Gregory Abbott: Difference between revisions

Gregory Abbott
Gregory Abbott
Background information
Birth name	Gregory Joel Abbott
Born	April 2, 1954 (age 70); New York City, New York, U.S.
Genres	R&B; soul; adult contemporary;
Occupations	Singer; musician; composer; record producer;
Instruments	Vocals; keyboard; piano; drums;
Years active	1982–present
Labels	Columbia; Legacy; Mojo Man Entertainment;
Website	gregoryabbott.com

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Gregory Joel Abbott (born April 2, 1954)^[1]^[2] is an American singer, musician, composer and producer. Although he continues to record to date, he is best known for his singles in the mid-1980s including his platinum single, "Shake You Down", from his 1986 debut album.

Biography

Early life

Abbott was born in Harlem, New York.^[2] Abbott's parents were from Venezuela and Antigua. During his early years, Abbott's mother taught him how to play piano and encouraged him to develop vocally. Before his career as a musician, Abbott studied psychology^[3] at the University of California, Berkeley, and creative writing at Stanford; where he won a Wallace Stegner fellowship. Before becoming a musician, Abbott taught as a professor of English at the University of California, Berkeley.^[4]^[3]

Music career

One of Abbott's first opportunities in his studio was an album for an independent record label, which gave him the opportunity to do a duet with Whitney Houston.^[3] Continuing on, Abbott produced for the group EQ on Atlantic Records.^[3] In 1986, Abbott released his first solo album, Shake You Down. The title track for the album was a success, going platinum and topping the Billboard Hot 100.^[2] The album's second single, "I Got the Feelin' (It's Over)", reached Number 5 on the R&B chart. On the strength of its singles, the album reached platinum status and earned Abbott several awards.^[3]

Internationally, Abbott has also had success, winning first prize at the Tokyo Music Festival.^[3] The title track of his second album, I'll Prove It to You, which was released in 1988, was featured on a Japanese movie soundtrack.^[3] In Belgium, he performed with Princess Stephanie of Monaco.^[3] Over the years much of his new music has been released via his own Mojo Man Entertainment label. Abbott has continued with his R&B sound, but he added a Caribbean influence to his 1996 album One World!^[3] In 2011, an album entitled Drop Your Mask was released. Abbott continues to release singles including a smooth jazz song "Chill" featuring saxophonist Gerald Albright.^[1]

Personal life

Abbott was married to American singer Freda Payne^[5] from 1976 until 1979. Their son, Gregory Joel Abbott, Jr., was born in 1977.^[4]

Discography

Studio albums

Year	Album	Label	Peak chart positions
Year	Album	Label	US ^[6]	US R&B ^[6]	UK ^[7]
1986	Shake You Down	Columbia Records	22	5	53
1988	I'll Prove It to You	Columbia Records	132	17	—
1996	One World!	Musik International	—	—	—
2002	Eyes, Whispers, Rhythm, Sex...	Musik International	—	—	—
2011	Drop Your Mask	Spectra Records	—	—	—
"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory.

Singles

Year	Single	Chart Positions
Year	Single	US R&B ^[8]	US Adult Con. ^[9]	US ^[10]	UK ^[11]^[7]
1986	"Shake You Down"	1	2	1	6
	"I Got the Feelin' (It's Over)"	5	25	56	76
	"You're My Angel"	—	—	—	—
1988	"I'll Prove It to You"	5	35	—	—
1988	"Let Me Be Your Hero"	34	—	—	—
"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory.

Compilation albums

Super Hits (Legacy Recordings, 1998)
Rhyme and Reason (Sony Music, 2006)

References

^ ^a ^b "Biography". Gregoryabbott.com. Archived from the original on April 22, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c Colin Larkin, ed. (2003). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Eighties Music (Third ed.). Virgin Books. pp. 8/9. ISBN 1-85227-969-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Belanger, Larry. "Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Mr. & Mrs. Freda Payne Sues For Divorce; Asks $1 A Month Alimony". Jet. Vol. 55, no. 22. Johnson Publishing Company. February 15, 1979. p. 52. ISSN 0021-5996.
^ "Gregory Abbott, A Singing Force". Canyon News. April 18, 2015. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Gregory Abbott - Awards". AllMusic. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
^ ^a ^b "GREGORY ABBOTT - full Official Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
^ "Chart History - Gregory Abbott: HOT R&B/HIP-HOP SONGS". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
^ "Chart History - Gregory Abbott: ADULT CONTEMPORARY". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
^ "Chart History - Gregory Abbott: Hot 100". Billboard. Archived from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
^ Rice, Jonathan; Roberts, David (2000). Guinness Book of British Hit Singles (13th ed.). London, UK: Guinness World Records Ltd. p. 69. ISBN 0-85112-111-X.

