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{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| image = Ligusticum sinense 'Chuanxiong' slices.jpg
| image = Ligusticum sinense 'Chuanxiong' slices.jpg
| image_caption = Slices of "chuanxiong" root and rhizome
| genus = Conioselinum
| genus = Conioselinum
| species = anthriscoides
| species = anthriscoides
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** ''Ligusticum chuanxiong'' S.H.Qiu, Y.Q.Zeng, K.Y.Pan, Y.C.Tang & J.M.Xu
** ''Ligusticum chuanxiong'' S.H.Qiu, Y.Q.Zeng, K.Y.Pan, Y.C.Tang & J.M.Xu
** ''Ligusticum chuanxiong'' Hort.
** ''Ligusticum chuanxiong'' Hort.
|synonym_refs=<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pimenov |first1=Michael G. |last2=Kljuykov |first2=Eugene V. |last3=Ostroumova |first3=Tatiana A. |title=A Revision of Conioselinum Hoffm. (Umbelliferae) in the Old World |journal=Willdenowia |date=2003 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=353–377 |doi=10.2307/3997438 |issn=0511-9618}}</ref><ref name=PK>{{aut|Pimenov, M.G.}} & {{aut|Kljuykov, E.V.}} 2015. Nomenclatural correction for a Chinese species of ''Conioselinum'' (Umbelliferae). ''Skvortsovia'' 2(1): 28-34. [http://skvortsovia.uran.ru/2015/2103.pdf PDF]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ligusticum chuanxiong S.H.Qiu, Y.Q.Zeng, K.Y.Pan, Y.C.Tang & J.M.Xu {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:844410-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref>
|synonyms_ref=<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pimenov |first1=Michael G. |last2=Kljuykov |first2=Eugene V. |last3=Ostroumova |first3=Tatiana A. |title=A Revision of Conioselinum Hoffm. (Umbelliferae) in the Old World |journal=Willdenowia |date=2003 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=353–377 |doi=10.3372/wi.33.33213 |jstor=3997438 |issn=0511-9618}}</ref><ref name=PK>{{aut|Pimenov, M.G.}} & {{aut|Kljuykov, E.V.}} 2015. Nomenclatural correction for a Chinese species of ''Conioselinum'' (Umbelliferae). ''Skvortsovia'' 2(1): 28-34. [http://skvortsovia.uran.ru/2015/2103.pdf PDF]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ligusticum chuanxiong S.H.Qiu, Y.Q.Zeng, K.Y.Pan, Y.C.Tang & J.M.Xu {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:844410-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''''Conioselinum anthriscoides''''', more commonly known as '''''Ligusticum sinense''''', is a species of [[flowering plant]] in the genus ''Conioselinum''. It is native to Southern China and used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] as two separate herbs, both derived from the rhizome and roots of the plant: '''gaoben''' ({{lang|zh|藁本}}) and '''chuanxiong''' ({{lang|zh|川芎}}). These two differ by the exact cultivar used; specifically, chuanxiong is derived from the 'Chuanxiong' [[cultivar]] only. On the market, chuanxiong is more expensive than gaoben.<ref name=yuan>{{cite journal |last1=Yuan |first1=Can |last2=Sha |first2=Xiufen |last3=Xiong |first3=Miao |last4=Zhong |first4=Wenjuan |last5=Wei |first5=Yu |last6=Li |first6=Mingqian |last7=Tao |first7=Shan |last8=Mou |first8=Fangsheng |last9=Peng |first9=Fang |last10=Zhang |first10=Chao |title=Uncovering dynamic evolution in the plastid genome of seven Ligusticum species provides insights into species discrimination and phylogenetic implications |journal=Scientific Reports |date=2021-01-13 |volume=11 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80225-0}}</ref>
'''''Conioselinum anthriscoides''''', more commonly known as '''''Ligusticum sinense''''', is a species of [[flowering plant]] in the genus ''Conioselinum''. It is native to Southern China and is used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] as two separate herbs, both derived from the rhizome and roots of the plant: '''gaoben''' ({{lang|zh|藁本}}) and '''chuanxiong''' ({{lang|zh|川芎}}). These two differ by the exact cultivar used; specifically, chuanxiong is derived from the 'Chuanxiong' [[cultivar]] only.<ref name=yuan>{{cite journal |last1=Yuan |first1=Can |last2=Sha |first2=Xiufen |last3=Xiong |first3=Miao |last4=Zhong |first4=Wenjuan |last5=Wei |first5=Yu |last6=Li |first6=Mingqian |last7=Tao |first7=Shan |last8=Mou |first8=Fangsheng |last9=Peng |first9=Fang |last10=Zhang |first10=Chao |title=Uncovering dynamic evolution in the plastid genome of seven Ligusticum species provides insights into species discrimination and phylogenetic implications |journal=Scientific Reports |date=2021-01-13 |volume=11 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80225-0|pmid=33441833 }}</ref>


