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[[File:Halloween-card-mirror-2.jpg|thumb|An early 20th-century [[Halloween]] [[greeting card]] depicts a [[divination]] ritual in which a woman stares into a mirror in a darkened room to catch a glimpse of the face of her future husband. The shadow of a witch is cast onto the wall at left.]]
[[File:Halloween-card-mirror-2.jpg|thumb|An early 20th-century [[Halloween]] [[greeting card]] depicts a [[divination]] ritual in which a woman stares into a mirror in a darkened room to catch a glimpse of the face of her future husband. The shadow of a witch is cast onto the wall at left.]]


'''Bloody Mary''' is a [[legend]] of a [[ghost]], phantom, [[Witchcraft|witch]], or spirit [[Conjuration (summoning)|conjured]] to reveal the future. She is said to appear in a mirror when her name is chanted repeatedly. The Bloody Mary [[Apparitional experience|apparition]] may be [[Wiktionary:benevolent|benevolent]] or [[Wiktionary:malevolent|malevolent]], depending on historic variations of the legend. Bloody Mary appearances are mostly witnessed in group participation play.
'''Bloody Mary''' is a [[legend]] of a [[ghost]], phantom, [[Witchcraft|witch]], or spirit [[Evocation|conjured]] to reveal the future. She is said to appear in a mirror when her name is chanted repeatedly. The Bloody Mary [[Apparitional experience|apparition]] may be [[Wiktionary:benevolent|benevolent]] or [[Wiktionary:malevolent|malevolent]], depending on historic variations of the legend. Bloody Mary appearances are mostly witnessed in group participation play.


==Ritual==
==Ritual==
Historically, the [[divination]] ritual encouraged young women to walk up a flight of stairs backward holding a candle and a hand mirror, in a darkened house. As they gazed into the mirror, they were supposed to be able to catch a view of their future husband's face.<ref name="Ellis" /> There was, however, a chance that they would see a [[Human skull symbolism|skull]] (or the face of the [[Death (personification)|Grim Reaper]]) instead, indicating that they were going to die before they would have the chance to marry.<ref name="Ellis" /><ref name="Hutton" />
Historically, the [[divination]] ritual encouraged young women to walk up a flight of stairs backward holding a candle and a hand mirror, in a darkened house. As they gazed into the mirror, they were supposed to be able to catch a view of their future husband's face.<ref name="Ellis" /> There was, however, a chance that they would see a [[Human skull symbolism|skull]] (or the face of the [[Personifications of death|Grim Reaper]]) instead, indicating that they were going to die before they would have the chance to marry.<ref name="Ellis" /><ref name="Hutton" />


In the [[Urban legends and myths|ritual of today]], Bloody Mary allegedly appears to individuals or groups who ritualistically invoke her name in an act of [[catoptromancy]]. This is done by repeatedly chanting her name into a mirror placed in a dimly lit or candle-lit room. The name must be uttered 13 times (or some other specified number of times).<ref name="Snopes" /> The Bloody Mary apparition allegedly appears as a corpse, witch, and ghost that can either be friendly, evil, or a demonic spirit, and is sometimes seen covered in blood (hence the name). The lore surrounding the ritual states that participants may endure the apparition screaming at them, cursing them, strangling them, stealing their soul, drinking their blood,{{cn|date=April 2023}} or scratching their eyes out.<ref name="Hallow" /> Some variations of the ritual call Bloody Mary by a different name—"Hell Mary" and "Mary Worth" are popular examples.<ref name="Snopes" /> The [[Urban legend|modern legend]] of [[Hanako-san]] in Japan strongly parallels the Bloody Mary mythology.<ref name="DeVos" />
In the [[Urban legends and myths|ritual of today]], Bloody Mary allegedly appears to individuals or groups who ritualistically invoke her name in an act of [[catoptromancy]]. This is done by repeatedly chanting her name into a mirror placed in a dimly lit or candle-lit room. The name must be uttered 3 times (or some other specified number of times).<ref name="Snopes" /> Some stories even say you must chant her name into the bathroom mirror 47 times then she will come out of the mirror.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dundes |first=Alan |date=1998 |title=Bloody Mary in the Mirror: A Ritual Reflection of Pre-Pubescent Anxiety |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1500216 |journal=Western Folklore |volume=57 |issue=2/3 |pages=119–135 |doi=10.2307/1500216 |jstor=1500216 |issn=0043-373X}}</ref> The Bloody Mary apparition allegedly appears as a corpse, witch, and ghost that can either be friendly, evil, or a demonic spirit, and is sometimes seen covered in blood (hence the name). The lore surrounding the ritual states that participants may endure the apparition screaming at them, cursing them, strangling them, stealing their soul, drinking their blood,{{cn|date=April 2023}} or scratching their eyes out.<ref name="Hallow" /> Some variations of the ritual call Bloody Mary by a different name—"Hell Mary" and "Mary Worth" are popular examples.<ref name="Snopes" /> The [[Urban legend|modern legend]] of [[Hanako-san]] in Japan strongly parallels the Bloody Mary mythology.<ref name="DeVos" /> Additionally, in the 1990s the Bloody Mary ritual was represented pop culture and used as a tool to discuss racial and sexual violence and gender oppression.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Godinez |first=Mac |date=2023-11-29 |title=Violent Reflections: Bloody Mary in 1990s Pop Culture |url=https://scholarworks.umass.edu/items/53952287-2d8d-4751-b4fd-445502456dc8 |language=en |doi=10.7275/zmph-jf77 |journal=University of Massachusetts Undergraduate History Journal |volume=7 |issue=1 }}</ref>

