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{{Short description|1836 opera by Mikhail Glinka}}
{{Infobox opera
{{Infobox opera
| name = A Life for the Tsar
| name = A Life for the Tsar
Line 5: Line 6:
| image_upright = 1.1
| image_upright = 1.1
| caption = [[Osip Petrov]] as Ivan Susanin in the premiere
| caption = [[Osip Petrov]] as Ivan Susanin in the premiere
| native_name = {{lang-ru|"Жизнь за царя"}}, ''Zhizn' za tsarya''
| native_name = {{langx|ru|"Жизнь за царя"}}, ''Zhizn' za tsarya''
| librettist = {{plainlist|
| librettist = {{plainlist|
* [[Nestor Kukolnik]]
* [[Nestor Kukolnik]]
Line 14: Line 15:
| language = Russian
| language = Russian
| based_on =
| based_on =
| premiere_date = {{Start date|1836|12|09|df=y}}
| premiere_date = 9 December 1836 ([[New Style]])
| premiere_location = [[Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre]], Saint Petersburg
| premiere_location = [[Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre]], Saint Petersburg
}}
}}
'''''A Life for the Tsar''''' ({{lang-rus|"Жизнь за царя"|italic=yes|Zhizn za tsarya}} {{Audio|Ru-Zhizn_za_tsarya.ogg|listen}}) is a "patriotic-heroic tragic [[opera]]" in four acts with an epilogue by [[Mikhail Glinka]]. During the Soviet era the opera was known under the name ''[[Ivan Susanin]]'' ({{lang-ru|Иван Сусанин}} {{Audio|Ru-Ivan_Susanin.ogg|listen}}).
'''''A Life for the Tsar''''' ({{lang-rus|Жизнь за царя|Zhizn za tsarya}} {{Audio|Ru-Zhizn_za_tsarya.ogg|listen}}) is a "patriotic-heroic tragic" [[opera]] in four acts with an epilogue by [[Mikhail Glinka]]. During the Soviet era the opera was known under the name ''[[Ivan Susanin]]'' ({{langx|ru|Иван Сусанин|link=no}} {{Audio|Ru-Ivan_Susanin.ogg|listen}}), due to the anti-monarchist [[Censorship in the Soviet Union|censorship]].


The original [[Russian language|Russian]] [[libretto]], based on historical events, was written by [[Nestor Kukolnik]], Egor Fyodorovich (von) Rozen, [[Vladimir Sollogub]] and [[Vasily Zhukovsky]]. It premiered on 27 November 1836 OS (9 December NS) at the [[Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre]] in [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]]. The historical basis of the plot involves [[Ivan Susanin]], a patriotic hero of the early 17th century who died in the expulsion of the invading [[Poland|Polish]] army for the newly elected Tsar Mikhail, the first of the [[House of Romanov|Romanov dynasty]], elected in 1613.<ref name = "OLC143">Osborne (2007) p. 143</ref>
The original Russian [[libretto]], based on historical events, was written by [[Nestor Kukolnik]], Egor Fyodorovich (von) Rozen, [[Vladimir Sollogub]] and [[Vasily Zhukovsky]]. It premiered on 27 November 1836 OS (9 December NS) at the [[Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre]] in [[Saint Petersburg]]. The historical basis of the plot involves [[Ivan Susanin]], a patriotic hero of the early 17th century who died in the expulsion of the invading [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish]] army for the newly elected Tsar [[Michael of Russia]], the first of the [[House of Romanov|Romanov dynasty]], elected in 1613.<ref name=Osborne>{{harvnb|Osborne|2007|p=143}}</ref>


==History==
==History==

===Composition history===
===Composition history===
The plot of ''A Life for the Tsar'' had been used earlier in 1815, when [[Catterino Cavos]], an Italian-Russian composer, had written a two-act [[singspiel]] with the same subject and title. The original title of the opera was to be ''Ivan Susanin'', after the hero, but when [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]] attended a rehearsal, Glinka changed the title to ''A Life for the Tsar'' as an ingratiating gesture.<ref name = "OLC143" /> This title was retained in the [[Russian Empire]].
The plot of ''A Life for the Tsar'' had been used earlier in 1815, when [[Catterino Cavos]], an Italian-Russian composer, had written a two-act [[singspiel]] with the same subject and title. The original title of the opera was to be ''Ivan Susanin'', after the hero, but when [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]] attended a rehearsal, Glinka changed the title to ''A Life for the Tsar'' as an ingratiating gesture.<ref name=Osborne /> This title was retained in the [[Russian Empire]].


In 1924, under the new Soviet regime, it appeared under the title ''Hammer and Sickle'', but that production was not successful and was shelved. On 26 February 1939 it reappeared under the title Glinka had originally chosen, ''Ivan Susanin''.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/page/994 Norman Davies, ''Europe'']</ref>
In 1924, under the new Soviet administration, it appeared under the title ''Hammer and Sickle'', but that production was not successful and was shelved. On 26 February 1939 it reappeared under the title Glinka had originally chosen, ''Ivan Susanin''.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/page/994 Norman Davies, ''Europe'']</ref>


Glinka and the writers with whom he was associated chose, in Susanin, a hero of Russian nationalism well suited to the mood of the time. The opera was immediately hailed as a great success, and became the obligatory season-opener in the Imperial Russian opera theaters. ''A Life for the Tsar'' occupies an important position in Russian musical theater as the first native opera to win a permanent place in the repertoire. It was one of the first Russian operas to be known outside Russia.
Glinka and the writers with whom he was associated chose, in Susanin, a hero of Russian nationalism well suited to the mood of the time. The opera was immediately hailed as a great success, and became the obligatory season-opener in the Imperial Russian opera theaters. ''A Life for the Tsar'' occupies an important position in Russian musical theater as the first native opera to win a permanent place in the repertoire. It was one of the first Russian operas to be known outside Russia.


