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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{POV|date=February 2015}}
{{Languages of
⚫
[[File:Sprachen Osttimors-en.png|thumb|350px|Biggest language groups in [[sucos of East Timor]].]]
| country = Timor-Leste
| image = COVID-19 East Timor rules 1.jpg
| image size =
| caption = COVID-19 guidelines in [[Tetum language|Tetum]]
| official = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Tetum language|Tetum]]
| semi-official =
| national =[[Tetum language|Tetum]]
| unofficial = [[Uab Meto]], [[Fataluku]]
| main =
| regional =
| vernacular = [[East Timorese Portuguese]]
| indigenous =
| minority = [[Bekais language|Bekais]], [[Bunak language|Bunak]], [[Galoli language|Galoli]], [[Habun language|Habun]], [[Idalaka language|Idalaka]], [[Kawaimina language|Kawaimina]], [[Kemak language|Kemak]], [[Lovaia language|Lovaia]], [[Makalero language|Makalero]], [[Makasae language|Makasae]], [[Mambai language (Timor)|Mambai]], [[Tokodede language|Tokodede]], [[Wetarese language|Wetarese]], [[malay trade and creole languages#Dili Malay|Dili Malay]]
| immigrant =
| foreign = [[English language|English]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
| sign = [[Tetum Sign Language]], [[Indonesian Sign Language]]
| keyboard = Portuguese [[QWERTY]]
| keyboard image = [[File:KB Portuguese.svg|200px]]
|source=<ref>{{cite web | url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/19007/TT | title=Deaf in East Timor | access-date=2022-09-26 | archive-date=2022-09-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926225045/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/19007/TT | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.asia-pacific-solidarity.net/news/2019-07-24/government-include-tetum-sign-language-public-schools.html | title=APSN &#124; Government to include Tetum sign language in public schools | access-date=2022-09-26 | archive-date=2022-09-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926225045/https://www.asia-pacific-solidarity.net/news/2019-07-24/government-include-tetum-sign-language-public-schools.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
⚫
}}[[File:Sprachen Osttimors-en.png|thumb|350px|Biggest language groups in [[sucos of Timor-Leste]].]]


The '''languages of East Timor''' include both [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] and [[Papuan languages]]. (See [[Timor–Flores languages]] and [[Timor–Alor–Pantar languages]].) The [[lingua franca]] and national language of [[East Timor]] is [[Tetum]], an Austronesian language influenced by [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], with which it has equal status as an official language. The language of the [[Oecussi-Ambeno|Ocussi]] exclave is [[Uab Meto]] (Dawan). [[Fataluku]] is a [[Papuan language]] widely used in the eastern part of the country (often more so than Tetum). Both Portuguese and Tetum have official recognition under the [[Constitution of East Timor]], as do other indigenous languages, including: [[Bekais language|Bekais]], [[Bunak language|Bunak]], [[Galoli language|Galoli]], [[Habun language|Habun]], [[Idalaka language|Idalaka]], [[Kawaimina language|Kawaimina]], [[Kemak language|Kemak]], [[Lovaia language|Lovaia]], [[Makalero language|Makalero]], [[Makasae language|Makasae]], [[Mambai language (Timor)|Mambai]], [[Tokodede language|Tokodede]] and [[Wetarese language|Wetarese]].
The '''languages of Timor-Leste''' include both [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] and [[Papuan languages]]. (See [[Timor–Flores languages]] and [[Timor–Alor–Pantar languages]].) The [[lingua franca]] and national language of [[Timor-Leste]] is [[Tetum language|Tetum]], an Austronesian language influenced by [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], with which it has equal status as an official language. The language of the [[Oecusse]] exclave is [[Uab Meto]] (Dawan). [[Fataluku]] is a [[Papuan language]] widely used in the eastern part of the country (often more so than Tetum). A dialect of Malay-based creole called [[malay trade and creole languages#Dili Malay|Dili Malay]] is spoken by a number of residents in the capital [[Dili]], it borrowed words mostly from Portuguese and Tetum. Both Portuguese and Tetum have official recognition under the [[Constitution of Timor-Leste]], as do other indigenous languages, including: [[Bekais language|Bekais]], [[Bunak language|Bunak]], [[Galoli language|Galoli]], [[Habun language|Habun]], [[Idalaka language|Idalaka]], [[Kawaimina language|Kawaimina]], [[Kemak language|Kemak]], [[Lovaia language|Lovaia]], [[Makalero language|Makalero]], [[Makasae language|Makasae]], [[Mambai language (Timor)|Mambai]], [[Tokodede language|Tokodede]] and [[Wetarese language|Wetarese]].