==Phenomenon explanations==
Staring into a mirror in a dimly lit room for a prolonged period can cause one to [[hallucinate]].<ref name="Caputo" /> Facial features may appear to "melt", distort, disappear, and rotate, while other hallucinatory elements, such as animal or strange faces, may appear. Giovanni Caputo of the [[University of Urbino]] writes that this phenomenon, which he calls the "strange-face illusion", is believed to be a consequence of a "dissociative identity effect", which causes the brain's facial-recognition system to misfire in a currently unidentified way.<ref name="Caputo" /> Other possible explanations for the phenomenon include illusions attributed, at least partially, to the perceptual effects of [[Troxler's fading]]<ref name="Illusion" /><ref name="Caputo" /> and possibly [[apophenia]],<ref name="WB:patterns">{{Cite web |last=Hillman |first=Keith |date=March 21, 2016 |title=''Pattern Recognition and Your Brain'' |url=http://www.psychology24.org/pattern-recognition-and-your-brain/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606042609/http://www.psychology24.org/pattern-recognition-and-your-brain/ |archive-date=2017-06-06 |access-date=2016-03-21 |website=Psychology.org}}</ref> or even [[self-hypnosis]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}


==Identification==
==Identification==
There is some debate on the identification of Bloody Mary and if she is based on a real woman.<ref name="Curious Archive-2022">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-24|title='Bloody Mary': Is an English Queen Behind the Haunting Urban Legend?|url=https://www.curiousarchive.com/bloody-mary/|access-date=2022-01-26|website=Curious Archive|language=en-GB}}</ref> A number of historical figures have been put forward as candidates for "Mary" including [[Mary I of England]] (daughter of [[Henry VIII]] and [[Catherine of Aragon]]), who had around 300 religious Protestant dissenters burned at the stake during her reign, earning her the nickname "Bloody Mary";<ref name="Curious Archive-2022" /> [[Elizabeth Báthory]], a 17th-century Hungarian countess who allegedly tortured and killed around 660 girls and women, bathed in their blood, and was accused of [[vampirism]];<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-04|title=The Ghost in the Mirror: The Legend of Bloody Mary Revealed|url=https://historycollection.com/ghost-mirror-legend-bloody-mary-revealed/|access-date=2022-01-26|website=HistoryCollection.com|language=en-US}}</ref> and Mary Worth, who has been identified as either a woman who killed slaves escaping the [[American South]] via the [[Underground Railroad]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Legends abound regarding Bloody Mary Worth|url=https://www.shawlocal.com/2013/10/14/legends-abound-regarding-bloody-mary-worth/ano8osd/|access-date=2022-01-26|website=Shaw Local|date=16 October 2013 |language=en}}</ref> or a woman who was burned at the stake during the [[Witch trials in the early modern period]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Laverty|first=Deborah|date=1970|title=Bloody Mary, Marshall County, Iowa|url=https://digital.library.in.gov/Record/WV3_folklore-2723|url-status=live|website=Indiana Memory|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126185833/https://digital.library.in.gov/Record/WV3_folklore-2723 |archive-date=2022-01-26}}</ref>
There is some debate on the identification of Bloody Mary and if she is based on a real woman.<ref name="Curious Archive-2022">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-24|title='Bloody Mary': Is an English Queen Behind the Haunting Urban Legend?|url=https://www.curiousarchive.com/bloody-mary/|access-date=2022-01-26|website=Curious Archive|language=en-GB}}</ref> A number of historical figures have been put forward as candidates for "Mary" including [[Mary I of England]] (daughter of [[Henry VIII]] and [[Catherine of Aragon]]), who had around 300 religious Protestant dissenters burned at the stake during her reign, earning her the nickname "Bloody Mary";<ref name="Curious Archive-2022" /> [[Elizabeth Báthory]], a 17th-century Hungarian countess who allegedly tortured and killed around 660 girls and women, bathed in their blood, and was accused of [[vampirism]];<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-04|title=The Ghost in the Mirror: The Legend of Bloody Mary Revealed|url=https://historycollection.com/ghost-mirror-legend-bloody-mary-revealed/|access-date=2022-01-26|website=HistoryCollection.com|language=en-US}}</ref> and Mary Worth, who has been identified as either a woman who killed slaves escaping the [[American South]] via the [[Underground Railroad]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Legends abound regarding Bloody Mary Worth|url=https://www.shawlocal.com/2013/10/14/legends-abound-regarding-bloody-mary-worth/ano8osd/|access-date=2022-01-26|website=Shaw Local|date=16 October 2013 |language=en}}</ref> or a woman who was burned at the stake during the [[Witch trials in the early modern period]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Laverty|first=Deborah|date=1970|title=Bloody Mary, Marshall County, Iowa|url=https://digital.library.in.gov/Record/WV3_folklore-2723|url-status=live|website=Indiana Memory|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126185833/https://digital.library.in.gov/Record/WV3_folklore-2723 |archive-date=2022-01-26}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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<ref name="Ellis">{{Cite book |last=Ellis |first=Bill |title=Lucifer Ascending: The Occult in Folklore and Popular Culture |publisher=[[University of Kentucky]] Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8131-2289-2}}</ref>