===Performance history===
===Performance history===
The opera was given its premiere performance on 27 November 1836 in Saint Petersburg conducted by Catterino Cavos with set designs by [[Andreas Roller]]. It was followed several years later with its premiere in [[Moscow]] on 7 September ([[Adoption of the Gregorian calendar#Adoption in Eastern Europe|Old Style]]) 1842 in a new production with sets by Serkov and Shenyan.
The opera was given its premiere performance on 27 November 1836 in Saint Petersburg conducted by Catterino Cavos with set designs by [[Andreas Roller]]. It was followed several years later with its premiere in Moscow on 7 September ([[Adoption of the Gregorian calendar#Adoption in Eastern Europe|Old Style]]) 1842 in a new production with sets by Serkov and Shenyan.
{{multiple image|total_width=400|footer=[[Feodor Chaliapin]] as Susanin|footer_align=center
{| style="float:middle; background:transparent; padding:10px; margin:10px;"
|[[File:Feodor Chaliapin as Ivan Susanin.jpg|thumb|192px|[[Feodor Chaliapin|Fyodor Shalyapin]] as Susanin]]
|image1=Feodor Chaliapin as Ivan Susanin.jpg
|[[File:Chaliapin F. (Шаляпин Ф. И.) 1900х as Ivan Susanin in Glinka's A Life for the Tsar.jpg|thumb|215px|Fyodor Shalyapin as Susanin]]
|image2=Chaliapin F. (Шаляпин Ф. И.) 1900х as Ivan Susanin in Glinka's A Life for the Tsar.jpg
|}
}}
⚫
Glinka's opera was featured heavily throughout the [[Romanov Tercentenary]] celebrations in 1913. It was performed in a gala performance at the [[Mariinsky Theatre]],{{sfn|Figes|2014|pp=4–5, 10}} Schools, regiments, and amateur companies throughout imperial Russia staged performances of ''A Life for the Tsar''. Pamphlets and the penny press printed the story of Susanin "''[[ad nauseam]]''", and one newspaper told how Susanin had showed each and every soldier how to fulfill his oath to the sovereign. The image of the seventeenth-century peasant features prominently at the bottom of the Romanov Monument in [[Kostroma]], where a female [[National personification|personification]] of Russia gives blessings to a kneeling Susanin. In Kostroma, Tsar [[Nicholas II]] was even presented with a group of [[Potemkin village|Potemkin]] peasants who claimed to be descendants of Susanin.{{sfn|Figes|2014|pp=10–11}}

⚫
Glinka's play was featured heavily throughout the [[Romanov tercentenary|Romanov tercentenary celebrations]]. It was performed in a gala performance at the [[Marinsky Theatre]],<ref>Figes, p. 4–5 & 10</ref> Schools, regiments, and amateur companies throughout imperial Russia staged performances of ''A Life for the Tsar.'' Pamphlets and the penny press printed the story of Susanin "''[[ad nauseam]]''", and one newspaper told how Susanin had showed each and every soldier how to fulfill his oath to the sovereign. The image of the seventeenth-century peasant features prominently at the bottom of the Romanov Monument in [[Kostroma]], where a female [[National personification|personification]] of Russia gives blessings to a kneeling Susanin. In Kostroma, [[Tsar Nicholas II]] was even presented with a group of [[Potemkin village|Potemkin]] peasants who claimed to be descendants of Susanin.<ref>Figes, p. 10–11</ref>


===Publication history===
===Publication history===
*1857, [[vocal score|piano-vocal score]], as ''A Life for the Tsar'', [[Fyodor Stellovsky|Stellovsky]], St. Petersburg
*1857, [[piano–vocal score]], as ''A Life for the Tsar'', [[Fyodor Stellovsky|Stellovsky]], Saint Petersburg
*1881, full score, as ''A Life for the Tsar'', Stellovsky, St. Petersburg
*1881, full score, as ''A Life for the Tsar'', Stellovsky, Saint Petersburg
*1907, new edition by [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov|Rimsky-Korsakov]] and [[Alexander Glazunov|Glazunov]], [[Mitrofan Belyayev|Belyayev]], Leipzig
*1907, new edition by [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov|Rimsky-Korsakov]] and [[Alexander Glazunov|Glazunov]], [[Mitrofan Belyayev|Belyayev]], Leipzig
*1942, as ''Ivan Susanin'', [[Muzgiz]]
*1942, as ''Ivan Susanin'', [[Muzgiz]]
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==Influences==
==Influences==
In keeping with Glinka's European training, much of ''A Life for the Tsar'' was structured according to conventional Italian and French models of the period. Nevertheless, several passages in the opera are based on Russian folk songs or folk melodic idioms that become a full part of the musical texture.
In keeping with Glinka's European training, much of ''A Life for the Tsar'' was structured according to conventional Italian and French models of the period. Nevertheless, several passages in the opera are based on Russian folk songs or folk melodic idioms that become a full part of the musical texture.