The rise of lingua francas in the linguistically diverse East Timor and the domination of several clans over others have led to the extinction of many smaller languages. However, some of them are still in use as ritual languages or cants. Research done in the mid-2000s by the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] linguist [[Aone van Engelenhoven]], for example, revealed that the [[Makuva language]], formerly spoken by the [[Makuva]] tribe but believed to have been extinct since the 1950s, was still used occasionally.<ref>[http://noorderlicht.vpro.nl/artikelen/34024406/ Noorderlicht Noorderlicht Nieuws: Raadselachtig Rusenu<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
The rise of lingua francas in the linguistically diverse Timor-Leste and the domination of several clans over others have led to the extinction of many smaller languages. However, some of them are still in use as ritual languages or cants. Research done in the mid-2000s by the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] linguist [[Aone van Engelenhoven]], for example, revealed that the [[Makuva language]], formerly spoken by the [[Makuva]] tribe but believed to have been extinct since the 1950s, was still used occasionally.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://noorderlicht.vpro.nl/artikelen/34024406/ |title=Noorderlicht Noorderlicht Nieuws: Raadselachtig Rusenu<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2007-09-22 |archive-date=2007-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418082956/http://noorderlicht.vpro.nl/artikelen/34024406/ |url-status=deviated |language=Dutch }}</ref>


In 2007, Van Engelenhoven discovered the existence of another language that was essentially extinct, called [[Rusenu language|Rusenu]].<ref>[http://noorderlicht.vpro.nl/artikelen/36635727/ Noorderlicht Noorderlicht Nieuws: Sprankje hoop voor talenvorsers<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
In 2007, Van Engelenhoven discovered the existence of another language that was essentially extinct, called [[Rusenu language|Rusenu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://noorderlicht.vpro.nl/artikelen/36635727/ |title=Noorderlicht Noorderlicht Nieuws: Sprankje hoop voor talenvorsers<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2007-09-22 |archive-date=2010-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908092957/http://noorderlicht.vpro.nl/artikelen/36635727/ |url-status=deviated |language=Dutch }}</ref>


==Official languages==
==Official languages==
[[File:Línguas timorenses.JPG|thumb|right|An East Timorese girl speaking (from clockwise) [[Bunak language|Bunak]], [[Tetum language|Tetum]], [[Fataluku language|Fataluku]], and Portuguese. Translation: In Bunak/Tetum/Fataluku/Portuguese, we say: I '''am in''' Dili. I '''have''' some money. I '''do not have''' any money.]]
[[File:Línguas timorenses.JPG|thumb|right|An East Timorese girl speaking (from clockwise) [[Bunak language|Bunak]], [[Tetum language|Tetum]], [[Fataluku language|Fataluku]], and Portuguese. Translation: In Bunak/Tetum/Fataluku/Portuguese, we say: I '''am in''' Dili. I '''have''' some money. I '''do not have''' any money.]]


Section 13(1) of the 2002 constitution designates Portuguese and Tetum as East Timor's two official languages. The same section also provides that "Tetum and the other national languages shall be valued and developed by the State." English and Indonesian are sometimes used and section 159 of the constitution provides that these languages serve as "working languages within civil service side by side with official languages as long as deemed necessary".<ref>http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Constitution_RDTL_ENG.pdf</ref>
Section 13(1) of the 2002 constitution designates Portuguese and Tetum as Timor-Leste's two official languages. The same section also provides that "Tetum and the other national languages shall be valued and developed by the State." English and Indonesian are sometimes used and section 159 of the constitution provides that these languages serve as "working languages within civil service side by side with official languages as long as deemed necessary".<ref>{{cite act |type=Constitution |date=22 March 2002 |title=Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste |legislature=Constituent Assembly |url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Constitution_RDTL_ENG.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221151231/http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Constitution_RDTL_ENG.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2019 |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref>


Under Portuguese rule, all education was through the medium of Portuguese, although it coexisted with Tetum and other languages. Portuguese particularly influenced the dialect of Tetum spoken in the capital, [[Dili]], known as ''Tetun Prasa'', as opposed to the more traditional version spoken in rural areas, known as ''Tetun Terik''. ''Tetun Prasa'' is the version more widely used, and is now taught in schools.
Under Portuguese rule, all education was through the medium of Portuguese,{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} although it coexisted with Tetum and other languages. Portuguese particularly influenced the dialect of Tetum spoken in the capital, [[Dili]], known as ''Tetun Prasa'', as opposed to the more traditional version spoken in rural areas, known as ''Tetun Terik''. ''Tetun Prasa'' is the version more widely used, and is now taught in schools.