<ref name="Ellis">{{Cite book |last=Ellis |first=Bill |title=Lucifer Ascending: The Occult in Folklore and Popular Culture |publisher=[[University of Kentucky]] Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8131-2289-2}}</ref>
<ref name="Snopes">{{Cite web |last=Staff |title=Urban Legends Reference Pages: Bloody Mary |url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/ghosts/bloodymary.asp |access-date=2020-12-02 |website=[[Snopes]].com|date=27 April 2001 }}</ref>
<ref name="Snopes">{{Cite web |last=Staff |title=Urban Legends Reference Pages: Bloody Mary |url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/ghosts/bloodymary.asp |access-date=2020-12-02 |website=[[Snopes]].com|date=27 April 2001 }}</ref>
<!--
<ref name="Caputo">{{Cite journal |last=Caputo |first=Giovanni B |year=2010 |title=Strange Face in the Mirror Illusion |url=http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=p6466 |url-status=dead |journal=Perception |volume=39 |issue=7 |pages=1007–1008 |doi=10.1068/p6466 |pmid=20842976 |hdl=11576/2502312 |s2cid=32982298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025085513/http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=p6466 |archive-date=2012-10-25 |access-date=October 18, 2012|hdl-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Caputo">{{Cite journal |last=Caputo |first=Giovanni B |year=2010 |title=Strange Face in the Mirror Illusion |url=http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=p6466 |url-status=dead |journal=Perception |volume=39 |issue=7 |pages=1007–1008 |doi=10.1068/p6466 |pmid=20842976 |hdl=11576/2502312 |s2cid=32982298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025085513/http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=p6466 |archive-date=2012-10-25 |access-date=October 18, 2012|hdl-access=free }}</ref>
-->
<ref name="Hutton">{{Cite book |last=Hutton |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/stationsofsunhis0000hutt |title=Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain (registration required) |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-285448-3 |location=Oxford, England |author-link=Ronald Hutton}}</ref>
<ref name="Hutton">{{Cite book |last=Hutton |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/stationsofsunhis0000hutt |title=Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain (registration required) |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-285448-3 |location=Oxford, England |author-link=Ronald Hutton}}</ref>
<ref name="Hallow">{{Cite web |title=Bloody Mary |url=http://www.halloween-website.com/bloody_mary.htm |access-date=November 15, 2018 |website=www.Halloween–Website.com |archive-date=November 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127015553/http://www.halloween-website.com/bloody_mary.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="Hallow">{{Cite web |title=Bloody Mary |url=http://www.halloween-website.com/bloody_mary.htm |access-date=November 15, 2018 |website=www.Halloween–Website.com |archive-date=November 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127015553/http://www.halloween-website.com/bloody_mary.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="DeVos">{{Cite book |last=de Vos |first=Gail |date=2012 |title=What Happens Next? Contemporary Urban Legends and Popular Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HJwCRAlpioC&pg=PA155 |website=ABC-CLIO; p. 155|publisher=Abc-Clio |isbn=9781598846348 }}</ref>
<ref name="DeVos">{{Cite book |last=de Vos |first=Gail |date=2012 |title=What Happens Next? Contemporary Urban Legends and Popular Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HJwCRAlpioC&pg=PA155 |page=155|publisher=Abc-Clio |isbn=9781598846348 }}</ref>
<!--
<ref name="Illusion">{{Cite web |date=December 2013 |title=''An Optical Illusion that Explains the Origins of Imaginary Monsters'' |url=http://io9.com/5906432/an-optical-illusion-that-explains-the-origins-of-imaginary-monsters |access-date=2020-12-02}}</ref>
<ref name="Illusion">{{Cite web |date=December 2013 |title=''An Optical Illusion that Explains the Origins of Imaginary Monsters'' |url=http://io9.com/5906432/an-optical-illusion-that-explains-the-origins-of-imaginary-monsters |access-date=2020-12-02}}</ref>
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}}
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Latest revision as of 17:41, 26 December 2024

An early 20th-century Halloween greeting card depicts a divination ritual in which a woman stares into a mirror in a darkened room to catch a glimpse of the face of her future husband. The shadow of a witch is cast onto the wall at left.

