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{{Short description|International law expert}}
{{Short description|International law specialist}}
{{COI|date=December 2024}}
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'''Lyal S. Sunga''' is a well-known specialist on [[international human rights law]], [[international humanitarian law]] and [[international criminal law]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=John Cabot University |first= |date=2019-09-26 |title=Championing Human Rights: Meet Professor Lyal S. Sunga |url=https://news.johncabot.edu/2019/09/lyal-sunga/ |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=John Cabot University News |language=en}}</ref>
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}

[[File:Lyal S Sunga at ICTR Arusha Tanzania 1 Dec 2015.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lyal S. Sunga, Former Investigator, UN Security Council]]
[[File:Lyal S Sunga at ICTR Arusha Tanzania 1 Dec 2015.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lyal S. Sunga, former investigator, UN Security Council]]
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'''Lyal S. Sunga''' is a specialist on international [[international human rights law|human rights]], [[international humanitarian law|humanitarian]] and [[international criminal law|criminal]] law.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=John Cabot University |first= |date=26 September 2019 |title=Championing Human Rights: Meet Professor Lyal S. Sunga |url=https://news.johncabot.edu/2019/09/lyal-sunga/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=John Cabot University News |language=en}}</ref>


==Career==
==Career==
Lyal S. Sunga is adjunct professor at [[John Cabot University]] in [[Rome]], [[Italy]] where he teaches courses on [[International Criminal Law]], [[Human Rights]], [[Terrorism]] and [[Counter-Terrorism]], [[Public International Law]], and [[Genocide]] at Masters and undergraduate levels.<ref name=":0" /> He is also Affiliated Professor at the [[Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law]] in [[Lund University]], [[Sweden]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2016-05-13 |title=Lyal S. Sunga |url=https://rwi.lu.se/staff/lyal-sunga-2/ |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=The Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law |language=en-US}}</ref> Previously, he served as visiting professor in [[Peace Studies]] and [[International Relations]] and Global Politics at [[The American University of Rome]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-06 |title=The American University of Rome appoints acclaimed Human Rights expert Dr. Lyal S. Sunga |url=https://aur.edu/news/american-university-rome-appoints-acclaimed-human-rights-expert-dr-lyal-s-sunga |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=The American University of Rome |language=en}}</ref> visiting professor at the [[Strathmore University]] School of Law<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strathmore University School of Law |url=https://law.strathmore.edu/prof-lyal-s-sunga/}}</ref> in [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]], and RWI visiting professor and doctoral supervisor at [[Addis Ababa University]] in [[Ethiopia]],<ref name=":1" /> and in 2006 he taught a human rights masters course at the [[Peking University Law School]] in [[Beijing]], [[China]] at a time when there were few if any other such masters programs being offered in mainland China. In addition, Sunga has been a Lecturer, Senior Lecturer or Visiting Professor in faculties of law at [[McGill University]], [[Carleton University]], [[Helsinki University]], [[Padjadjaran University]], [[University of Geneva]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=University Teaching and Curricular Development |url=http://www.lyalsunga.com/university-teaching-and-curricular-development.html |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Lyal S. Sunga |language=en}}</ref> and from 2001 to 2005, he served as Associate Professor at the [[University of Hong Kong]] Faculty of Law and Director of the Master of Laws in Human Rights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Hong Kong Faculty of Law |url=https://web.law.hku.hk/download/HR.pdf}}</ref> In 2014, Sunga developed a human rights masters curriculum for nine universities in [[Russia]] and trained professors from these institutions at the [[Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia]] in [[Moscow]]. From 2015 to 2021, Sunga gave masters-level human rights classes in UN-sponsored summer programs at [[Kazan Federal University]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=VIII Международная летняя школа Права человека для новых поколений \Международная деятельность - Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет |url=https://kpfu.ru/law/mezhdunarodnaya-deyatelnost/viii-mezhdunarodnaya-letnyaya-shkola-prava |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=kpfu.ru}}</ref> [[Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia]], [[Perm State University]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Лаял С. Санга |url=http://humanrightsperm.psu.ru/lectors/sunga/ |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=VII Летняя школа по правам человека |language=ru-RU}}</ref> [[Voronezh State University]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPplix6evNc |title=2017 June 29 Interview of Lyal S Sunga at Ural State Law University in Yekaterinburg Russia |date=2017-11-19 |last=Lyal Sunga |access-date=2024-06-09 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and [[Ural State Law University]] in [[Yekaterinburg]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=V Summer School on Human Rights (2017) |url=https://riuc.ru/en/summer_school/V_Summerschool_on_Human_Rights_2017/ |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=riuc.ru}}</ref> Sunga has also given lectures on international law and human rights in 2008, 2009 and 2012 in [[Minsk]], [[Belarus]], at [[Belarus State University]], the [[Belarusian National Technical University]] and [[Belarus State Economic University]].<ref name=":2" /> He has also provided extensive training and lectures to academics, civil servants and NGO personnel on [[human rights]] in [[armed conflict]] and [[international humanitarian law]] in [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]] in May and August 2006 at [[Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv]] and with [[civil society organizations]] in September 2015 and May 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Training and Capacity Building |url=http://www.lyalsunga.com/international-training-and-capacity-building.html |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Lyal S. Sunga |language=en}}</ref> Sunga has conducted training for judges, prosecutors and criminal justice personnel in [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[China]], [[Ethiopia]], [[France]], [[Indonesia]], [[Kenya]], [[Laos]], [[Morocco]], [[The Netherlands]], [[Sweden]] and [[Uzbekistan]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Judicial Training and Training of Prosecutors |url=http://www.lyalsunga.com/judicial-training-and-training-of-prosecutors.html |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Lyal S. Sunga |language=en}}</ref> and lectures, training and capacity building on monitoring, investigation and reporting in [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Cambodia]], [[China]], [[Ethiopia]], [[France]], [[Kenya]], [[Indonesia]], [[Italy]], [[Laos]], [[Morocco]], [[The Netherlands]], [[Russia]], [[Rwanda]], [[Sweden]], [[Switzerland]], [[Tanzania]], [[Turkey]], [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], and [[Uzbekistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monitoring, Investigation and Reporting |url=http://www.lyalsunga.com/monitoring--investigation-and-reporting.html |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Lyal S. Sunga |language=en}}</ref>