Chuanxiong is considered one of the [[Chinese herbology#50 fundamental herbs|50 fundamental herbs]]. It is known by the common name '''Szechuan lovage'''. It contains the [[phytoprogestogen]]s [[3,8-dihydrodiligustilide]] and [[riligustilide]].
Chuanxiong is considered one of the [[Chinese herbology#50 fundamental herbs|50 fundamental herbs]]. It is known by the common name '''Szechuan lovage'''. It contains the [[phytoprogestogen]]s [[3,8-dihydrodiligustilide]] and [[riligustilide]].
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== Related plants ==
== Related plants ==
''L. sinense'' is a widely-used heterotypic synonym of this species with its type locality in Hubei. ''C. anthriscoides'' has its type locality in [[Chongqing |Chongqing]] (originally recorded as "Su-tchuen oriental", a name given to the [[Catholic Church in Sichuan|Catholic mission in Chongqing]]).<ref name=PK/>
⚫
''C. anthriscoides'' has a cultivar 'Fuxiong' that is triploid.<ref name=yuan/>


⚫
''C. anthriscoides'' has a cultivar 'Fuxiong' that is triploid.<ref name=yuan/> ''L. chuanxiong'' is "chuanxiong" named as a cultispecies, now treated also as a heterotypic synonym.<ref name=yuan/>
⚫
Because there is no chuanxiong plant in Japan, local [[Kampo]] practitioners substitute it with ''Conioselinum officinale'' (Makino) K.Ohashi & H.Ohashi (=''L. officinale'' Makino).<ref name="Volatile">{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Shiwei |last2=Chen |first2=Jiamei |last3=Li |first3=Wan |last4=Song |first4=Shanghong |last5=Li |first5=Xiaoxue |last6=Yu |first6=Han |last7=Long |first7=Fei |last8=Chen |first8=Rong |last9=Bao |first9=Xiaoming |last10=Chan |first10=Kelvin |last11=Lu |first11=Guanghua |title=Comparison of Volatile Compositions among Four Related Ligusticum chuanxiong Herbs by HS-SPME-GC-MS |journal=Processes |date=2023-01-07 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=196 |doi=10.3390/pr11010196}}</ref> Similarly, [[traditional Korean medicine]] substitutes gaoben with ''[[Conioselinum tenuissimum|C. tenuissimum]]''.<ref name=yuan/>


⚫
Because there is no chuanxiong plant in Japan, local [[Kampo]] practitioners substitute it with ''Conioselinum officinale'' (Makino) K.Ohashi & H.Ohashi (=''L. officinale'' Makino).<ref name="Volatile">{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Shiwei |last2=Chen |first2=Jiamei |last3=Li |first3=Wan |last4=Song |first4=Shanghong |last5=Li |first5=Xiaoxue |last6=Yu |first6=Han |last7=Long |first7=Fei |last8=Chen |first8=Rong |last9=Bao |first9=Xiaoming |last10=Chan |first10=Kelvin |last11=Lu |first11=Guanghua |title=Comparison of Volatile Compositions among Four Related Ligusticum chuanxiong Herbs by HS-SPME-GC-MS |journal=Processes |date=2023-01-07 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=196 |doi=10.3390/pr11010196|doi-access=free }}</ref> Similarly, [[traditional Korean medicine]] substitutes gaoben with ''[[Conioselinum tenuissimum|C. tenuissimum]]''.<ref name=yuan/>
⚫
By plasmid genome, their relationship is:<ref name=yuan/>

⚫
By plasmid genome, their relationship is (author's taxonomy retained):<ref name=yuan/>
{{clade
{{clade
|2=''L. tenuissimum''
|2=''L. tenuissimum''
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|2 =''L. chuanxiong''}}}}}}}}
|2 =''L. chuanxiong''}}}}}}}}
}}
}}

Despite older sources assigning "chuanxiong" as a synonym of ''L. striatum'' = ''L. wallichii'',<ref name=pfaf>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligusticum+wallichii
|title=''Ligusticum wallichii'' - Plants For A Future database report
|access-date=2015-07-07
}}
</ref> morphological, karyotypic, and DNA barcode evidence all point to "chuanxiong" being a cultivated form of ''L. sinense''.<ref name=yuan/>


== Traditional medicine ==
== Traditional medicine ==
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{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q15569423|from2=Q15231783}}
⚫
[[Category:Conioselinum|anthriscoides]]

[[Category:Ligusticum|sinense]]
⚫
[[Category:Apioideae|anthriscoides]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]]
[[Category:Flora of China]]
[[Category:Flora of China]]

Latest revision as of 21:29, 25 December 2024

Conioselinum anthriscoides
Slices of "chuanxiong" root and rhizome
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Genus: Conioselinum
Species:
C. anthriscoides
Binomial name
Conioselinum anthriscoides
(H.Boissieu) Pimenov & Kljuykov
Synonyms[1][2][3]

Homotypic

  • Carum anthriscoides H.Boissieu
  • Aegopodium anthriscoides (H.Boissieu) H.Boissieu

Heterotypic

  • Ligusticum sinense Oliv.
    • Conioselinum sinomedicum Pimenov & Kljuykov, nom. illeg. superfl.
  • Ligusticum sinense Oliv. var. alpinum Shan
  • Ligusticum sinense Oliv. var. hupehense H.D.Zhang
  • Ligusticum markgrafianum
  • Ligusticum pilgerianum
  • Ligusticum harrysmithii
  • Ligusticum levistifolium

Lower classifications

  • Conioselinum anthriscoides 'Chuanxiong'
    • Ligusticum chuanxiong S.H.Qiu, Y.Q.Zeng, K.Y.Pan, Y.C.Tang & J.M.Xu
    • Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.