Most importantly, this opera laid the foundation for the series of Russian nationalistic historical operas continued by works such as [[Alexander Serov|Serov]]'s ''[[Rogneda (opera)|Rogneda]]'', [[Modest Mussorgsky|Mussorgsky]]'s ''[[Boris Godunov (opera)|Boris Godunov]]'', [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov|Rimsky-Korsakov]]'s ''[[The Maid of Pskov|Maid of Pskov]]'', [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]]'s ''[[The Oprichnik]]'' or [[Mazeppa (opera)|''Mazeppa'']], and [[Alexander Borodin|Borodin]]'s ''[[Prince Igor]]''.
Most importantly, this opera laid the foundation for the series of Russian nationalistic historical operas continued by works such as [[Alexander Serov|Serov]]'s ''[[Rogneda (opera)|Rogneda]]'', [[Modest Mussorgsky|Mussorgsky]]'s ''[[Boris Godunov (opera)|Boris Godunov]]'', [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov|Rimsky-Korsakov]]'s ''[[The Maid of Pskov|Maid of Pskov]]'', [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]]'s ''[[The Oprichnik]]'' or [[Mazeppa (opera)|''Mazeppa'']], and [[Alexander Borodin|Borodin]]'s ''[[Prince Igor]]''.
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{|class="wikitable" border="1"
{|class="wikitable" border="1"
!Role
!Role
!Voice type
![[Voice type]]
!World premiere,<br>St. Petersburg<br>27 November ([[Adoption of the Gregorian calendar#Adoption in Eastern Europe|Old Style]]) (9 December, NS) 1836<br>(Conductor: [[Catterino Cavos]])
!World premiere, Saint Petersburg<br>27 November ([[Adoption of the Gregorian calendar#Adoption in Eastern Europe|Old Style]]) (9 December, NS) 1836<br>Conductor: [[Catterino Cavos]]
!Moscow premiere<br>7 September ([[Adoption of the Gregorian calendar#Adoption in Eastern Europe|Old Style]]) 1842<br>(conductor: [[Ivan Iogannis]] )
!Moscow premiere<br>7 September (Old Style) 1842<br>Conductor: Ivan Iogannis
|-
|-
|[[Ivan Susanin]], ''a peasant of the village of Domnino''
|[[Ivan Susanin]], ''a peasant of the village of Domnino''
|[[Bass (voice type)|bass]]
|[[Bass (voice type)|bass]]
|[[Osip Petrov]]
|[[Osip Petrov]]
|[[Dmitriy Kurov]]
|Dmitriy Kurov
|-
|-
|Antonida, ''his daughter''
|Antonida, ''his daughter''
|[[soprano]]
|[[soprano]]
|[[Mariya Matveyevna Stepanova|Mariya Stepanova]]
|[[Mariya Stepanova]]
|[[Mariya Leonova]]
|Mariya Leonova
|-
|-
|Vanya, ''Susanin's adopted son''
|Vanya, ''Susanin's adopted son''
|[[contralto]]
|[[contralto]]
|[[Anna Petrova-Vorobyova]]
|Anna Petrova-Vorobyova
|[[Anfisa Petrova]]
|Anfisa Petrova
|-
|-
|Bogdan Sobinin, ''a militiaman, Antonida's fiance''
|Bogdan Sobinin, ''a militiaman, Antonida's fiance''
|[[tenor]]
|[[tenor]]
|[[Lev Leonov]]
|Lev Leonov
|[[Alexander Bantyshev]]
|[[Alexander Bantyshev]]
|-
|-
|Commander of the Polish Detachment
|Commander of the Polish Detachment
|bass
|[[Bass (voice type)|bass]]
|[[Sergey Baykov]]
|Sergey Baykov
|
|
|-
|-
|A Polish courier
|A Polish courier
|[[tenor]]
|tenor
|[[I. Makarov]]
|I. Makarov
|
|
|-
|-
|Commander of the Russian Detachment
|Commander of the Russian Detachment
|bass
|[[Bass (voice type)|bass]]
|[[Aleksey Yefremov]]
|Aleksey Yefremov
|
|
|-
|-
Line 99: Line 98:


==Performance practice==
==Performance practice==
As popular as the opera was, its [[Monarchism|monarchist]] libretto was an embarrassment to the Soviet state. After some unsuccessful attempts were made to remedy this situation, in 1939 the poet [[Sergey Gorodetsky|S. M. Gorodetsky]] rewrote the text to remove references to the Tsar and otherwise make the libretto politically palatable.<ref>Hodge (1998) p. 4</ref>
As popular as the opera was, its [[Monarchism|monarchist]] libretto was an embarrassment to the Soviet state. After some unsuccessful attempts were made to remedy this situation, in 1939 the poet [[Sergey Gorodetsky|S. M. Gorodetsky]] rewrote the text to remove references to the Tsar and otherwise make the libretto politically palatable.{{sfn|Hodge|1998|p=4}}


==Synopsis==
==Synopsis==
*''Time'': The autumn of 1612 and the winter of 1613.<ref>Act 4 and the Epilogue can contain more than one set of stage decor. For more detailed plot descriptions, see Osborne (2007) p. 144 and Annesley (1920) pp 697-700. Although Annesley states that the libretto was based on [[Prosper Mérimée]]'s ''Les faux Démétrius, épisode de l'histoire de Russie'', that is impossible since the latter was not published until 1853.</ref>
*''Time'': The autumn of 1612 and the winter of 1613.<ref>Act 4 and the Epilogue can contain more than one set of stage decor. For more detailed plot descriptions, see {{harvnb|Osborne|2007|p=144}} and {{harvnb|Annesley|1920|pp=697–700}}. Although Annesley states that the libretto was based on [[Prosper Mérimée]]'s ''Les faux Démétrius, épisode de l'histoire de Russie'', that is impossible since the latter was not published until 1853.</ref>


===Act 1===
===Act 1===
''The village of Domnino''
''The village of [[Domnino]]''