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=== OHCHR ===
In late August 1994, the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] [[José Ayala Lasso]] called upon Sunga to bolster the [[UN Security Council]]'s investigations into the massive violations of [[human rights]] and [[International humanitarian law]] perpetrated during the 1994 [[Rwandan genocide]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=ICTR |url=https://voicesofthetribunal.org/Lyal-S-Sunga |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=voicesofthetribunal.org}}</ref> He served as Human Rights Officer in the [[United Nations]] as a staff member from 1994 to 2001, working mainly on problems relating to serious human rights and humanitarian law violations, [[genocide]], [[war crimes]] and [[crimes against humanity]], [[terrorism]] and [[counter-terrorism]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-11-14 |title=Can international law meet the challenges of today's lawless conflicts? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/nov/14/international-law-yemen-syria-isis-conflict |access-date=2024-06-09 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> and on practical issues involving war and recovery from post-conflict situations through [[United Nations fact-finding mission|fact-finding]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Lyal S. Sunga - How Can UN Human Rights Fact-Finding Sharpen Intl Criminal Prosecutions |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/node/194180}}</ref> monitoring, investigation and reporting. Since leaving the UN as a staff member, Sunga has served as expert consultant for the [[Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]], [[United Nations University]], [[United Nations Development Program]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Lyal S. Sunga Is Lead Expert for Major UN Report, 8 November 2021 |url=https://news.johncabot.edu/2021/11/lyal-sunga-un-report/ }}</ref> [[International Labour Organization]], [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]], [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]], [[European Union]], [[Council of Europe]], [[International Development Law Organization]], and [[National Human Rights Commission]]s in [[Bangladesh]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Nepal]], [[Nigeria]], [[Russia]], [[Turkey]] and [[Uganda]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=National Human Rights Institutions |url=http://www.lyalsunga.com/national-human-rights-institutions.html |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Lyal S. Sunga |language=en}}</ref> In May 2012, he launched a major study on the role of [[national human rights institutions]] in federal States which he prepared for the [[Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]] in [[Moscow]] at a conference with representatives of more than 60 national human rights institutions of the [[Russian Federation]].<ref name=":4" /> He is also a former Head of the Rule of Law program at [[The Hague Institute for Global Justice]] in the [[Netherlands]],<ref name=":5">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aaFBniIamjI |title=2015 Oct 10 Lyal Sunga Comment on US Bombing of Kunduz Hospital for China Central Television (CCTV) |date=2022-02-16 |last=Lyal Sunga |access-date=2024-06-09 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and former Special Advisor on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law at the [[International Development Law Organization]] in Rome, [[Italy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-16 |title=A Critical Appraisal of Laws Relating to Sexual Offences in Bangladesh |url=https://www.idlo.int/publications/critical-appraisal-laws-relating-sexual-offences-bangladesh |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=IDLO - International Development Law Organization |language=en}}</ref>
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From 1994 to 2001, Sunga worked for the [[United Nations]] Office of the [[High Commissioner for Human Rights]] in [[Geneva]], first to investigate facts and responsibilities relating to the 1994 genocide in Rwanda for the [[UN Security Council]]'s Commission of Experts on Rwanda, to draft the commission's report recommending the establishment of the [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]], and then on the establishment and operation of the UN Human Rights Field Operation in Rwanda.<ref name=":3" /> In February 2001, he served as Secretary for the Asian Regional Preparatory Conference convened in [[Tehran]], Iran that preceded the [[World Conference against Racism 2001]] in [[Durban]], South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2000 |title=Newsletter of the World Conference against Racism Secretariat |url=https://www.hurights.or.jp/wcar/E/doc/wcrnewsletter1.pdf}}</ref>