External links

[Bio-1] "Biography". Gregoryabbott.com. Archived from the original on April 22, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018.

[Larkin80-2] Colin Larkin, ed. (2003). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Eighties Music (Third ed.). Virgin Books. pp. 8/9. ISBN 1-85227-969-9.

[AllMusic-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Belanger, Larry. "Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved September 28, 2021.

[auto-4] "Mr. & Mrs. Freda Payne Sues For Divorce; Asks $1 A Month Alimony". Jet. Vol. 55, no. 22. Johnson Publishing Company. February 15, 1979. p. 52. ISSN 0021-5996.

[5] "Gregory Abbott, A Singing Force". Canyon News. April 18, 2015. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2019.

[Awards-6] "Gregory Abbott - Awards". AllMusic. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2022.

[UK-7] "GREGORY ABBOTT - full Official Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 28, 2021.

[8] "Chart History - Gregory Abbott: HOT R&B/HIP-HOP SONGS". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2021.

[9] "Chart History - Gregory Abbott: ADULT CONTEMPORARY". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2021.

[10] "Chart History - Gregory Abbott: Hot 100". Billboard. Archived from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2021.

[Guinness-11] Rice, Jonathan; Roberts, David (2000). Guinness Book of British Hit Singles (13th ed.). London, UK: Guinness World Records Ltd. p. 69. ISBN 0-85112-111-X.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|American musician}}
+{{Short description|American musician (born 1954)}}
-{{other people||Greg Abbott (disambiguation)}}
+{{For|the American politician|Greg Abbott}}{{For|other people|Greg Abbott (disambiguation)}}
 {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2015}}
 {{Infobox musical artist  <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians -->
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 | background          = solo_singer <!-- see Template:Infobox_musical_artist for allowed values -->
 | birth_name          = Gregory Joel Abbott
 | birth_date          = {{Birth date and age|1954|4|2|mf=y}}
-| birth_place         = [[New York City, New York]], U.S.
+| birth_place         = [[New York City]], New York, U.S.
 | death_date          =
 | origin              =
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 | years_active        = 1982–present
 | label               = {{hlist|[[Columbia Records|Columbia]]|[[Legacy Recordings|Legacy]]|Mojo Man Entertainment}}
-| associated_acts     = {{hlist|[[Whitney Houston]]|[[Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes]]|[[Freddie Jackson]]|[[Lisa Lisa & Cult Jam]]|[[James Ingram]]|[[Terrence Trent D'Arby]]}}
 | website             = {{URL|gregoryabbott.com/}}
 }}
-'''Gregory Joel Abbott''' (born April 2, 1954)<ref name="Bio">{{cite web|url=https://gregoryabbott.com/biography/|title=Biography|website=Gregoryabbott.com|access-date=January 25, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Larkin80"/> is an [[United States|American]] singer, musician, composer and [[record producer|producer]]. Although he continues to record to date, he is best known for his singles in the mid-1980s including his platinum single, "[[Shake You Down]]", from his 1986 debut album.
+'''Gregory Joel Abbott''' (born April 2, 1954)<ref name="Bio">{{cite web|url=https://gregoryabbott.com/biography/|title=Biography|website=Gregoryabbott.com|access-date=January 25, 2018|archive-date=April 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422161304/http://gregoryabbott.com/biography/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Larkin80"/> is an American [[Singing|singer]], [[musician]], [[composer]] and [[record producer|producer]]. Although he continues to record to date, he is best known for his singles in the mid-1980s including his platinum single, "[[Shake You Down]]", from his 1986 debut album.
 ==Biography==
 ===Early life===
-Abbott was born in [[Harlem]], [[New York City, New York|New York]].<ref name="Larkin80">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Eighties Music]]|editor=Colin Larkin|editor-link=Colin Larkin (writer)|publisher=[[Virgin Books]]|date=2003|edition=Third|isbn=1-85227-969-9|pages=8/9}}</ref>  Abbott's parents were from [[Venezuela]] and [[Antigua]]. During his early years, Abbott's mother taught him how to play [[piano]] and encouraged him to develop vocally. Before his career as a [[musician]], Abbott studied [[psychology]]<ref name="AllMusic">{{cite web |last1=Belanger|first1=Larry|title=Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/gregory-abbott-mn0000193025/biography|publisher=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref> at [[University of California, Berkeley]], and creative writing at [[Stanford]]; where