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{{short description|Species of mammal}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2010}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2010}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| name = Southern bog lemming
| name = Southern bog lemming
| image = Synaptomys cooperi.jpg
| image = Synaptomys cooperi.jpg
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = iucn3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2009.2|assessor=Linzey, A.V.|assessor2=Hammerson, G.|last-assessor-amp=yes|year=2008|id= 42639|title=Synaptomys cooperi|downloaded=4 February 2010}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn|author=Cassola, F.|year=2016|title=''Synaptomys cooperi''|errata=2017|page=e.T42639A115198182|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42639A22377358.en|access-date=9 September 2023}}</ref>
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| genus = Synaptomys
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| species = cooperi
⚫
| authority = [[Spencer Fullerton Baird|Baird]], 1857
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
⚫
| range_map = Southern Bog Lemming Synaptomys cooperi distribution map.png
| ordo = [[Rodent]]ia
⚫
| range_map_caption = Southern bog lemming range<ref name=iucn/>
| familia = [[Cricetidae]]
| genus = ''[[Bog lemming|Synaptomys]]''
| species = '''''S. cooperi'''''
| binomial = ''Synaptomys cooperi''
⚫
| binomial_authority = ([[Spencer Fullerton Baird|Baird]], 1857)
⚫
| range_map = File:Southern Bog Lemming Synaptomys cooperi distribution map.png
⚫
| range_map_caption = Southern Bog Lemming range<ref name=iucn/>
}}
}}


The '''southern bog lemming''' (''Synaptomys cooperi'') is a small [[North America]]n [[lemming]]. Its range overlaps with the other species in genus ''Synaptomys'', the [[northern bog lemming]], in southeastern [[Canada]] but extends further south.
The '''southern bog lemming''' ('''''Synaptomys cooperi''''') is a small [[North America]]n [[lemming]]. Its range overlaps with the other species in genus ''Synaptomys'', the [[northern bog lemming]], in southeastern [[Canada]], but extends farther south.


==Description==
==Description==
The southern bog lemmings are small mammals that are more closely related to voles. They are covered with thick brownish fur on the back ranges in color from reddish to dark brown and have a grizzled appearance. The belly is silver-gray. The grooved upper incisors and a relatively shorter tail distinguish this species from other voles. They have relatively large head and small eyes. The ears barely show through puffy head fur. The southern bog lemmings have 4 toes and 1 small, nailed thumb on the forefeet and 5 toes on the hind feet. Females have 6 mammary glands, which distinguishes this species from its closest relative, northern bog lemmings, which have 8 mammary glands.<ref name="Wetzel">{{cite journal|last1=Wetzel|first1=R.|title=Speciation and dispersal of the southern bog lemming|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|date=Feb 1955 |volume=36|issue=1|page=1|doi=10.2307/1375717}}</ref> They have round thick bodies covered with grey-brown fur with silver grey underparts. They have a large head, short legs and a short tail which is lighter underneath. Their small ears are barely visible through their fur. Their upper incisors are grooved. They are {{convert|13|cm|in}} long with a {{convert|2|cm|in}} tail and weigh about {{convert|35|g|oz}}.
Southern bog lemmings are covered with thick, brownish fur on their backs that ranges in color from reddish to dark brown and have a grizzled appearance. The belly is silver-gray. The shallow-grooved upper incisors and a relatively shorter tail distinguish this species from other rodents.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mammals of Indiana|last=Whitaker|first=John|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-22213-8|location=Bloomington, IA|pages=218–220}}</ref> They have relatively large heads and small eyes. The ears barely show through puffy head fur. Southern bog lemmings have four toes and one small, nailed thumb on the forefeet and five toes on the hind feet. Females have six teats, which distinguishes this species from its closest relative, [[Northern bog lemming|northern bog lemmings]], which have eight.<ref name="Wetzel">{{cite journal|last1=Wetzel|first1=R.|title=Speciation and dispersal of the southern bog lemming|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|date=Feb 1955 |volume=36|issue=1|page=1|doi=10.2307/1375717|jstor=1375717}}</ref> <!-- They have round, thick bodies covered with grey-brown fur with silver grey underparts. --> They have a large head, short legs, and a short tail which is lighter underneath. Their upper incisors are grooved. They are {{convert|13|cm|in|abbr=on}} long with a {{convert|2|cm|adj=on|in|abbr=on}} tail and weigh about {{convert|35|g|oz|abbr=on}}.