In late August 1994, the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|United Nations high commissioner for human rights]], [[José Ayala Lasso]], called upon Sunga to bolster the UN Security Council's investigations into the massive violations of human rights and [[International humanitarian law]] perpetrated during the 1994 [[Rwandan genocide]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=ICTR |url=https://voicesofthetribunal.org/Lyal-S-Sunga |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=voicesofthetribunal.org}}</ref>
Sunga holds a [[Bachelor of Arts]] from [[Carleton University]], a [[Bachelor of Laws]] from [[Osgoode Hall Law School]], a [[Master of Laws]] in International Human Rights Law from the [[University of Essex]] and a [[Ph.D.]] in International Law from the [[Graduate Institute of International Studies]]. Before joining the [[Raoul Wallenberg]] Institute he was a member of the faculty at the [[University of Hong Kong]] where he taught classes in [[law]] and served as Director of the Master of Laws Program in Human Rights (2001–2005).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The University of Hong Kong Faculty of Law's Master of Laws in Human Rights Programme Details |url=https://web.law.hku.hk/download/HR.pdf}}</ref> He has given university courses, lectures, training or conference presentations in approximately 55 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Experience |url=http://www.lyalsunga.com/experience.html |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Lyal S. Sunga |language=en}}</ref> Sunga's work has been published in numerous scholarly [[academic journal]]s and he has authored two influential books on [[international criminal law]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Publications of Lyal S. Sunga in PDF |url=http://www.lyalsunga.com/academic-publications.html |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Lyal S. Sunga |language=en}}</ref> He has given lectures and moderated panels at the [[United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights]], [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]],<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Expert Panels / Workshops / Seminars |url=http://www.lyalsunga.com/expert-panels---workshops---seminars.html |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Lyal S. Sunga |language=en}}</ref> the [[International Criminal Court]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sunga |first=Lyal |date=15 January 2016 |title=Dr. Lyal S. Sunga - How Can UN Human Rights Fact-Finding Sharpen Intl Criminal Prosecutions Guest lecture |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/node/194180}}</ref> the [[T.M.C. Asser Instituut]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Videos on LACT |url=https://www.asser.nl/nexus/legal-aspects-of-countering-terrorism/videos-on-lact/?15837 |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=www.asser.nl |language=en}}</ref> the [[Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxwnAUNEMOA |title=Accountability as a Common Goal: Dialogue between the ICC Prosecutor and Human Rights Actors |date=2016-06-16 |last=Geneva Graduate Institute |access-date=2024-06-09 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and [[The Hague Institute for Global Justice]], among other places.<ref name=":7" />


He was a visiting professor in [[Peace Studies]] and [[International Relations]] and Global Politics at [[The American University of Rome]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2017 |title=The American University of Rome appoints acclaimed Human Rights expert Dr. Lyal S. Sunga |url=https://aur.edu/news/american-university-rome-appoints-acclaimed-human-rights-expert-dr-lyal-s-sunga |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=The American University of Rome |language=en}}</ref> a visiting professor at the [[Strathmore University]] School of Law<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strathmore University School of Law |url=https://law.strathmore.edu/prof-lyal-s-sunga/}}</ref> in [[Nairobi]], Kenya, and RWI visiting professor and doctoral supervisor at [[Addis Ababa University]] in Ethiopia.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=13 May 2016 |title=Lyal S. Sunga |url=https://rwi.lu.se/staff/lyal-sunga-2/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=The Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law |language=en-US}}</ref>
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From 1994 to 2001 Sunga worked for the [[United Nations]] Office of the [[High Commissioner for Human Rights]] in [[Geneva]], first to investigate facts and responsibilities relating to the 1994 [[genocide]] in [[Rwanda]] for the [[UN Security Council]]'s Commission of Experts on Rwanda, to draft the Commission's report recommending the establishment of the [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]], and then on the establishment and operation of the UN Human Rights Field Operation in [[Rwanda]].<ref name=":3" /> He also has practical experience and expertise relating to the [[International Criminal Court]] including having served as [[OHCHR]] representative to the United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Delegations to the United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court |url=https://legal.un.org/diplomaticconferences/1998_icc/docs/english/vol_2/delegations.pdf}}</ref> that adopted the [[Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court]], on [[terrorism]], [[legal redress|redress]] for violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, [[impunity]], the [[death penalty]], [[human rights defender]]s, the administration of [[justice]], the role of UN special procedures and human rights NGOs in fact-finding,<ref>{{Cite web |title=How can UN human rights special procedures sharpen ICC fact-finding? |url=https://www.casematrixnetwork.org/fileadmin/documents/L._Sunga__How_Can_UN_Special_Procedures_Sharpen_ICC_Fact-Finding.pdf}}</ref> and on the relation between national truth and reconciliation commissions and criminal prosecutions. In February 2001, he served as Secretary for the Asian Regional Preparatory Conference convened in [[Tehran]], [[Iran]] that preceded the [[World Conference against Racism 2001]] in [[Durban]], [[South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2000 |title=Newsletter of the World Conference against Racism Secretariat |url=https://www.hurights.or.jp/wcar/E/doc/wcrnewsletter1.pdf}}</ref>