he won a [[Wallace Stegner Fellowship in Creative Writing|Wallace Stegner fellowship]]. Before becoming a musician, Abbott taught as a professor of [[English studies|English]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref name="auto">{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Jet Magazine|Jet]]|volume=55, No. 22|date=15 February 1979|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h0IDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA52&lpg=PA52&dq=%22+Gregory+Abbott%22Professor+English&source=bl&ots=g-wzpek5gY&sig=ACfU3U0UPop-Aw26WYh5hdRq71yVGEy03Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq-5vWy67gAhUKE7wKHcEBD3sQ6AEwFXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22%20Gregory%20Abbott%22Professor%20English&f=false|page=52|title=Mr. & Mrs. Freda Payne Sues For Divorce; Asks $1 A Month Alimony|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|issn=0021-5996}}</ref><ref name="AllMusic"/>
+Abbott was born in [[Harlem]], [[New York City, New York|New York]].<ref name="Larkin80">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Eighties Music]]|editor=Colin Larkin|editor-link=Colin Larkin (writer)|publisher=[[Virgin Books]]|date=2003|edition=Third|isbn=1-85227-969-9|pages=8/9}}</ref>  Abbott's parents were from [[Venezuela]] and [[Antigua]]. During his early years, Abbott's mother taught him how to play [[piano]] and encouraged him to develop vocally. Before his career as a [[musician]], Abbott studied [[psychology]]<ref name="AllMusic">{{cite web |last1=Belanger|first1=Larry|title=Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/gregory-abbott-mn0000193025/biography|publisher=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref> at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], and creative writing at [[Stanford]]; where he won a [[Wallace Stegner Fellowship in Creative Writing|Wallace Stegner fellowship]]. Before becoming a musician, Abbott taught as a professor of [[English studies|English]] at the University of California, Berkeley.<ref name="auto">{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Jet Magazine|Jet]]|volume=55|date=15 February 1979|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0IDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA52|page=52|title=Mr. & Mrs. Freda Payne Sues For Divorce; Asks $1 A Month Alimony|issue=22|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|issn=0021-5996}}</ref><ref name="AllMusic"/>
 ===Music career===
-One of Abbott's first opportunities in his studio was an album for an [[indie (music)|independent]] record label, which gave him the opportunity to do a [[duet (music)|duet]] with [[Whitney Houston]].<ref name="AllMusic"/> Continuing on, Abbott produced for the group EQ on [[Atlantic Records]].<ref name="AllMusic"/> In 1986, Abbott released his first solo album, ''Shake You Down''. The [[Shake You Down|title track]] for the album was a success, going [[music recording sales certification|platinum]] and topping the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]].<ref name="Larkin80"/> The album's second single, "I Got the Feelin' (It's Over)", reached Number 5 on the [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] [[record chart|chart]]. With the strength of its [[single (music)|singles]], the album propelled to platinum status and earned Abbott several awards.<ref name="AllMusic"/>
+One of Abbott's first opportunities in his studio was an album for an [[indie (music)|independent]] record label, which gave him the opportunity to do a [[duet (music)|duet]] with [[Whitney Houston]].<ref name="AllMusic"/> Continuing on, Abbott produced for the group EQ on [[Atlantic Records]].<ref name="AllMusic"/> In 1986, Abbott released his first solo album, ''[[Shake You Down (album)|Shake You Down]]''. The [[Shake You Down|title track]] for the album was a success, going [[music recording sales certification|platinum]] and topping the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]].<ref name="Larkin80"/> The album's second single, "I Got the Feelin' (It's Over)", reached Number 5 on the [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] [[record chart|chart]]. On the strength of its [[single (music)|singles]], the album reached platinum status and earned Abbott several awards.<ref name="AllMusic"/>
-Internationally, Abbott has had success, winning first prize at the [[Tokyo Music Festival]].<ref name="AllMusic"/> The title track of his second album, "I'll Prove It to You" which was released in 1988, was featured on a Japanese movie soundtrack.<ref name="AllMusic"/> In [[Belgium]], he performed with [[Princess Stéphanie of Monaco|Princess Stephanie]] of [[Monaco]].<ref name="AllMusic"/> Over the years much of his new music has been released via his own Mojo Man Entertainment label. Abbott has continued with his [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] sound but, in addition, he added a Caribbean-influence to his 1996 album ''One World!''<ref name="AllMusic"/> In 2011, an album entitled ''Drop Your Mask'' was released. To date, Abbott continues to release singles including a smooth jazz song "Chill" featuring saxophonist Gerald Albright.<ref name="Bio"/>