Bloody Mary is a legend of a ghost, phantom, witch, or spirit conjured to reveal the future. She is said to appear in a mirror when her name is chanted repeatedly. The Bloody Mary apparition may be benevolent or malevolent, depending on historic variations of the legend. Bloody Mary appearances are mostly witnessed in group participation play.

Ritual

[edit]

Historically, the divination ritual encouraged young women to walk up a flight of stairs backward holding a candle and a hand mirror, in a darkened house. As they gazed into the mirror, they were supposed to be able to catch a view of their future husband's face.[1] There was, however, a chance that they would see a skull (or the face of the Grim Reaper) instead, indicating that they were going to die before they would have the chance to marry.[1][2]

In the ritual of today, Bloody Mary allegedly appears to individuals or groups who ritualistically invoke her name in an act of catoptromancy. This is done by repeatedly chanting her name into a mirror placed in a dimly lit or candle-lit room. The name must be uttered 3 times (or some other specified number of times).[3] Some stories even say you must chant her name into the bathroom mirror 47 times then she will come out of the mirror.[4] The Bloody Mary apparition allegedly appears as a corpse, witch, and ghost that can either be friendly, evil, or a demonic spirit, and is sometimes seen covered in blood (hence the name). The lore surrounding the ritual states that participants may endure the apparition screaming at them, cursing them, strangling them, stealing their soul, drinking their blood,[citation needed] or scratching their eyes out.[5] Some variations of the ritual call Bloody Mary by a different name—"Hell Mary" and "Mary Worth" are popular examples.[3] The modern legend of Hanako-san in Japan strongly parallels the Bloody Mary mythology.[6] Additionally, in the 1990s the Bloody Mary ritual was represented pop culture and used as a tool to discuss racial and sexual violence and gender oppression.[7]

Identification

[edit]

There is some debate on the identification of Bloody Mary and if she is based on a real woman.[8] A number of historical figures have been put forward as candidates for "Mary" including Mary I of England (daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon), who had around 300 religious Protestant dissenters burned at the stake during her reign, earning her the nickname "Bloody Mary";[8] Elizabeth Báthory, a 17th-century Hungarian countess who allegedly tortured and killed around 660 girls and women, bathed in their blood, and was accused of vampirism;[9] and Mary Worth, who has been identified as either a woman who killed slaves escaping the American South via the Underground Railroad[10] or a woman who was burned at the stake during the Witch trials in the early modern period.[11]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Ellis, Bill (2004). Lucifer Ascending: The Occult in Folklore and Popular Culture. University of Kentucky Press. ISBN 978-0-8131-2289-2.
  2. ^ Hutton, Ronald (2001). Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain (registration required). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285448-3.
  3. ^ a b Staff (27 April 2001). "Urban Legends Reference Pages: Bloody Mary". Snopes.com. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
  4. ^ Dundes, Alan (1998). "Bloody Mary in the Mirror: A Ritual Reflection of Pre-Pubescent Anxiety". Western Folklore. 57 (2/3): 119–135. doi:10.2307/1500216. ISSN 0043-373X. JSTOR 1500216.
  5. ^ "Bloody Mary". www.Halloween–Website.com. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  6. ^ de Vos, Gail (2012). What Happens Next? Contemporary Urban Legends and Popular Culture. Abc-Clio. p. 155. ISBN 9781598846348.
  7. ^ Godinez, Mac (2023-11-29). "Violent Reflections: Bloody Mary in 1990s Pop Culture". University of Massachusetts Undergraduate History Journal. 7 (1). doi:10.7275/zmph-jf77.
  8. ^ a b "'Bloody Mary': Is an English Queen Behind the Haunting Urban Legend?". Curious Archive. 2022-01-24. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
  9. ^ "The Ghost in the Mirror: The Legend of Bloody Mary Revealed". HistoryCollection.com. 2017-11-04. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
  10. ^ "Legends abound regarding Bloody Mary Worth". Shaw Local. 16 October 2013. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
  11. ^ Laverty, Deborah (1970). "Bloody Mary, Marshall County, Iowa". Indiana Memory. Archived from the original on 2022-01-26.
[edit]
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