Under Indonesian rule, [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] was the official language. Along with [[English language|English]], it has the status of a 'working language' under the [[Constitution]].
Under Indonesian rule from 1976 to 1999, East Timor's official language was [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]; It, along with [[English language|English]], currently has the status of a 'working language' under the present constitution.


[[File:Kursu portuges 1.jpg|thumb|left|An East Timorese girl speaking (clockwise from top) [[Mambai language (Timor)|Mambai]], Portuguese, and [[Tetum language|Tetum]]. Translation:<br/>In Ainaro, we say "os" and "ôs" and "nor" and "nôr", just as the Portuguese say "avó" and "avô" (grandfather and grandmother)!]]
[[File:Kursu portuges 1.jpg|thumb|left|An East Timorese girl speaking (clockwise from top) [[Mambai language (Timor)|Mambai]], Portuguese, and [[Tetum language|Tetum]]. Translation:<br />In Ainaro, we say "os" and "ôs" and "nor" and "nôr", just as the Portuguese say "avó" and "avô" (grandfather and grandmother)!]]


For many older East Timorese, the Indonesian language has negative connotations with the [[Suharto]] regime,<ref>{{cite web | title = Languages in East Timor | work = Interview | publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date = 26 June 2004 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/rn/linguafranca/stories/2004/1138367.htm | accessdate = }}</ref> but many younger people expressed suspicion or hostility to the reinstatement of Portuguese, which they saw as a 'colonial language' in much the same way that Indonesians saw [[Dutch language|Dutch]]. However, whereas the Dutch culture and language had limited influence on those of Indonesia, the East Timorese and Portuguese cultures became intertwined, particularly through intermarriage, as did the languages. Portuguese was also a working language of the resistance against Indonesia.
For many older East Timorese, the Indonesian language has negative connotations with the [[Suharto]] [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor|regime]],<ref>{{cite web | title = Languages in East Timor | work = Interview | publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date = 26 June 2004 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/rn/linguafranca/stories/2004/1138367.htm | access-date = 8 October 2006 | archive-date = 2 February 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080202173153/http://www.abc.net.au/rn/linguafranca/stories/2004/1138367.htm | url-status=deviated }}</ref> some parties are also considering as early as after independence in the 2000s to relabel it in the context as a working language to "[[Malay language|Malay]]".<ref>{{cite conference |page=7 |title= High Registers of Tetun Dili: Portuguese Press and Purist Priests |conference=Proceedings of the 2001 Conference of the Australian Linguistics Society |location=Australian National University, Canberra |first=Catharina |last=Williams-van Klinken |url=https://www.als.asn.au/proceedings/als2001/williams-vanklinken.pdf |year=2002 |publisher=Australian Linguistic Society}}</ref> On the other hand, many younger people expressed suspicion or hostility to the reinstatement of Portuguese, which they saw as a 'colonial language' in much the same way that Indonesians saw [[Dutch language|Dutch]]. However, whereas the Dutch culture and language had limited influence on those of Indonesia, the East Timorese and Portuguese cultures became intertwined, particularly through intermarriage, as did the languages. Portuguese was also a working language of the resistance against Indonesia.