Antonida is eager to marry Sobinin, but her father, Susanin, refuses permission until a Russian has been duly chosen to take the tsar's throne. When Sobinin informs him that the Grand Council in Moscow has chosen a tsar, everyone celebrates.
Antonida is eager to marry Sobinin, but her father, Susanin, refuses permission until a Russian has been duly chosen to take the tsar's throne. When Sobinin informs him that the Grand Council in Moscow has chosen a tsar, everyone celebrates.
Line 112: Line 111:
''Poland''
''Poland''


In a sumptuous hall, the nobility celebrates the Polish dominance over the Russians by singing and dancing. Suddenly, a messenger comes in with the news that Mikhail Romanov has been selected as the tsar of Russia but is now in hiding. The Poles vow to overthrow him.
In a sumptuous hall, the nobility celebrates the Polish dominance over the Russians by singing and dancing. Suddenly, a messenger comes in with the news that Mikhail Romanov has been selected as the tsar of Russia but is now in hiding. The Poles vow to overthrow him.


===Act 3===
===Act 3===
Line 122: Line 121:
''A dense forest''
''A dense forest''
Sobinin reassures his men of the rightness of their mission. When night falls, in a part of the forest near a monastery, Vanya knocks at the gates and alerts the inhabitants to spirit the tsar away. Susanin has led the suspicious Polish troops into an impassable, snow-covered area of the forest. The Poles sleep while Susanin waits for the dawn and bids farewell to his children. A blizzard sets in, and when day breaks, the Poles awake. They realise that Susanin has deceived them and so kill him.[[File:Piazza del Kremlin, bozzetto di artista ignoto per Una vita per lo Czar (1874) - Archivio Storico Ricordi ICON007459.jpg|thumb|Set design for the epilogue]]
Sobinin reassures his men of the rightness of their mission. When night falls, in a part of the forest near a monastery, Vanya knocks at the gates and alerts the inhabitants to spirit the tsar away. Susanin has led the suspicious Polish troops into an impassable, snow-covered area of the forest. The Poles sleep while Susanin waits for the dawn and bids farewell to his children. A blizzard sets in, and when day breaks, the Poles awake. They realise that Susanin has deceived them and so kill him.
[[File:Piazza del Kremlin, bozzetto di artista ignoto per Una vita per lo Czar (1874) - Archivio Storico Ricordi ICON007459.jpg|thumb|Set design for the epilogue]]

===Epilogue===
===Epilogue===
''[[Red Square]], [[Moscow]]''.
''[[Red Square]], Moscow''.


Across the stage walks a crowd of people, celebrating the triumph of the new tsar. Alone in their own solemn procession, Antonida, Sobinin and Vanya mourn Susanin. A detachment of Russian troops comes upon them, discovers their connection with Susanin and comforts them. As the scene changes to Red Square, the people proclaim glory to the tsar and to Susanin's memory.
Across the stage walks a crowd of people, celebrating the triumph of the new tsar. Alone in their own solemn procession, Antonida, Sobinin and Vanya mourn Susanin. A detachment of Russian troops comes upon them, discovers their connection with Susanin and comforts them. As the scene changes to Red Square, the people proclaim glory to the tsar and to Susanin's memory.


==Principal arias and numbers==
==Principal arias and numbers==
{{Listen|type=music|filename=|title=Overture|description=Performed by the [[Amsterdam Philharmonic Orchestra]], under the baton of [[Pierre Dervaux]]}}
:''Overture''
:''Overture''
'''Act 1'''
'''Act 1'''
:''Cavatina and Rondo'': "To the field, to the field," «В поле, в поле» (Antonida)
:''Cavatina and Rondo'': "To the field, to the field," «В поле, в поле» (Antonida)
'''Act 2'''
'''Act 2'''
:''Chorus'': [[Polonaise (dance)|Polonaise]], Полонез
:''Chorus'': [[Polonaise]], Полонез
:''Dance'': [[Krakowiak]], Краковяк
:''Dance'': [[Krakowiak]], Краковяк
:''Dance'': [[Waltz]], Вальс
:''Dance'': [[Waltz]], Вальс
Line 143: Line 143:
:''Aria'': "Brother in the darkness we are not able to find our enemy," No. 18; (Sobinine)
:''Aria'': "Brother in the darkness we are not able to find our enemy," No. 18; (Sobinine)
:''Aria'': "They sense the truth!", «Чуют правду!» No. 21; (Susanin)
:''Aria'': "They sense the truth!", «Чуют правду!» No. 21; (Susanin)
{{Listen|type=music|filename=Куранты - Славься.ogg|title=''Glory'' (0:07)|description=Music of [[Kremlin]] chimes is played at 3 and 9 am and pm. Chimes play the melody of the chorus "Glory" from the opera "A Life for the Tsar." The playback rhythm has been increased for the easy recognition of the melody.}}
{{Listen|type=music|filename=Куранты - Славься.ogg|title="Glory"|description=Music of [[Kremlin]] chimes is played at 3 and 9 am and pm. Chimes play the melody of the chorus "Glory". The playback rhythm has been increased for the easy recognition of the melody.}}
'''Epilogue'''
'''Epilogue'''
:''Chorus'': "[[Slavsya|Glory, Glory to you, our Russian Tsar]]!", «Славься, славься, нашъ русскiй Царь!» (People)
:''Chorus'': "[[Slavsya|Glory, Glory to you, our Russian Tsar]]!", «Славься, славься, нашъ русскiй Царь!» (People)