+Internationally, Abbott has also had success, winning first prize at the [[Tokyo Music Festival]].<ref name="AllMusic"/> The title track of his second album, ''[[I'll Prove It to You]]'', which was released in 1988, was featured on a Japanese movie soundtrack.<ref name="AllMusic"/> In [[Belgium]], he performed with [[Princess Stéphanie of Monaco|Princess Stephanie]] of [[Monaco]].<ref name="AllMusic"/> Over the years much of his new music has been released via his own Mojo Man Entertainment label. Abbott has continued with his [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] sound, but he added a Caribbean influence to his 1996 album ''One World!''<ref name="AllMusic"/> In 2011, an album entitled ''Drop Your Mask'' was released. Abbott continues to release singles including a smooth jazz song "Chill" featuring saxophonist Gerald Albright.<ref name="Bio"/>
 ===Personal life===
-Abbott was married to American singer [[Freda Payne]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Canyon News|date=April 18, 2015|url=http://www.canyon-news.com/gregory-abbott-continues-being-singing-force/20428|title=Gregory Abbott, A Singing Force}}</ref> from 1976 until 1979. Payne and Abbott's son, Gregory Joel Abbott, Jr., was born in 1977.<ref name="auto"/>
+Abbott was married to American singer [[Freda Payne]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Canyon News|date=April 18, 2015|url=http://www.canyon-news.com/gregory-abbott-continues-being-singing-force/20428|title=Gregory Abbott, A Singing Force|access-date=February 9, 2019|archive-date=September 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926095342/http://www.canyon-news.com/gregory-abbott-continues-being-singing-force/20428|url-status=dead}}</ref> from 1976 until 1979. Their son, Gregory Joel Abbott, Jr., was born in 1977.<ref name="auto"/>
 ==Discography==
@@ Line 44: / Line 43: @@
 ! scope="col" colspan="3"|Peak chart positions
 |- style="font-size:small;"
-! style="width:45px;"|[[Billboard 200|US]]<br><ref>{{cite web|title=Chart History - Gregory Abbott: BILLBOARD 200 |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/gregory-abbott/chart-history/TLP|website=Billboard|access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref>
+! style="width:40px;"|[[Billboard 200|US]]<br><ref name="Awards">{{cite web|title=Gregory Abbott - Awards|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/gregory-abbott-mn0000193025/awards|publisher=AllMusic|access-date=20 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712170715/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/gregory-abbott-mn0000193025/awards|archive-date=July 12, 2012}}</ref>
-! style="width:45px;"|[[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US R&B]]<br><ref>{{cite web|title=Chart History - Gregory Abbott: TOP R&B/HIP-HOP ALBUMS |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/gregory-abbott/chart-history/BLP|website=Billboard|access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref>
+! style="width:40px;"|[[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US R&B]]<br><ref name="Awards"/>
-! style="width:45px;"|[[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br><ref name="UK">{{cite web |title=GREGORY ABBOTT - full Official Chart History |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/23764/gregory-abbott/|website=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref>
+! style="width:40px;"|[[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br><ref name="UK">{{cite web|title=GREGORY ABBOTT - full Official Chart History |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/23764/gregory-abbott/|website=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref>
 |-
 | 1986
 | ''[[Shake You Down (album)|Shake You Down]]''
-| [[Columbia Records]]
+| rowspan="2"| [[Columbia Records]]
 | align=center | 22
 | align=center | 5
@@ Line 56: / Line 55: @@
 |-
 | 1988
-| ''I'll Prove It to You''
+| ''[[I'll Prove It to You]]''
-| Columbia Records
 | align=center | 132
 | align=center | 17
@@ Line 64: / Line 62: @@
 | 1996
 | ''One World!''
-| Musik International
+| rowspan="2"| Musik International
 | align=center | —
 | align=center | —
@@ Line 71: / Line 69: @@
 | 2002
 | ''Eyes, Whispers, Rhythm, Sex...''
-| Musik International
 | align=center | —
 | align=center | —
@@ Line 83: / Line 80: @@
 | align=center | —
 |-
-| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory.
+| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; font-size:9pt;"| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory.