=== China ===
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From September to December 2007 Sunga took leave from the Raoul Wallenberg Institute to act as Geneva-based coordinator of the [[UN Human Rights Council]]'s Group of Experts on [[Darfur]], mandated to assess the Government of the [[Sudan]]'s implementation of UN recommendations concerning serious violations of human rights and humanitarian law committed during the [[war in Darfur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2009 |title=United Nations Group of Experts on Darfur Presents its Final Report to the Human Rights Council |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2009/10/un-group-experts-darfur-presents-final-report-human-rights-council}}</ref>
From 2001 to 2005, he was an associate professor at the [[University of Hong Kong]] Faculty of Law and Director of the Master of Laws in Human Rights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Hong Kong Faculty of Law |url=https://web.law.hku.hk/download/HR.pdf}}</ref>


=== UN Human Rights Council ===
Sunga has commented on breaking news stories for [[Voice of America]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.voaafrica.com/a/3284390.html |title=Straight Talk Africa |date=2016-04-13 |language=en |access-date=2024-06-09 |via=www.voaafrica.com}}</ref> [[CNN]] affiliate [[N1 (television)|N1]] in Sarajevo,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-03 |title=lyal sunga najnovije vijesti |url=https://n1info.ba/tag/lyal-sunga/ |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=N1 |language=bs-BA}}</ref> [[PBS]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISIS Victims Find Maze of Challenges in Appeals for Justice |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/isis-victims-find-maze-of-challenges-in-appeals-for-justice/ |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=FRONTLINE |language=en-US}}</ref> [[China Global Television Network]],<ref name=":5" /> [[The Guardian]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sunga |first=Lyal S. |date=2016-01-15 |title=My journey back to Rwanda: confronting the ghosts of the genocide 21 years later |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/jan/15/my-journey-back-to-rwanda-confronting-the-ghosts-of-the-genocide-21-years-later |access-date=2024-06-09 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> [[Indus News]],<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Media Interviews and Commentary |url=http://www.lyalsunga.com/breaking-tv-news---interviews---blogs---comments.html |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Lyal S. Sunga |language=en}}</ref> [[Metro International]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=4 preguntas a Lyal S. Sunga (4 questions to Lyal S. Sunga) Interview on Italian elections scenario in Metro News International (in Spanish) 12 August 2019 |url=https://nebula.wsimg.com/42eea34c37c0e6496583c9267162877d?AccessKeyId=14C280BF0D869023C315&disposition=0&alloworigin=1}}</ref> Legal Talk Network,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Paris Attacks, Terrorism, and International Law |url=https://legaltalknetwork.com/podcasts/lawyer-2-lawyer/2015/12/paris-attacks-terrorism-international-law/ |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Legal Talk Network |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-20 |title=Sweden’s accession to NATO is both justified and urgent |url=https://www.abc.net.au/religion/lyal-sunga-sweden-is-right-to-join-nato/13981854 |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=ABC Religion & Ethics |language=en-AU}}</ref> [[New Delhi TV]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lSIOEbGsKaQ |title=2019 July 17 NDTV Lyal S Sunga on Jadhav ICJ Case India v Pakistan Spying Terrorism Death Penalty |date=2019-07-19 |last=Lyal Sunga |access-date=2024-06-09 |via=YouTube}}</ref> [[South China Morning Post]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-06-21 |title=School's in for new rights champions |url=https://www.scmp.com/article/382809/schools-new-rights-champions |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> [[RT (TV network)|RT]],<ref name=":8" /> [[Agence France-Presse]], [[TV5 Monde]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-28 |title=VIDÉO. Burundi, Afrique du Sud, Gambie… La Cour pénale internationale navigue en eaux troubles {{!}} TV5MONDE - Informations |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/burundi-afrique-du-sud-gambie-la-cour-penale-internationale-navigue-en-eaux-troubles-25563 |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=information.tv5monde.com |language=fr}}</ref> [[O Estado de S. Paulo]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sunga |first=Lyal |date=7 April 2019 |title=25 anos depois (25 years later) - Interview of Lyal S. Sunga on 1994 UN investigations into Rwandan Genocide, in O Estado de Sao Paulo newspaper, Brazil (in Portuguese) 7 April 2019 |url=https://nebula.wsimg.com/96031594d3d7d9c300535d87640ca7da?AccessKeyId=14C280BF0D869023C315&disposition=0&alloworigin=1}}</ref> [[Estado de Minas]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Minas |first=Estado de |date=2019-04-07 |title='Vi um dos piores crimes do mundo' |url=https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/internacional/2019/04/07/interna_internacional,1044484/vi-um-dos-piores-crimes-do-mundo.shtml |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Estado de Minas |language=pt-BR}}</ref> [[Business Standard]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2016 |title=Marshalls Island to open nuclear arms battle at top UN court against India, Pakistan and UK, Business Standard, 5 March 2016 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/marshalls-to-open-nuclear-arms-battle-at-top-un-court-116030500488_1.html}}</ref> [[El Periódico de Catalunya|El Periódico de Catalunya,]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gasparini |first=Juan |date=23 May 2000 |title=Comment in "Garzón reclama por segunda vez la detencíon de 47 militares y un civil en Argentina", El Periodico, Spain, May 2000. |url=https://nebula.wsimg.com/071231d8ece6e7b91c0e80a35b3fb0b6?AccessKeyId=14C280BF0D869023C315&disposition=0&alloworigin=1}}</ref> [[Hindustan Times]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2016 |title=Marshall Islands to open nuclear arms battle against India, Pak and UK |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/marshalls-islands-to-open-nuclear-arms-battle-against-india-pak-and-uk-at-un-court/story-mhqKbbviAuNMcuScTaoXLJ.html}}</ref> and others. He also contributed to the discussion of [[ICTY]] rulings related to the [[Srebrenica massacre|Srebrenica Massacre]], in his [https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/3d59eade-8b15-4ec7-afee-011e171fbba2 review] of ''Yugoslavia: Peace, War, and Dissolution'', edited book by [[Noam Chomsky]] and [[Davor Džalto]].
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From September to December 2007 Sunga took leave from the Raoul Wallenberg Institute to work as Geneva-based coordinator of the [[UN Human Rights Council]]'s Group of Experts on [[Darfur]], mandated to assess the Government of the Sudan's implementation of UN recommendations concerning serious violations of human rights and humanitarian law committed during the [[war in Darfur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2009 |title=United Nations Group of Experts on Darfur Presents its Final Report to the Human Rights Council |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2009/10/un-group-experts-darfur-presents-final-report-human-rights-council}}</ref>