Some young East Timorese felt at a disadvantage by the adoption of Portuguese as an official language, and accused the country's leaders of favouring the older generations who speak Portuguese and educated Timorese who had only recently returned from overseas,<ref>{{cite web
Some young East Timorese felt at a disadvantage by the adoption of Portuguese as an official language, and accused the country's leaders of favouring the older generations who speak Portuguese and educated Timorese who had only recently returned from overseas,<ref>{{cite web
|last = [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]]
|last = Foreign and Commonwealth Office
|author-link = Foreign and Commonwealth Office
|title = Country Profiles Foreign & Commonwealth Office
|title = Country Profiles Foreign & Commonwealth Office
|publisher = Foreign and Commonwealth Office
|publisher = Foreign and Commonwealth Office
|date = 19 December 2006
|date = 19 December 2006
|url = http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket%2FXcelerate%2FShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1018965315867
|url = http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket%2FXcelerate%2FShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1018965315867
|url-status = bot: unknown
|url-status = deviated
|archiveurl = http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080107222949/http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1018965315867
|archive-url = http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080107222949/http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1018965315867
|archivedate = 7 January 2008
|archive-date = 7 January 2008
}}</ref> arguing that those older East Timorese who speak Portuguese or English had more job opportunities.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/articles/2003/10/09/independence_breeds_resentment_in_east_timor/?page=2 |title=Independence breeds resentment in East Timor |last=Sipress |first=Alan |date=9 October 2003 |work=The Boston Globe |publisher=boston.com |access-date=19 March 2007 |archive-date=3 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803210152/http://www.boston.com/news/world/articles/2003/10/09/independence_breeds_resentment_in_east_timor/?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}</ref> arguing that those older East Timorese who speak Portuguese or English had more job opportunities.<ref>{{cite web
| last = The Boston Globe
| title = Independence breeds resentment in East Timor - | work = | publisher = The Boston Globe
⚫
| date = 9 October 2003
| url = http://www.boston.com/news/world/articles/2003/10/09/independence_breeds_resentment_in_east_timor/?page=2
⚫
| accessdate = }}</ref>
Many foreign observers, especially from [[Australia]] and [[Southeast Asia]] were also critical about the reinstatement of Portuguese, arguing that English or Indonesian would have been preferable.<ref>{{cite web
Many foreign observers, especially from [[Australia]] and [[Southeast Asia]] were also critical about the reinstatement of Portuguese, arguing that English or Indonesian would have been preferable.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.asianlang.mq.edu.au/INL/press.html |title=The Australian Media Attacks East Timor's Language Policy |last=National Institute of Linguistics (various) |date=n.d. |publisher=National University of East Timor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530002248/http://www.asianlang.mq.edu.au/INL/press.html |archive-date=2008-05-30 |access-date=2006-10-08 }}; {{cite web
| last = National Institute of Linguistics (various)
| title = The Australian Media Attacks East Timor's Language Policy
| work = | publisher = National University of East Timor
⚫
| date = n.d.
| url = http://www.asianlang.mq.edu.au/INL/press.html
| accessdate = }}; {{cite web
| last = National Institute of Linguistics (various)
| last = National Institute of Linguistics (various)
| title = Anglocratic Untruths
| title = Anglocratic Untruths
| work = | publisher = National University of East Timor
| publisher = National University of East Timor
| date = n.d.
| date = n.d.
| url = http://www.asianlang.mq.edu.au/INL/onlineopinion.html
| url = http://www.asianlang.mq.edu.au/INL/onlineopinion.html
| access-date = 2006-10-08
⚫
| accessdate = }}</ref> In spite of this, many Australian linguists have been closely involved with the official language policy, including the promotion of Portuguese.
| archive-date = 2020-04-27
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200427073408/https://web.archive.org/web/20080108105241/http://www.asianlang.mq.edu.au/INL/onlineopinion.html
| url-status = live
⚫
}}</ref> In spite of this, many Australian linguists have been closely involved with the official language policy, including the promotion of Portuguese.


[[Portugal]] and other Portuguese language countries such as [[Brazil]] have supported the teaching of Portuguese in East Timor. Some people in East Timor complained that teachers from Portugal and Brazil were poorly equipped to teach in the country, as they did not know local languages, or understand the local culture.<ref>{{cite web
[[Portugal]] and other Portuguese-speaking countries such as [[Brazil]] have supported the teaching of Portuguese in Timor-Leste. Some people in Timor-Leste complained that teachers from Portugal and Brazil were poorly equipped to teach in the country, as they did not know local languages, or understand the local culture.<ref>{{cite web
| last = La'o Hamutuk Bulletin
| last = La'o Hamutuk Bulletin
| title = Brazilian Aid to East Timor
| title = Brazilian Aid to East Timor
| work = | publisher = La'o Hamutuk
| publisher = [[La'o Hamutuk]]
|date=August 2003
| date = August 2003
| url = http://www.laohamutuk.org/Bulletin/2003/Aug/bulletinv4n34b.html#brazil
| url = http://www.laohamutuk.org/Bulletin/2003/Aug/bulletinv4n34b.html#brazil
| accessdate = }}</ref>
| access-date = 2007-03-19
| archive-date = 2017-08-24
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170824161332/http://www.laohamutuk.org/Bulletin/2003/Aug/bulletinv4n34b.html#brazil
| url-status = live
⚫
}}</ref>
Nevertheless, the late [[Sérgio Vieira de Mello]], who headed the [[United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor]], was a Brazilian who established a close working relationship with [[Xanana Gusmão]], the country's first president, as a fellow Portuguese-speaker but was respected by many East Timorese because of his efforts to learn Tetum.<ref>{{cite web
Nevertheless, the late [[Sérgio Vieira de Mello]], who headed the [[United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor]], was a Brazilian who established a close working relationship with [[Xanana Gusmão]], the country's first president, as a fellow Portuguese-speaker but was respected by many East Timorese because of his efforts to learn Tetum.<ref>{{cite news
⚫
| last1 = Goff
| last = Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
| first1 = Phil
| last2 = Ladley
| first2 = Andrew
| title = Two New Zealanders pay tribute to Sergio Vieira de Mello
| title = Two New Zealanders pay tribute to Sergio Vieira de Mello
| work = | publisher = New Zealand Herald
| work = [[The New Zealand Herald]]
| publisher = [[New Zealand Media and Entertainment]]
| date = 21 August 2003
⚫
| publication-date = 20 August 2003
| url = http://www.unhchr.ch/news/news-newzelandherald.htm
| url = https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/two-new-zealanders-pay-tribute-to-sergio-vieira-de-mello/774RVUTFC6GXGSAQEX3SQXWXG4/
| accessdate = |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080202193410/http://www.unhchr.ch/news/news-newzelandherald.htm |archivedate = 2 February 2008}}</ref>
| url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230613232448/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/two-new-zealanders-pay-tribute-to-sergio-vieira-de-mello/774RVUTFC6GXGSAQEX3SQXWXG4/ |archive-date = 13 June 2023}}</ref>