 |}
@@ Line 93: / Line 90: @@
 ! colspan="4"| Chart Positions
 |- style="font-size:small;"
-! width="40"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US<br>R&B]]<br><ref>{{cite web|title=Chart History - Gregory Abbott: HOT R&B/HIP-HOP SONGS |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/gregory-abbott/chart-history/BSI|website=Billboard|access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref>
+! width="40"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US<br>R&B]]<br><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Chart History - Gregory Abbott: HOT R&B/HIP-HOP SONGS|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/gregory-abbott/chart-history/bsi/|magazine=Billboard|access-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117234518/https://www.billboard.com/artist/gregory-abbott/chart-history/bsi/|archive-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>
-! width="40"| [[Adult Contemporary (chart)|US Adult Con.]]<br><ref>{{cite web|title=Chart History - Gregory Abbott: ADULT CONTEMPORARY |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/gregory-abbott/chart-history/ASI|website=Billboard|access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref>
+! width="40"| [[Adult Contemporary (chart)|US Adult Con.]]<br><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Chart History - Gregory Abbott: ADULT CONTEMPORARY|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/gregory-abbott/chart-history/asi/|magazine=Billboard|access-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117200000/https://www.billboard.com/artist/gregory-abbott/chart-history/asi/|archive-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>
-! width="40"| [[US Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br><ref>{{cite web|title=Chart History - Gregory Abbott: Hot 100|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/gregory-abbott/chart-history|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref>
+! width="40"| [[US Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Chart History - Gregory Abbott: Hot 100|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/gregory-abbott/chart-history|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201010633/https://www.billboard.com/music/gregory-abbott/chart-history|archive-date=February 1, 2021}}</ref>
-! width="40"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br><ref name=Guinness>{{Citation|title=Guinness Book of British Hit Singles|first1=Jonathan|last1=Rice|first2=David|last2=Roberts|publisher=[[Guinness World Records]] Ltd|location=London, UK|year=2000|edition=13th|pages=69|isbn=0-85112-111-X}}</ref><ref name="UK"/>
+! width="40"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br><ref name=Guinness>{{cite book|title=Guinness Book of British Hit Singles|first1=Jonathan|last1=Rice|first2=David|last2=Roberts|publisher=[[Guinness World Records]] Ltd|location=London, UK|year=2000|edition=13th|pages=69|isbn=0-85112-111-X}}</ref><ref name="UK"/>
 |-
 | rowspan="3"| 1986
@@ Line 130: / Line 127: @@
 | —
 |-
-| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory.
+| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; font-size:9pt;"| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory.
 |}
@@ Line 137: / Line 134: @@
 * ''Rhyme and Reason'' ([[Sony Music]], 2006)
-https://www.smoothjazz.com/artists==References==
+==References==
 {{Reflist}}
@@ Line 151: / Line 148: @@
 [[Category:Living people]]
 [[Category:20th-century African-American male singers]]
-[[Category:American male singer-songwriters]]
+[[Category:20th-century American male singers]]
+[[Category:20th-century American singers]]
+[[Category:American contemporary R&B singers]]
+[[Category:Musicians from Manhattan]]
+[[Category:People from Harlem]]
 [[Category:American soul singers]]
 [[Category:Columbia Records artists]]
@@ Line 157: / Line 158: @@
 [[Category:UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni]]
 [[Category:Musicians from Berkeley, California]]
-[[Category:Songwriters from California]]
+[[Category:Singer-songwriters from California]]
 [[Category:Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences alumni]]
 [[Category:University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty]]
-[[Category:African-American academics]]
+[[Category:20th-century African-American academics]]
-[[Category:African-American songwriters]]
+[[Category:20th-century American academics]]
+[[Category:African-American male songwriters]]
 [[Category:21st-century African-American male singers]]
+[[Category:21st-century American male singers]]
 [[Category:Singer-songwriters from New York (state)]]
+[[Category:21st-century African-American academics]]
+[[Category:21st-century American academics]]

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