=== Russia and Belarus ===
==Published works<ref name=":6" />==
He is also a former Head of the Rule of Law program at [[The Hague Institute for Global Justice]] in the Netherlands,<ref name=":5">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aaFBniIamjI |title=2015 Oct 10 Lyal Sunga Comment on US Bombing of Kunduz Hospital for China Central Television (CCTV) |date=16 February 2022 |last=Lyal Sunga |access-date=9 June 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and former Special Advisor on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law at the [[International Development Law Organization]] in Rome, Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2017 |title=A Critical Appraisal of Laws Relating to Sexual Offences in Bangladesh |url=https://www.idlo.int/publications/critical-appraisal-laws-relating-sexual-offences-bangladesh |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=IDLO - International Development Law Organization |language=en}}</ref>


From 2015 to 2021, Sunga gave masters-level human rights classes in UN-sponsored summer programs at [[Kazan Federal University]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=VIII Международная летняя школа Права человека для новых поколений \Международная деятельность - Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет |url=https://kpfu.ru/law/mezhdunarodnaya-deyatelnost/viii-mezhdunarodnaya-letnyaya-shkola-prava |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=kpfu.ru}}</ref> [[Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia]], [[Perm State University]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Лаял С. Санга |url=http://humanrightsperm.psu.ru/lectors/sunga/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=VII Летняя школа по правам человека |language=ru-RU}}</ref> [[Voronezh State University]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPplix6evNc |title=2017 June 29 Interview of Lyal S Sunga at Ural State Law University in Yekaterinburg Russia |date=19 November 2017 |last=Lyal Sunga |access-date=9 June 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and [[Ural State Law University]] in [[Yekaterinburg]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=V Summer School on Human Rights (2017) |url=https://riuc.ru/en/summer_school/V_Summerschool_on_Human_Rights_2017/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=riuc.ru}}</ref>
⚫
===Books===
* The Emerging System of International Criminal Law: Developments in Codification and Implementation, Kluwer (1997) 508 p.
* Individual Responsibility in International Law for Serious Human Rights Violations, Nijhoff (1992) 252 p.