==Languages by speakers==
==Languages by speakers==
{{Pie chart
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| thumb = right
| caption = 2010 native language census<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Table 13: Population distribution by mother tongue, Urban Rural and District|title=Volume 2: Population Distribution by Administrative Areas|url=http://www.mof.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Publication-2-English-Web.pdf|work=Population and Housing Census of Timor-Leste, 2010|publisher=Timor-Leste Ministry of Finance|page=205–206}}</ref>
| caption = 2010 native language census<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Table 13: Population distribution by mother tongue, Urban Rural and District|title=Volume 2: Population Distribution by Administrative Areas|url=http://www.mof.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Publication-2-English-Web.pdf|work=Population and Housing Census of Timor-Leste, 2010|publisher=Timor-Leste Ministry of Finance|pages=205–206|access-date=2019-07-01|archive-date=2015-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224015626/https://www.mof.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Publication-2-English-Web.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| label1 = Tetum-Dili/Prasa
| label1 = Tetum-Dili/Prasa
| value1 = 36.6
| value1 = 36.6
Line 102: Line 125:
| color10 = DodgerBlue
| color10 = DodgerBlue
}}
}}
;Languages by number of native speakers<ref name="Ethnologue">[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/TL/languages East Timor - Languages]. [[Ethnologue]]. URL accessed April 10, 2017.</ref>
;Languages by number of native speakers<ref name="Ethnologue">[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/TL/languages East Timor - Languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411135256/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/TL/languages |date=2017-04-11 }}. [[Ethnologue]]. URL accessed April 10, 2017.</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"


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|Timor–Alor–Pantar
|Timor–Alor–Pantar
|-
|-
|[[Adabe language| Adabe]]
|[[Adabe language|Adabe]]
|5,000
|5,000
|2010 (census)
|2010 (census)
Line 213: Line 236:


;Literacy rates by language
;Literacy rates by language
Literacy rates (in percentage terms) in the co-official and working languages for East Timorese people aged 15–24 in 2004 and 2010. This shows which percentage of the age group is able to speak, read and write any of the four main [[lingua franca]]s of East Timor, either as a native or second language. Data are derived from Highlights of the 2010 census main results in Timor-Leste. Sensus uma kain, Timor-Leste, 2010.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hamid |first=M. Obaidul, Hoa T.M. Nguyen, Richard B. Baldauf |date=2015 |title=Language Planning for Medium of Instruction in Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tee9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA113 |location=Abingdon/New York |publisher=Routledge |page=113 |isbn=9781317699859 |accessdate=1 July 2019}}</ref>
Literacy rates (in percentage terms) in the co-official and working languages for East Timorese people aged 15–24 in 2004 and 2010. This shows which percentage of the age group is able to speak, read and write any of the four main [[lingua franca]]s of Timor-Leste, either as a native or second language. Data are derived from Highlights of the 2010 census main results in Timor-Leste.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hamid |first=M. Obaidul, Hoa T.M. Nguyen, Richard B. Baldauf |date=2015 |title=Language Planning for Medium of Instruction in Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tee9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA113 |location=Abingdon/New York |publisher=Routledge |page=113 |isbn=9781317699859 |access-date=1 July 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327141314/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tee9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA113 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Year
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==Notes==
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==References==
==References==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080119191225/http://www.asianlang.mq.edu.au/INL/ National Institute of Linguistics, National University of East Timor]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080119191225/http://www.asianlang.mq.edu.au/INL/ National Institute of Linguistics, National University of East Timor]
*[http://www.asianlang.mq.edu.au/INL/langs.html "The languages of East Timor", by Dr. Geoffrey Hull, at the Timorese National Institute of Linguistics]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080119191225/http://www.asianlang.mq.edu.au/INL/langs.html "The languages of East Timor", by Dr. Geoffrey Hull, at the Timorese National Institute of Linguistics]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080119191225/http://www.asianlang.mq.edu.au/INL/speech1.html Current Language Issues in East Timor (Dr Geoffrey Hull)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080119191225/http://www.asianlang.mq.edu.au/INL/speech1.html Current Language Issues in East Timor (Dr Geoffrey Hull)]
*[http://www.abc.net.au/rn/arts/ling/stories/s113139.htm Interview given by Dr. Geoffrey Hull to the programme "Lingua Franca", in Radio National]
*[http://www.abc.net.au/rn/arts/ling/stories/s113139.htm Interview given by Dr. Geoffrey Hull to the programme "Lingua Franca", in Radio National]
*{{Cite thesis |last=Ross |first=Melody A. |title=Attitudes toward Tetun Dili, A Language of East Timor. |date=2017 |degree=phd |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/62504/1/2017-12-phd-ross.pdf |hdl=10125/62504 |hdl-access=free }}


==External links ==
==External links ==
{{Commons category|Languages of East Timor}}
{{Commons category|Languages of East Timor}}
* [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mai_ita_aprende_portug%C3%A9s_ho_Em%C3%ADlia Pictures from a Portuguese language course using Tetum published in the East Timorese newspaper [[:pt:Lia Foun]] in Díli]
* [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mai_ita_aprende_portug%C3%A9s_ho_Em%C3%ADlia Pictures from a Portuguese language course using Tetum published in the East Timorese newspaper Lia Foun in Díli]
*[http://www.timorcrocodilovoador.com.br/linguasnotimor.htm Línguas no Timor] website in Portuguese, but contains links to articles in English
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160828140534/http://www.timorcrocodilovoador.com.br/linguasnotimor.htm Línguas no Timor] website in Portuguese, but contains links to articles in English
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TL Languages of Timor Lorosae] - part of [[Ethnologue]]
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TL Languages of Timor Lorosae] - part of [[Ethnologue]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051222085636/http://www.shlrc.mq.edu.au/~leccles/langs.html The Languages of East Timor: Some Basic Facts]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051222085636/http://www.shlrc.mq.edu.au/~leccles/langs.html The Languages of East Timor: Some Basic Facts]
*[http://www.fataluku.org/ FATALUKU COMMUNITY: English and Fataluku Website for researching the Fataluku Language]
*[http://www.fataluku.org/ FATALUKU COMMUNITY: English and Fataluku Website for researching the Fataluku Language]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6tWdTnR2AY&feature=youtu.be&fbclid=IwAR1_cLTcGbn6MqUDz6fjJHxJiz1ba8E7OSUXyk8Waycob5qTP-mDh2IiKA8 YouTube video of José Ramos-Horta commenting on East Timor's official and working languages]

{{East Timor topics}}
{{East Timor topics}}
{{Languages of East Timor}}
{{Languages of East Timor}}
{{Asia in topic|Languages of}}
{{Asia in topic|Languages of}}


[[Category:Languages of East Timor| ]]
[[Category:Languages of Timor-Leste| ]]

Latest revision as of 11:08, 26 December 2024

Languages of Timor-Leste
COVID-19 guidelines in Tetum
OfficialPortuguese, Tetum
NationalTetum
RecognisedUab Meto, Fataluku
VernacularEast Timorese Portuguese
MinorityBekais, Bunak, Galoli, Habun, Idalaka, Kawaimina, Kemak, Lovaia, Makalero, Makasae, Mambai, Tokodede, Wetarese, Dili Malay
ForeignEnglish, Indonesian
SignedTetum Sign Language, Indonesian Sign Language
Keyboard layout
Portuguese QWERTY
Source[1][2]
Biggest language groups in sucos of Timor-Leste.