Conioselinum anthriscoides, more commonly known as Ligusticum sinense, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Conioselinum. It is native to Southern China and is used in traditional Chinese medicine as two separate herbs, both derived from the rhizome and roots of the plant: gaoben (藁本) and chuanxiong (川芎). These two differ by the exact cultivar used; specifically, chuanxiong is derived from the 'Chuanxiong' cultivar only.[4]

Chuanxiong is considered one of the 50 fundamental herbs. It is known by the common name Szechuan lovage. It contains the phytoprogestogens 3,8-dihydrodiligustilide and riligustilide. [5]

[edit]

L. sinense is a widely-used heterotypic synonym of this species with its type locality in Hubei. C. anthriscoides has its type locality in Chongqing (originally recorded as "Su-tchuen oriental", a name given to the Catholic mission in Chongqing).[2]

C. anthriscoides has a cultivar 'Fuxiong' that is triploid.[4] L. chuanxiong is "chuanxiong" named as a cultispecies, now treated also as a heterotypic synonym.[4]

Because there is no chuanxiong plant in Japan, local Kampo practitioners substitute it with Conioselinum officinale (Makino) K.Ohashi & H.Ohashi (=L. officinale Makino).[6] Similarly, traditional Korean medicine substitutes gaoben with C. tenuissimum.[4]

By plasmid genome, their relationship is (author's taxonomy retained):[4]

L. chuanxiong cv. Yunnan

L. sinense cv. Fuxiong

L. jeholense

L. officinale

L. chuanxiong cv. Gansu

L. chuanxiong

L. tenuissimum

Despite older sources assigning "chuanxiong" as a synonym of L. striatum = L. wallichii,[7] morphological, karyotypic, and DNA barcode evidence all point to "chuanxiong" being a cultivated form of L. sinense.[4]

Traditional medicine

[edit]

As mentioned earlier, this species is the source of two separate TCM herbs. These herbs are assigned different meridians. Chuanxiong is considered more valuable than gaoben, and adulteration using gaoben is not uncommon.[4]

It is used in China, with portions of other plants and herbs (such as monkshood and Rosa banksiae) to make a liniment to treat a painful swelling of the joints.[8]

According to Chinese sources, it can be used to treat ischemic strokes, improve brain microcirculation and inhibit thrombus formation and platelet aggregation.[9]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Pimenov, Michael G.; Kljuykov, Eugene V.; Ostroumova, Tatiana A. (2003). "A Revision of Conioselinum Hoffm. (Umbelliferae) in the Old World". Willdenowia. 33 (2): 353–377. doi:10.3372/wi.33.33213. ISSN 0511-9618. JSTOR 3997438.
  2. ^ a b Pimenov, M.G. & Kljuykov, E.V. 2015. Nomenclatural correction for a Chinese species of Conioselinum (Umbelliferae). Skvortsovia 2(1): 28-34. PDF
  3. ^ "Ligusticum chuanxiong S.H.Qiu, Y.Q.Zeng, K.Y.Pan, Y.C.Tang & J.M.Xu | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Yuan, Can; Sha, Xiufen; Xiong, Miao; Zhong, Wenjuan; Wei, Yu; Li, Mingqian; Tao, Shan; Mou, Fangsheng; Peng, Fang; Zhang, Chao (2021-01-13). "Uncovering dynamic evolution in the plastid genome of seven Ligusticum species provides insights into species discrimination and phylogenetic implications". Scientific Reports. 11 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80225-0. PMID 33441833.
  5. ^ Lim LS, Shen P, Gong YH, Yong EL (2006). "Dimeric progestins from rhizomes of Ligusticum chuanxiong". Phytochemistry. 67 (7): 728–34. Bibcode:2006PChem..67..728L. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.01.024. PMID 16516938.
  6. ^ Huang, Shiwei; Chen, Jiamei; Li, Wan; Song, Shanghong; Li, Xiaoxue; Yu, Han; Long, Fei; Chen, Rong; Bao, Xiaoming; Chan, Kelvin; Lu, Guanghua (2023-01-07). "Comparison of Volatile Compositions among Four Related Ligusticum chuanxiong Herbs by HS-SPME-GC-MS". Processes. 11 (1): 196. doi:10.3390/pr11010196.
  7. ^ "Ligusticum wallichii - Plants For A Future database report". Retrieved 2015-07-07.
  8. ^ "A kind of to be used to treat liniment of painful swelling of joints and preparation method thereof". 15 July 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  9. ^ Chen KJ, Chen K (1992). "Ischemic Stroke Treated With Ligusticum Chuanxiong". Chin Med J (Engl). 10 (105): 870–3. PMID 1291208. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
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