Orchestral excerpts heard in the concert hall consist largely of the [[overture]] and the Polish numbers of the second act. Another excerpt that is also used by concert bands and military bands is the ''Slavsya'' finale arranged for wind band as a fanfare. It is famous for being used in the [[Moscow Victory Parade of 1945]] and in other military parades since then. It is also a sung piece by choral groups. The finale piece was adapted for and has been also part of the repertoire of the world-famous [[Alexandrov Ensemble]] since 2004.
Orchestral excerpts heard in the concert hall consist largely of the [[overture]] and the Polish numbers of the second act. Another excerpt that is also used by concert bands and military bands is the ''Slavsya'' finale arranged for wind band as a fanfare. It is famous for being used in the [[1945 Moscow Victory Parade]] and in other military parades since then. It is also a sung piece by choral groups. The finale piece was adapted for and has been also part of the repertoire of the world-famous [[Alexandrov Ensemble]] since 2004.


==Instrumentation==
==Instrumentation==
Line 153: Line 153:


==Recordings==
==Recordings==
Source: [http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLGLLIFE.HTM operadis-opera-discography.org.uk]
Source:<ref>[https://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLGLLIFE.HTM "There are 12 recordings of ''A Life for the Tsar'' &#91;''Ivan Susanin''&#93; by Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka on file"], operadis-opera-discography.org.uk</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
!Year
! Year
!Conductor w/orch./chor.
! Conductor, chorus, orchestra
!Susanin
! Susanin
!Antonida
! Antonida
!Sobinin
! Sobinin
!Vanya
! Vanya
!Notes
! Notes
|-
|-
|1947
| 1947
|[[Alexander Melik-Pashayev]], Bolshoi Theatre Chorus and Orchestra
| [[Aleksandr Melik-Pashayev]], Bolshoi Theatre Chorus and Orchestra
|[[Maxim Mikhailov]]
| [[Maxim Mikhailov]]
|Natalya Shpiller
| [[Natalia Shpiller|Natalya Shpiller]]
|[[Georgii Nelepp|Georgi Nelepp]]
| [[Georgii Nelepp]]
|Elizaveta Antonova
| Elizaveta Antonova
|
|
|-
|-
|1950
| 1950
|[[Vasily Nebolsin]], Bolshoi Theatre Chorus and Orchestra
| [[Vassili Nebolsin]], Bolshoi Theatre Chorus and Orchestra
|[[Mark Reizen]]
| [[Mark Reizen]]
|Elizaveta Shumskaya
| Elizaveta Shumskaya
|[[Georgii Nelepp|Georgi Nelepp]]
| Georgi Nelepp
|Irina Sokolova
| Irina Sokolova
|
|
|-
|-
|1954
| 1954
|Alfredo Simonetto, RAI Milano Chorus and Orchestra
| Alfredo Simonetto, RAI Milano Chorus and Orchestra
|[[Boris Christoff]]
| [[Boris Christoff]]
|[[Virginia Zeani]]
| [[Virginia Zeani]]
|[[Giuseppe Campora]]
| [[Giuseppe Campora]]
|Anna Maria Rota
| Anna Maria Rota
|in Italian
| Live in Italian
|
|-
|-
|1955
| 1955
|[[Oskar Danon]], Yugoslav Army Chorus and Belgrade National Opera Orchestra
| [[Oskar Danon]], Yugoslav Army Chorus and Belgrade National Opera Orchestra
|[[Miroslav Čangalović]]
| [[Miroslav Čangalović]]
|Marija Glavačević
| Marija Glavačević
|Drago Starc
| Drago Starc
|Milica Miladinović
| Milica Miladinović
|
|
|-
|-
|1957
| 1957
|[[Igor Markevitch]], Belgrade Opera Chorus and Orchestre Lamoureux
| [[Igor Markevitch]], Belgrade Opera Chorus and Orchestre Lamoureux
|[[Boris Christoff]]
| [[Boris Christoff]]
|[[Teresa Stich-Randall]]
| [[Teresa Stich-Randall]]
|[[Nicolai Gedda]]
| [[Nicolai Gedda]]
|Melanija Bugarinović
| Melanija Bugarinović
|
|
|-
|-
|1957
| 1957
|[[Boris Khaikin]], Bolshoi Theatre Chorus and Orchestra
| [[Boris Khaikin]], Bolshoi Theatre Chorus and Orchestra
|[[Ivan Petrov]]
| [[Ivan Ivanovich Petrov|Ivan Petrov]]
|Vera Firsova
| Vera Firsova
|Nikolai Gres
| Nikolai Gres
|Valentina Klepatskaya
| Valentina Klepatskaya
|
|
|-
|-
|1979
| 1979
|[[Mark Ermler]], USSR Bolshoi Theatre Chorus and Orchestra
| [[Mark Ermler]], USSR Bolshoi Theatre Chorus and Orchestra
|[[Evgeny Nesterenko]]
| [[Yevgeny Nesterenko]]
|Bela Rudenko
| Bela Rudenko
|Vladimir Shcherbakov
| Vladimir Shcherbakov
|[[Tamara Sinyavskaya]]
| [[Tamara Sinyavskaya]]
|
|
|-
|-
|1986
| 1986
|Ivan Marinov, Sofia National Opera Chorus and Orchestra
| Ivan Marinov, Sofia National Opera Chorus and Orchestra
|[[Nicola Ghiuselev]]
| [[Nicola Ghiuselev]]
|Elena Stoyanova
| Elena Stoyanova
|Roumen Doikov
| Roumen Doikov
|Hristina Angelakova
| Hristina Angelakova
|
|
|-
|-
|1989
| 1989
|[[Emil Tchakarov]], Sofia National Opera Chorus and Sofia Festival Orchestra
| [[Emil Tchakarov]], Sofia National Opera Chorus and Sofia Festival Orchestra
|Boris Martinovich
| Boris Martinovich
|[[Alexandrina Pendatchanska]]
| [[Alexandrina Pendatchanska]]
|[[Chris Merritt]]
| [[Chris Merritt]]
|[[Stefania Toczyska]]
| [[Stefania Toczyska]]
|
|
|-
|-
|1992
| 1992
|[[Alexander Lazarev]], Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra and Chorus
| [[Alexander Lazarev]], Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra and Chorus
|[[Evgeny Nesterenko]]
| Yevgeny Nesterenko
|Marina Mescheriakova
| Marina Mescheriakova
|Alexander Lomonosov
| Alexander Lomonosov
|[[Elena Zaremba]]
| [[Elena Zaremba]]
|Live DVD
| Live DVD
|-
|}
|}