===Book sections===
=== Italy ===
He is an adjunct professor at [[John Cabot University]] in Rome, Italy, where he teaches courses on [[International Criminal Law|international criminal law]], human rights, terrorism and [[Counter-Terrorism|counter-terrorism]], public international law, and genocide at the masters and undergraduate levels.<ref name=":0" /> He is also an affiliated professor at the [[Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law]] in [[Lund University]], Sweden.<ref name=":1" />
* Redress for Victims of [[Terrorist]] Acts in a Deteriorating International Political Climate, co-authored with Ilaria Bottigliero, in Research Handbook on Int’l Law and Terrorism, (ed. Ben Saul), Elgar Publishers (2020) 479-491.
* Review of [[Noam Chomsky]], [[Yugoslavia]]: [[Peace]], [[War]] & Dissolution, [[Davor Džalto]] (ed.), PM Press, Oakland, (2018)in 30(3) Philosophy & Society (''Filozofija i Društvo'') (2019):433-442.
* Can [[Human Rights]] [[NGOs]] Be Trusted in the Corridors of the [[United Nations]] and International Criminal Justice Institutions?, in Partnerships in International Policy-Making, Palgrave (2017) 107-129.
* Has the [[International Criminal Court|ICC]] Unfairly Targeted [[Africa]] or Has [[Africa]] Unfairly Targeted the [[International Criminal Court|ICC]]?, in The ICC in Search of Its Purpose and Identity, Routledge (2015) 147-173.
* Victims' Redress amidst [[Terrorism]]’s Changing Tactics and Strategies, in Research Handbook on Terrorism and International Law, Elgar Publications, (co-authored with Ilaria Bottigliero) (2014) 538-552.
* Can international criminal investigators and prosecutors afford to ignore information from UN human rights sources? in Bergsmo (ed.) Quality Control in International Fact-Finding (2013) 359-401.
* The Human Rights Council, in An Institutional Approach to Responsibility to Protect: Cambridge (2013) 156-178.
* Humanitarian Space in the [[Arab Spring]], in Humanitarian Space: Webster University (2011) 282-320.
* What Should Be the [[UN Human Rights Council]]’s Role in Investigating Genocide, War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity? in New Challenges for the UN Human Rights Machinery (2011) 319-349.
* What Makes [[Democracy]] Good? in "Making Peoples Heard", Martinus Nijhoff Publishers (2011) 81-98.
* Does the Concept of '[[Human Security]]' Add Anything of Value to International Legal Theory or Practice? in “Power and Justice in International Relations” Ashgate (2009) 131–146.
* What Effect If Any Will the [[UN Human Rights Council]] Have on Special Procedures? in International Human Rights Monitoring Mechanisms (2nd ed.)(2009)169–183.
* Ten Principles for Reconciling [[Truth and reconciliation commission|Truth Commissions]] and Criminal Prosecutions, in The Legal Regime of the ICC, Brill (2009) 1071–1104.
* Is [[Humanitarian Intervention]] Legal?, on“e-international relations website” 13 October 2008.
* Dilemmas of [[NGO]] Involvement in Coalition-Occupied [[Iraq]], in Bell and Coicaud, Ethics in Action: The Ethical Challenges of International Human Rights Nongovernmental Organizations, [[United Nations University]] (2007) 99–116.
* The Role of [[Humanitarian Intervention]] in [[International Peace and Security]]: Guarantee or Threat? Int’l Progress Organization & Google Books (2006) 41–79.
* NGO Involvement in International Human Rights Monitoring, in International Human Rights Law and [[Non-Governmental Organization]]s, Bruylant (2005) 41–69.
* [[International Criminal Law]] Protection of Minority Rights, in Skurbaty (ed), Beyond a One-Dimensional State: An Emerging Right to [[Autonomy]]? Brill (2004).
* Independence and Fairness of the ICC, in Study on Major Issues Relating to the [[International Criminal Court]] (People's Court Press) (2003) 24–30 (in Putonghua).
* US [[Anti-Terrorism]] Policy and Asia's Options, in Johannen, Smith and Gomez, (eds.) September 11 & Political Freedoms: Asian Perspectives (Select) (2002) 242–264.
* Full Respect for the Rights of Suspect, Accused and Convict: from [[Nuremberg]] and [[Tokyo]] to the ICC, in Henzelin and Roth (eds), Le droit pénal à l’épreuve de l’internationalisation, (Bruylant) (2002) 217–239.
* The Special Procedures of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights: Should They Be Scrapped?, in Alfredsson (ed), International Human Rights Monitoring Mechanisms (Kluwer) (2001) 231–275.
* A Competência Ratione Materiae da Corte Internacional Criminal: Arts. 5 a 10 Do Estatuto de Roma, in Ambos and Choukr (eds.) Tribunal Penal Internacional (Editora RT) (2000) 191 – 219 (in Portuguese).
* La Jurisdicción ratione materiae de la Corte Penal Internacional (parte II, arts. 5° a 10°), in Ambos (eds.) El Estatuto de Roma: de la Corte Penal Internacional (Universidad externado de Colombia) (1999) 233–268 (in Spanish).