The languages of Timor-Leste include both Austronesian and Papuan languages. (See Timor–Flores languages and Timor–Alor–Pantar languages.) The lingua franca and national language of Timor-Leste is Tetum, an Austronesian language influenced by Portuguese, with which it has equal status as an official language. The language of the Oecusse exclave is Uab Meto (Dawan). Fataluku is a Papuan language widely used in the eastern part of the country (often more so than Tetum). A dialect of Malay-based creole called Dili Malay is spoken by a number of residents in the capital Dili, it borrowed words mostly from Portuguese and Tetum. Both Portuguese and Tetum have official recognition under the Constitution of Timor-Leste, as do other indigenous languages, including: Bekais, Bunak, Galoli, Habun, Idalaka, Kawaimina, Kemak, Lovaia, Makalero, Makasae, Mambai, Tokodede and Wetarese.

The rise of lingua francas in the linguistically diverse Timor-Leste and the domination of several clans over others have led to the extinction of many smaller languages. However, some of them are still in use as ritual languages or cants. Research done in the mid-2000s by the Dutch linguist Aone van Engelenhoven, for example, revealed that the Makuva language, formerly spoken by the Makuva tribe but believed to have been extinct since the 1950s, was still used occasionally.[3]

In 2007, Van Engelenhoven discovered the existence of another language that was essentially extinct, called Rusenu.[4]

Official languages

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An East Timorese girl speaking (from clockwise) Bunak, Tetum, Fataluku, and Portuguese. Translation: In Bunak/Tetum/Fataluku/Portuguese, we say: I am in Dili. I have some money. I do not have any money.

Section 13(1) of the 2002 constitution designates Portuguese and Tetum as Timor-Leste's two official languages. The same section also provides that "Tetum and the other national languages shall be valued and developed by the State." English and Indonesian are sometimes used and section 159 of the constitution provides that these languages serve as "working languages within civil service side by side with official languages as long as deemed necessary".[5]

Under Portuguese rule, all education was through the medium of Portuguese,[citation needed] although it coexisted with Tetum and other languages. Portuguese particularly influenced the dialect of Tetum spoken in the capital, Dili, known as Tetun Prasa, as opposed to the more traditional version spoken in rural areas, known as Tetun Terik. Tetun Prasa is the version more widely used, and is now taught in schools.

Under Indonesian rule from 1976 to 1999, East Timor's official language was Indonesian; It, along with English, currently has the status of a 'working language' under the present constitution.

An East Timorese girl speaking (clockwise from top) Mambai, Portuguese, and Tetum. Translation:
In Ainaro, we say "os" and "ôs" and "nor" and "nôr", just as the Portuguese say "avó" and "avô" (grandfather and grandmother)!

For many older East Timorese, the Indonesian language has negative connotations with the Suharto regime,[6] some parties are also considering as early as after independence in the 2000s to relabel it in the context as a working language to "Malay".[7] On the other hand, many younger people expressed suspicion or hostility to the reinstatement of Portuguese, which they saw as a 'colonial language' in much the same way that Indonesians saw Dutch. However, whereas the Dutch culture and language had limited influence on those of Indonesia, the East Timorese and Portuguese cultures became intertwined, particularly through intermarriage, as did the languages. Portuguese was also a working language of the resistance against Indonesia.

Some young East Timorese felt at a disadvantage by the adoption of Portuguese as an official language, and accused the country's leaders of favouring the older generations who speak Portuguese and educated Timorese who had only recently returned from overseas,[8] arguing that those older East Timorese who speak Portuguese or English had more job opportunities.[9]

Many foreign observers, especially from Australia and Southeast Asia were also critical about the reinstatement of Portuguese, arguing that English or Indonesian would have been preferable.[10] In spite of this, many Australian linguists have been closely involved with the official language policy, including the promotion of Portuguese.

Portugal and other Portuguese-speaking countries such as Brazil have supported the teaching of Portuguese in Timor-Leste. Some people in Timor-Leste complained that teachers from Portugal and Brazil were poorly equipped to teach in the country, as they did not know local languages, or understand the local culture.[11]

Nevertheless, the late Sérgio Vieira de Mello, who headed the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor, was a Brazilian who established a close working relationship with Xanana Gusmão, the country's first president, as a fellow Portuguese-speaker but was respected by many East Timorese because of his efforts to learn Tetum.[12]

Languages by speakers

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2010 native language census[13]