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==Sources==
==Sources==
*Annesley, Charles (pseudonym of Charles and Anna Tittmann) (1920). [https://archive.org/details/stdoperaglassdet00anne ''The Standard Operaglass: Detailed Plots of Two Hundred and Thirty-Five Celebrated Operas'']. Brentanos
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Annesley|1920}}|reference=Annesley, Charles (pseudonym of Charles and Anna Tittmann) (1920). [https://archive.org/details/stdoperaglassdet00anne ''The Standard Operaglass: Detailed Plots of Two Hundred and Thirty-Five Celebrated Operas'']. Brentanos}}
* {{cite book|last1=Figes|first1=Orlando|title=A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924|year=2014|publisher=The Bodley Head|location=London|isbn=9781847922915}}
*Hodge, Thomas P. (1998). [https://books.google.com/books?id=EjDfoL-95eEC&pg=PA3 "Susanin, Two Glinkas and Ryleev: History-Making in ''A Life for the Tsar''"] in Wachtel, Andrew ed. ''Intersections and Transpositions: Russian Music, Literature, and Society''. Northwestern University Press. {{ISBN|0-8101-1580-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Hodge|first=Thomas P.|year=1998|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EjDfoL-95eEC&pg=PA3|chapter=Susanin, Two Glinkas and Ryleev: History-Making in ''A Life for the Tsar''|editor-last=Wachtel|editor-first=Andrew|editor-link=Andrew Wachtel|title=Intersections and Transpositions: Russian Music, Literature, and Society|publisher=Northwestern University Press|isbn=0-8101-1580-8}}
*Osborne, Charles (2007). [https://archive.org/details/operaloverscompa0000osbo/page/143 ''The Opera Lover's Companion'']. Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-12373-6}}
* {{cite book|last1=Figes|first1=Orlando|title=A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924|publisher=The Bodley Head|location=London|isbn=9781847922915}}
* {{cite book|last=Osborne|first=Charles|author-link=Charles Osborne (music writer)|year=2007|title=The Opera Lover's Companion|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-12373-6}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|A Life for the Tsar}}
{{Commons category|A Life for the Tsar}}
* {{IMSLP2|work=A Life for the Tsar (Glinka, Mikhail Ivanovich)|cname=A Life for the Tsar}}
* {{IMSLP|work=A Life for the Tsar (Glinka, Mikhail)|cname=''A Life for the Tsar'' (Glinka)}}
*[https://archive.org/details/lp_ivan-susanin-or-a-life-for-the-tsar_mikhail-ivanovich-glinka-miroslav-angalovi A digitized LP of the Danon recording] featuring scans of the libretto in Russian and English


{{Mikhail Glinka}}
{{Mikhail Glinka}}
{{Portal bar|Opera}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Life for the Tsar, A}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Life for the Tsar, A}}
[[Category:1836 operas]]
[[Category:1836 operas]]
[[Category:Operas set in the 17th century]]
[[Category:Operas by Mikhail Glinka]]
[[Category:Operas by Mikhail Glinka]]
[[Category:Russian-language operas]]
[[Category:Russian-language operas]]
[[Category:Operas]]
[[Category:Operas]]
[[Category:Polish–Russian wars]]
[[Category:Operas set in Russia]]
[[Category:Operas set in Russia]]
[[Category:Operas set in Poland]]
[[Category:Operas set in Poland]]

Latest revision as of 17:57, 26 December 2024

A Life for the Tsar
Opera by Mikhail Glinka
Osip Petrov as Ivan Susanin in the premiere
Native title
Russian: "Жизнь за царя", Zhizn' za tsarya
Librettist
LanguageRussian
Premiere
9 December 1836 (New Style)
Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre, Saint Petersburg

A Life for the Tsar (Russian: Жизнь за царя, romanized: Zhizn za tsarya listenⓘ) is a "patriotic-heroic tragic" opera in four acts with an epilogue by Mikhail Glinka. During the Soviet era the opera was known under the name Ivan Susanin (Russian: Иван Сусанин listenⓘ), due to the anti-monarchist censorship.

The original Russian libretto, based on historical events, was written by Nestor Kukolnik, Egor Fyodorovich (von) Rozen, Vladimir Sollogub and Vasily Zhukovsky. It premiered on 27 November 1836 OS (9 December NS) at the Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre in Saint Petersburg. The historical basis of the plot involves Ivan Susanin, a patriotic hero of the early 17th century who died in the expulsion of the invading Polish army for the newly elected Tsar Michael of Russia, the first of the Romanov dynasty, elected in 1613.[1]

History

[edit]

Composition history

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The plot of A Life for the Tsar had been used earlier in 1815, when Catterino Cavos, an Italian-Russian composer, had written a two-act singspiel with the same subject and title. The original title of the opera was to be Ivan Susanin, after the hero, but when Nicholas I attended a rehearsal, Glinka changed the title to A Life for the Tsar as an ingratiating gesture.[1] This title was retained in the Russian Empire.