===Law journal articles===
== Teaching ==
Before joining the Raoul Wallenberg Institute, he was a member of the faculty at the [[University of Hong Kong]] where he taught classes in law and administered a graduate program in human rights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The University of Hong Kong Faculty of Law's Master of Laws in Human Rights Programme Details |url=https://web.law.hku.hk/download/HR.pdf}}</ref>
* Two Years On, Why Hasn't Anyone Been Prosecuted for Domestic [[Terrorism]] for the [[January 6, 2021]] Capitol Attack? International Affairs Forum (2023) 50-60.
* Чи вбʼє війна Росії верховенство права в Україні та Європі?, [[Verfassungsblog]] (Dec 2022) (in Ukrainian).
* Will [[Russia]]’s War Kill the [[Rule of Law]] in [[Ukraine]] and Europe?, [[Verfassungsblog]] (Dec 2022).
* Why [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] are right to seek to join [[NATO]], [[Australian Broadcasting Corp]]. (July 2022).
* Can [[War Crimes Trials]] in [[Ukraine]] Convince Russians to Stop Supporting the War? Opinio Juris (June 2022).
* How Should UN Standards Guide International Judicial Training in Post-Conflict Situations?: Personal Reflections Twenty Years after the [[Rwandan genocide]], 2 Int’l Org. for Judicial Training (2014).
* Does [[Climate Change]] worsen Resource Scarcity and Cause Violent Ethnic Conflict? 21 International Journal of Minority and Group Rights (2014) 1-24.
* Commentary on Judgement of the [[ICTR]]'s Case of Prosecutor v. Zigiranyirazo, 32 Annotated Leading Cases of International Criminal Tribunals (2011) 240-258.
* Does Climate Change Kill People in [[Darfur]]? 2(1) Journal of Human Rights and the Environment (March 2011) 64-85.
* How Can UN Human Rights Special Procedures Sharpen [[International Criminal Court|ICC]] Fact-Finding? 15(2) The International Journal of Human Rights (2011) 187-204.
* Introduction to the “Lund Statement to the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] on the Human Rights Special Procedures” 76 Nordic Journal of International Law (2007) 1–20.
* The [[Kordic]] and Cerkez Trial Chamber Judgment: A Comment on the Main Legal Issues 7 Series of Annotated Leading Cases of International Criminal Tribunals (2004) 490–511.
* The International Community's Recognition of Certain Acts as ‘Crimes under International Law’, International Review of Penal Law (Erès) Proceedings of the International Conference held in Siracusa, Italy, 28 November – 3 December 2002, on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of ISISC (2004) 303–315.
* Can International Humanitarian Law Play an Effective Role in Occupied [[Iraq]]? 3 Indian Society of International Law Yearbook of International Humanitarian and Refugee Law (2003) 1–21.
* Musings on ‘The Future of International Criminal Justice’, (Review Article) 11(2) Asia Pacific Law Review (2003) 217–232.
* Will the [[International Criminal Court]] be Fair and Impartial?, 2 (1) Article 2 (February 2003) 9–20.
* The Attitude of Asian Countries Towards the [[International Criminal Court]], 2 Indian Society of International Law Yearbook of International Humanitarian and Refugee Law (2002) 18–57.
* The United Nations System for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights with Special Reference to [[South Korea]] and the New [[National Human Rights Commission]], 4 Sang Saeng (Summer 2002) 45–50.
* The [[Čelebići prison camp|Celebici]] Case: A Comment on the Main Legal Issues in the ICTY's Trial Chamber Judgement, 13 Leiden Journal of International Law (2000) 105–138.
* The Crimes within the Jurisdiction of the [[International Criminal Court]]: (Part II, Articles 5 – 10), 6/4 European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice (1998) 377–399.
* The First Indictments of the [[ICTR]], 18 Human Rights Law Journal (1997) 329–340.
* The Comm’n of Experts on [[Rwanda]] and Creation of the ICTR 16 Human Rights Law Journal (1995) 121–124.

===Selected reports for the United Nations, European Union, International Development Law Organization and National Human Rights Institutions===
* The [[COVID-19]] Pandemic: Exacerbating the Threat of [[Corruption]] to [[Human Rights]] and [[Sustainable Development]] in Pacific Island Countries (Lead Expert) 2021, 56 p.
* A Critical Appraisal of Laws relating to Sexual Offences in [[Bangladesh]] (with Kawser Ahmed) 2015, 48 p.
* [[Bangladesh]] NHRC reports - [[UN Committee against Torture]] and [[UN Committee on the Rights of the Child]] (with Kawser Ahmed) 2013-2015.
* Report of [[Bangladesh]] NHRC to [[CEDAW]] on the Government's 2015 State Report 2015, 39 p.
* Toolkit on Implementing UN Human Rights Recommendations and UPR, UNDP-Ankara, [[Turkey]] 2014. 119 p.
* [[National Human Rights Institutions]] in Federal States for UNOHCHR, Geneva, May–July 2011, 85 p.
* Expert Background Papers for the 12th [[European Union]]-[[NGO]] Human Rights Forum, 12–13 July 2010 in Brussels, [[Belgium]].
* Expert Background Paper for Workshop on International Criminal Justice Education for the Rule of Law at the 12th [[United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice]], 12–19 April 2010 in Salvador, [[Brazil]] — UN Doc. A/CONF.213/12 of 5 February 2010.
* In-Depth Study on the Linkages between Anti-[[Corruption]] and [[Human Rights]] for the [[United Nations Development Program]] Including ‘Concept Note’ and Appendix (2007, pp 79).
* Expert Background Paper "Impunity as a Threat to Democracy, Human Rights and the Rule of Law", presented at the UN Office of the [[High Commissioner for Human Rights]] Expert Seminar on the interdependence between democracy and human rights, 28 February – 2 March 2005 in Geneva, Switzerland.
* Report of the Second Expert Seminar on "Democracy and the Rule of Law" (Geneva, 28 February – 2 March 2005); UN Doc. E/CN.4/2005/58 of 18 March 2005.