  Tetum-Dili/Prasa (36.6%)
  Tetum-Terik (6.0%)
  Mambai (12.5%)
  Makasai (9.7%)
  Baikenu (5.9%)
  Kemak (5.9%)
  Bunak (5.3%)
  Tokodede (3.7%)
  Fataluku (3.6%)
  Other languages (10.9%)
Languages by number of native speakers[14]
Language Number Year surveyed Language family
Tetun-Dili/Prasa 385,000 2009 Austronesian
Mambai 131,000 2010 (census) Austronesian
Makasae 102,000 2010 (census) Timor–Alor–Pantar
Baikeno 72,000 2011 Austronesian
Tetum-Terik 63,500 2010 (census) Austronesian
Kemak 62,000 2010 (census) Austronesian
Bunak 55,000 2010 (census) Timor–Alor–Pantar
Tocodede 39,500 2010 (census) Austronesian
Fataluku 37,000 2010 (census) Timor–Alor–Pantar
Waimoa 18,400 2012 (census) Austronesian
Kairui-Midiki 15,000 2010 (census) Austronesian
Naueti 15,000 2010 (census) Austronesian
Idaté 13,500 2010 (census) Austronesian
Galoli 13,000 2010 (census) Austronesian
Makalero 6,500 2011 Timor–Alor–Pantar
Adabe 5,000 2010 (census) Austronesian
Lakalei 3,250 2010 (census) Austronesian
Habun 2,700 2010 (census) Austronesian
Portuguese 600 2010 (census) Indo-European
Makuv'a 56 2010 (census) Austronesian
Literacy rates by language

Literacy rates (in percentage terms) in the co-official and working languages for East Timorese people aged 15–24 in 2004 and 2010. This shows which percentage of the age group is able to speak, read and write any of the four main lingua francas of Timor-Leste, either as a native or second language. Data are derived from Highlights of the 2010 census main results in Timor-Leste.[15]

Year Tetum Indonesian Portuguese English Any of the four
2004 68.1 66.8 17.2 10.0 72.5
2010 77.8 55.6 39.3 22.3 79.1

Distribution of languages, 2010

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Notes

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  1. ^ "Deaf in East Timor". Archived from the original on 2022-09-26. Retrieved 2022-09-26.
  2. ^ "APSN | Government to include Tetum sign language in public schools". Archived from the original on 2022-09-26. Retrieved 2022-09-26.
  3. ^ "Noorderlicht Noorderlicht Nieuws: Raadselachtig Rusenu" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2007-04-18. Retrieved 2007-09-22.
  4. ^ "Noorderlicht Noorderlicht Nieuws: Sprankje hoop voor talenvorsers" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2010-09-08. Retrieved 2007-09-22.
  5. ^ Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (PDF) (Constitution). Constituent Assembly. 22 March 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2019.
  6. ^ "Languages in East Timor". Interview. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 26 June 2004. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2006.
  7. ^ Williams-van Klinken, Catharina (2002). High Registers of Tetun Dili: Portuguese Press and Purist Priests (PDF). Proceedings of the 2001 Conference of the Australian Linguistics Society. Australian National University, Canberra: Australian Linguistic Society. p. 7.
  8. ^ Foreign and Commonwealth Office (19 December 2006). "Country Profiles Foreign & Commonwealth Office". Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Archived from the original on 7 January 2008.
  9. ^ Sipress, Alan (9 October 2003). "Independence breeds resentment in East Timor". The Boston Globe. boston.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 19 March 2007.
  10. ^ National Institute of Linguistics (various) (n.d.). "The Australian Media Attacks East Timor's Language Policy". National University of East Timor. Archived from the original on 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2006-10-08.; National Institute of Linguistics (various) (n.d.). "Anglocratic Untruths". National University of East Timor. Archived from the original on 2020-04-27. Retrieved 2006-10-08.
  11. ^ La'o Hamutuk Bulletin (August 2003). "Brazilian Aid to East Timor". La'o Hamutuk. Archived from the original on 2017-08-24. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
  12. ^ Goff, Phil; Ladley, Andrew (20 August 2003). "Two New Zealanders pay tribute to Sergio Vieira de Mello". The New Zealand Herald. New Zealand Media and Entertainment. Archived from the original on 13 June 2023.
  13. ^ "Table 13: Population distribution by mother tongue, Urban Rural and District". Volume 2: Population Distribution by Administrative Areas (PDF). Timor-Leste Ministry of Finance. pp. 205–206. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-12-24. Retrieved 2019-07-01. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  14. ^ East Timor - Languages Archived 2017-04-11 at the Wayback Machine. Ethnologue. URL accessed April 10, 2017.
  15. ^ Hamid, M. Obaidul, Hoa T.M. Nguyen, Richard B. Baldauf (2015). Language Planning for Medium of Instruction in Asia. Abingdon/New York: Routledge. p. 113. ISBN 9781317699859. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2019.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

References

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