In 1924, under the new Soviet administration, it appeared under the title Hammer and Sickle, but that production was not successful and was shelved. On 26 February 1939 it reappeared under the title Glinka had originally chosen, Ivan Susanin.[2]

Glinka and the writers with whom he was associated chose, in Susanin, a hero of Russian nationalism well suited to the mood of the time. The opera was immediately hailed as a great success, and became the obligatory season-opener in the Imperial Russian opera theaters. A Life for the Tsar occupies an important position in Russian musical theater as the first native opera to win a permanent place in the repertoire. It was one of the first Russian operas to be known outside Russia.

Performance history

[edit]

The opera was given its premiere performance on 27 November 1836 in Saint Petersburg conducted by Catterino Cavos with set designs by Andreas Roller. It was followed several years later with its premiere in Moscow on 7 September (Old Style) 1842 in a new production with sets by Serkov and Shenyan.

Feodor Chaliapin as Susanin

Glinka's opera was featured heavily throughout the Romanov Tercentenary celebrations in 1913. It was performed in a gala performance at the Mariinsky Theatre,[3] Schools, regiments, and amateur companies throughout imperial Russia staged performances of A Life for the Tsar. Pamphlets and the penny press printed the story of Susanin "ad nauseam", and one newspaper told how Susanin had showed each and every soldier how to fulfill his oath to the sovereign. The image of the seventeenth-century peasant features prominently at the bottom of the Romanov Monument in Kostroma, where a female personification of Russia gives blessings to a kneeling Susanin. In Kostroma, Tsar Nicholas II was even presented with a group of Potemkin peasants who claimed to be descendants of Susanin.[4]

Publication history

[edit]

Influences

[edit]

In keeping with Glinka's European training, much of A Life for the Tsar was structured according to conventional Italian and French models of the period. Nevertheless, several passages in the opera are based on Russian folk songs or folk melodic idioms that become a full part of the musical texture.

Most importantly, this opera laid the foundation for the series of Russian nationalistic historical operas continued by works such as Serov's Rogneda, Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov, Rimsky-Korsakov's Maid of Pskov, Tchaikovsky's The Oprichnik or Mazeppa, and Borodin's Prince Igor.

Roles

[edit]
Role Voice type World premiere, Saint Petersburg
27 November (Old Style) (9 December, NS) 1836
Conductor: Catterino Cavos 		Moscow premiere
7 September (Old Style) 1842
Conductor: Ivan Iogannis
Ivan Susanin, a peasant of the village of Domnino bass Osip Petrov Dmitriy Kurov
Antonida, his daughter soprano Mariya Stepanova Mariya Leonova
Vanya, Susanin's adopted son contralto Anna Petrova-Vorobyova Anfisa Petrova
Bogdan Sobinin, a militiaman, Antonida's fiance tenor Lev Leonov Alexander Bantyshev
Commander of the Polish Detachment bass Sergey Baykov
A Polish courier tenor I. Makarov
Commander of the Russian Detachment bass Aleksey Yefremov
Chorus and silent: Peasant men and women, militiamen, Polish nobles and ladies, knights

Performance practice

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As popular as the opera was, its monarchist libretto was an embarrassment to the Soviet state. After some unsuccessful attempts were made to remedy this situation, in 1939 the poet S. M. Gorodetsky rewrote the text to remove references to the Tsar and otherwise make the libretto politically palatable.[5]

Synopsis

[edit]
  • Time: The autumn of 1612 and the winter of 1613.[6]

Act 1

[edit]

The village of Domnino

Antonida is eager to marry Sobinin, but her father, Susanin, refuses permission until a Russian has been duly chosen to take the tsar's throne. When Sobinin informs him that the Grand Council in Moscow has chosen a tsar, everyone celebrates.

Act 2

[edit]

Poland

In a sumptuous hall, the nobility celebrates the Polish dominance over the Russians by singing and dancing. Suddenly, a messenger comes in with the news that Mikhail Romanov has been selected as the tsar of Russia but is now in hiding. The Poles vow to overthrow him.

Act 3

[edit]

Susanin's cabin

Susanin and his adopted son, Vanya, pledge to defend the new tsar. Susanin blesses Sobinin and Antonida on their upcoming wedding when a detachment of Polish soldiers bursts in to demand the tsar's whereabouts. Instead, Susanin sends Vanya to warn the tsar while Susanin leads the soldiers off the trail into the woods. Antonida is devastated. Sobinin gathers some men to go on a rescue mission.

Act 4

[edit]

A dense forest

Sobinin reassures his men of the rightness of their mission. When night falls, in a part of the forest near a monastery, Vanya knocks at the gates and alerts the inhabitants to spirit the tsar away. Susanin has led the suspicious Polish troops into an impassable, snow-covered area of the forest. The Poles sleep while Susanin waits for the dawn and bids farewell to his children. A blizzard sets in, and when day breaks, the Poles awake. They realise that Susanin has deceived them and so kill him.

Set design for the epilogue

Epilogue

[edit]

Red Square, Moscow.

Across the stage walks a crowd of people, celebrating the triumph of the new tsar. Alone in their own solemn procession, Antonida, Sobinin and Vanya mourn Susanin. A detachment of Russian troops comes upon them, discovers their connection with Susanin and comforts them. As the scene changes to Red Square, the people proclaim glory to the tsar and to Susanin's memory.