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.lyalsunga.com/ Home Page for lyalsunga.com - Lyal S. Sunga's Website]
*[http://www.lyalsunga.com/ Home Page for lyalsunga.com - Lyal S. Sunga's Website]
*[http://rwi.lu.se/staff/lyal-sunga-2/ Lyal S. Sunga - Raoul Wallenberg Institute]
*[http://rwi.lu.se/staff/lyal-sunga-2/ Lyal S. Sunga - Raoul Wallenberg Institute]
*[http://www.e-ir.info/?p=573 Is Humanitarian Intervention Legal?]
*[http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=13729]
*[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/diana/2ajune.asp Project DIANA : Doe v. Karadzic : Brief of Plaintiffs-Appellants]
*[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/droi/dv/201/201009/20100913_ngoforumrecomms_en.pdf]


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

Latest revision as of 16:21, 26 December 2024

Photo of Lyal S. Sunga, former investigator, UN Security Council

Lyal S. Sunga is a specialist on international human rights, humanitarian and criminal law.[1]

Career

[edit]

OHCHR

[edit]

From 1994 to 2001, Sunga worked for the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in Geneva, first to investigate facts and responsibilities relating to the 1994 genocide in Rwanda for the UN Security Council's Commission of Experts on Rwanda, to draft the commission's report recommending the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and then on the establishment and operation of the UN Human Rights Field Operation in Rwanda.[2] In February 2001, he served as Secretary for the Asian Regional Preparatory Conference convened in Tehran, Iran that preceded the World Conference against Racism 2001 in Durban, South Africa.[3]

In late August 1994, the United Nations high commissioner for human rights, José Ayala Lasso, called upon Sunga to bolster the UN Security Council's investigations into the massive violations of human rights and International humanitarian law perpetrated during the 1994 Rwandan genocide.[2]

He was a visiting professor in Peace Studies and International Relations and Global Politics at The American University of Rome,[4] a visiting professor at the Strathmore University School of Law[5] in Nairobi, Kenya, and RWI visiting professor and doctoral supervisor at Addis Ababa University in Ethiopia.[6]

China

[edit]

From 2001 to 2005, he was an associate professor at the University of Hong Kong Faculty of Law and Director of the Master of Laws in Human Rights.[7]

UN Human Rights Council

[edit]

From September to December 2007 Sunga took leave from the Raoul Wallenberg Institute to work as Geneva-based coordinator of the UN Human Rights Council's Group of Experts on Darfur, mandated to assess the Government of the Sudan's implementation of UN recommendations concerning serious violations of human rights and humanitarian law committed during the war in Darfur.[8]

Russia and Belarus

[edit]

He is also a former Head of the Rule of Law program at The Hague Institute for Global Justice in the Netherlands,[9] and former Special Advisor on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law at the International Development Law Organization in Rome, Italy.[10]

From 2015 to 2021, Sunga gave masters-level human rights classes in UN-sponsored summer programs at Kazan Federal University,[11] Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Perm State University,[12] Voronezh State University[13] and Ural State Law University in Yekaterinburg.[14]

Italy

[edit]

He is an adjunct professor at John Cabot University in Rome, Italy, where he teaches courses on international criminal law, human rights, terrorism and counter-terrorism, public international law, and genocide at the masters and undergraduate levels.[1] He is also an affiliated professor at the Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in Lund University, Sweden.[6]

Teaching

[edit]

Before joining the Raoul Wallenberg Institute, he was a member of the faculty at the University of Hong Kong where he taught classes in law and administered a graduate program in human rights.[15]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b John Cabot University (26 September 2019). "Championing Human Rights: Meet Professor Lyal S. Sunga". John Cabot University News. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
  2. ^ a b "ICTR". voicesofthetribunal.org. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
  3. ^ "Newsletter of the World Conference against Racism Secretariat" (PDF). December 2000.
  4. ^ "The American University of Rome appoints acclaimed Human Rights expert Dr. Lyal S. Sunga". The American University of Rome. 6 October 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
  5. ^ "Strathmore University School of Law".
  6. ^ a b "Lyal S. Sunga". The Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law. 13 May 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
  7. ^ "University of Hong Kong Faculty of Law" (PDF).
  8. ^ "United Nations Group of Experts on Darfur Presents its Final Report to the Human Rights Council". December 2009.
  9. ^ Lyal Sunga (16 February 2022). 2015 Oct 10 Lyal Sunga Comment on US Bombing of Kunduz Hospital for China Central Television (CCTV). Retrieved 9 June 2024 – via YouTube.
  10. ^ "A Critical Appraisal of Laws Relating to Sexual Offences in Bangladesh". IDLO - International Development Law Organization. 16 October 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
  11. ^ "VIII Международная летняя школа Права человека для новых поколений \Международная деятельность - Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет". kpfu.ru. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
  12. ^ "Лаял С. Санга". VII Летняя школа по правам человека (in Russian). Retrieved 9 June 2024.
  13. ^ Lyal Sunga (19 November 2017). 2017 June 29 Interview of Lyal S Sunga at Ural State Law University in Yekaterinburg Russia. Retrieved 9 June 2024 – via YouTube.
  14. ^ "V Summer School on Human Rights (2017)". riuc.ru. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
  15. ^ "The University of Hong Kong Faculty of Law's Master of Laws in Human Rights Programme Details" (PDF).
[edit]
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