the All-China Women's Federation |url=https://www.women.org.cn/zhuanti/www.women.org.cn/shida/web/ShowNewsxb24e.html?news_id=42887&alias=0803 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017142416/https://www.women.org.cn/zhuanti/www.women.org.cn/shida/web/ShowNewsxb24e.html?news_id=42887&alias=0803 |archive-date=2023-10-17 |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=[[All-China Women's Federation]]}}</ref>
 |-
 !13
@@ Line 221: / Line 221: @@
 | align="left" |Secretary of the Party Leadership Group of the Ministry of Education
 |[[Wen Jiabao]]
-|<ref name="Zaobao">[http://www.zaobao.com.sg/wencui/2009/10/hongkong091031k.shtml 港报：袁贵仁有望接任中国教育部长] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220192434/http://www.zaobao.com.sg/wencui/2009/10/hongkong091031k.shtml|date=February 20, 2012}}</ref>
+|<ref name="Zaobao">[http://www.zaobao.com.sg/wencui/2009/10/hongkong091031k.shtml 港报：袁贵仁有望接任中国教育部长]. [[Lianhe Zaobao]]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220192434/http://www.zaobao.com.sg/wencui/2009/10/hongkong091031k.shtml|date=February 20, 2012}}</ref>
 |-
 !14
@@ Line 231: / Line 231: @@
 | align="left" |Secretary of the Party Leadership Group of the Ministry of Education
 |[[Wen Jiabao]]<br>↓<br>[[Li Keqiang]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-01-28 |title=教育部长袁贵仁 |trans-title=Minister of Education Yuan Guiren |url=https://www.guzhen.gov.cn/zjgz/lswh/lsrw/40362074.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208210913/https://www.guzhen.gov.cn/zjgz/lswh/lsrw/40362074.html |archive-date=2023-02-08 |accessdate=3 August 2024 |website=Guzhen County People's Government}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-01-28 |title=教育部长袁贵仁 |trans-title=Minister of Education Yuan Guiren |url=https://www.guzhen.gov.cn/zjgz/lswh/lsrw/40362074.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208210913/https://www.guzhen.gov.cn/zjgz/lswh/lsrw/40362074.html |archive-date=2023-02-08 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=Guzhen County People's Government}}</ref>
 |-
 !15
@@ Line 241: / Line 241: @@
 | align="left" |Secretary of the Party Leadership Group of the Ministry of Education
 |[[Li Keqiang]]
-|<ref>{{cite news |title=Top legislature concludes bi-monthly session |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-07/02/c_135484276.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703092930/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-07/02/c_135484276.htm |archive-date=July 3, 2016 |accessdate=2016-07-02 |newspaper=Xinhua}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{cite news |title=Top legislature concludes bi-monthly session |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-07/02/c_135484276.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703092930/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-07/02/c_135484276.htm |archive-date=July 3, 2016 |access-date=2016-07-02 |newspaper=[[Xinhua]]}}</ref>
 |-
 !16
@@ Line 340: / Line 340: @@
  bar:Huai
   from: 20/08/2021 till: $today color:cpc text:"[[Huai Jinpeng]]"}}
+==See also==
+* [[Ministry of Education (Taiwan)]] lists pre-1949 ministers of education in the Republic of China, which controlled portions of mainland China until that year
 == References ==