Principal arias and numbers

[edit]
Overture

Act 1

Cavatina and Rondo: "To the field, to the field," «В поле, в поле» (Antonida)

Act 2

Chorus: Polonaise, Полонез
Dance: Krakowiak, Краковяк
Dance: Waltz, Вальс
Dance: Mazurka, Мазурка

Act 3

Song: "When they killed the little bird's mother," «Как мать убили у малого птенца» (Vanya)

Act 4

Aria: "Brother in the darkness we are not able to find our enemy," No. 18; (Sobinine)
Aria: "They sense the truth!", «Чуют правду!» No. 21; (Susanin)
"Glory"
Music of Kremlin chimes is played at 3 and 9 am and pm. Chimes play the melody of the chorus "Glory". The playback rhythm has been increased for the easy recognition of the melody.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Epilogue

Chorus: "Glory, Glory to you, our Russian Tsar!", «Славься, славься, нашъ русскiй Царь!» (People)

Orchestral excerpts heard in the concert hall consist largely of the overture and the Polish numbers of the second act. Another excerpt that is also used by concert bands and military bands is the Slavsya finale arranged for wind band as a fanfare. It is famous for being used in the 1945 Moscow Victory Parade and in other military parades since then. It is also a sung piece by choral groups. The finale piece was adapted for and has been also part of the repertoire of the world-famous Alexandrov Ensemble since 2004.

Instrumentation

[edit]

The opera is scored for two flutes, two oboes (second oboe doubling cor anglais), two clarinets (in B flat and A), two bassoons, four horns, two clarino natural trumpets, three trombones, ophicleide, timpani, bells, harp, strings, as well as two offstage wind bands or concert bands, offstage clarinet in A, offstage chromatic (valved) trumpet, offstage drum, offstage bells. Some pieces are also scored for full orchestra, including the dance segments. The finale piece, another popular composition played in patriotic concerts and other events, can be also arranged for a full military band or concert band with the bells and chromatic trumpets and also for the Balalaika and the Bayan accordion, as heard in several cover versions.

Recordings

[edit]

Source:[7]

Year Conductor, chorus, orchestra Susanin Antonida Sobinin Vanya Notes
1947 Aleksandr Melik-Pashayev, Bolshoi Theatre Chorus and Orchestra Maxim Mikhailov Natalya Shpiller Georgii Nelepp Elizaveta Antonova
1950 Vassili Nebolsin, Bolshoi Theatre Chorus and Orchestra Mark Reizen Elizaveta Shumskaya Georgi Nelepp Irina Sokolova
1954 Alfredo Simonetto, RAI Milano Chorus and Orchestra Boris Christoff Virginia Zeani Giuseppe Campora Anna Maria Rota Live in Italian
1955 Oskar Danon, Yugoslav Army Chorus and Belgrade National Opera Orchestra Miroslav Čangalović Marija Glavačević Drago Starc Milica Miladinović
1957 Igor Markevitch, Belgrade Opera Chorus and Orchestre Lamoureux Boris Christoff Teresa Stich-Randall Nicolai Gedda Melanija Bugarinović
1957 Boris Khaikin, Bolshoi Theatre Chorus and Orchestra Ivan Petrov Vera Firsova Nikolai Gres Valentina Klepatskaya
1979 Mark Ermler, USSR Bolshoi Theatre Chorus and Orchestra Yevgeny Nesterenko Bela Rudenko Vladimir Shcherbakov Tamara Sinyavskaya
1986 Ivan Marinov, Sofia National Opera Chorus and Orchestra Nicola Ghiuselev Elena Stoyanova Roumen Doikov Hristina Angelakova
1989 Emil Tchakarov, Sofia National Opera Chorus and Sofia Festival Orchestra Boris Martinovich Alexandrina Pendatchanska Chris Merritt Stefania Toczyska
1992 Alexander Lazarev, Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra and Chorus Yevgeny Nesterenko Marina Mescheriakova Alexander Lomonosov Elena Zaremba Live DVD

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Osborne 2007, p. 143
  2. ^ Norman Davies, Europe
  3. ^ Figes 2014, pp. 4–5, 10.
  4. ^ Figes 2014, pp. 10–11.
  5. ^ Hodge 1998, p. 4.
  6. ^ Act 4 and the Epilogue can contain more than one set of stage decor. For more detailed plot descriptions, see Osborne 2007, p. 144 and Annesley 1920, pp. 697–700. Although Annesley states that the libretto was based on Prosper Mérimée's Les faux Démétrius, épisode de l'histoire de Russie, that is impossible since the latter was not published until 1853.
  7. ^ "There are 12 recordings of A Life for the Tsar [Ivan Susanin] by Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka on file", operadis-opera-discography.org.uk

Sources

[edit]
  • Annesley, Charles (pseudonym of Charles and Anna Tittmann) (1920). The Standard Operaglass: Detailed Plots of Two Hundred and Thirty-Five Celebrated Operas. Brentanos
  • Figes, Orlando (2014). A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924. London: The Bodley Head. ISBN 9781847922915.
  • Hodge, Thomas P. (1998). "Susanin, Two Glinkas and Ryleev: History-Making in A Life for the Tsar". In Wachtel, Andrew (ed.). Intersections and Transpositions: Russian Music, Literature, and Society. Northwestern University Press. ISBN 0-8101-1580-8.
  • Osborne, Charles (2007). The Opera Lover's Companion. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-12373-6.
[edit]
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