==Range and Habitat==
==Range and habitat==
Southern bog lemmings are found in eastern North America, from southern Quebec and Manitoba in Canada to western Minnesota, to southwestern Kansas, and east to the Atlantic coast of the United States. This species is more common in deciduous and mixed coniferous –deciduous forests. The grassy openings and edges of these forests, especially where sedges, ferns and shrubs grow and when the soil is loose and crumbly, are habitats the bog lemming prefers. It also inhibits wetter and drier sites when meadow voles are scarce or absent. The southern bog lemmings create a maze of interconnecting tunnels and runways and build nests from plant fibers. Summer nests are on the surface of the ground or in a clump of sedges or grasses but winter nests are usually underground in an enlarged tunnel. These animals are found in mixed forests, wetlands and grasslands in eastern [[North America]].<ref name="Gaines">{{cite journal|last1=Gaines|first1=M|last2=Baker|first2=C|last3=Vivas|first3=A|title=Demographic attributes of dispersing southern bog lemmings (Synaptonmys cooperi) in eastern Kansas: Oecologia|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|date=1 Jan 1979|volume=40|issue=1|pages=91–101|doi=10.1007/bf00388813}}</ref>
Southern bog lemmings are found in eastern North America, from southern Quebec and Manitoba in Canada to western Minnesota, to northwestern Georgia, to southwest Kansas, and east to the Atlantic Coast of the United States. This species is more common in deciduous and mixed coniferous–deciduous forests. The grassy openings and edges of these forests, especially where sedges, ferns, and shrubs grow and when the soil is loose and crumbly, are habitats the bog lemming prefers. It also inhabits wetter and drier sites when meadow voles are scarce or absent. The southern bog lemming creates a maze of interconnecting tunnels and runways and builds nests from plant fibers. Summer nests are on the surface of the ground or in a clump of sedges or grasses, but winter nests are usually underground in an enlarged tunnel. These animals are found in mixed forests, wetlands, and grasslands.<ref name="Gaines">{{cite journal|last1=Gaines|first1=M|last2=Baker|first2=C|last3=Vivas|first3=A|title=Demographic attributes of dispersing southern bog lemmings (Synaptonmys cooperi) in eastern Kansas: Oecologia|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|date=1 Jan 1979|volume=40|issue=1|pages=91–101|doi=10.1007/bf00388813|pmid=28309606|bibcode=1979Oecol..40...91G|s2cid=19717184|doi-access=}}</ref>


==Diet and feeding behavior==
==Diet and feeding behavior==
Fresh vegetation, especially the leaves, stems, seeds heads and roots of grasses and sedges is the main food of this species. Raspberries, blueberries and other fruits, insects, fungi and bark form a lesser part of the diet. They cache grasses and sedge stems in underground chambers. The southern bog lemmings are more active during night .They don’t hibernate. They live in groups of a few to several dozen individuals.<ref name=Krupa>{{cite journal|last1=Krupa|first1=J|last2=Haskins|first2=K|title=Invasion of the Meadow Vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) in Southeastern Kentucky and Its Possible Impact on the Southern Bog Lemming (Synaptomys cooperi)|journal=American Midland Naturalist|date=Jan 1996|volume=135|issue=1|pages=14–22|doi=10.2307/2426867|jstor=2426867}}</ref> Female lemmings have 2 or 3 litters of 4 to 6 young in a year. The young are born in a nest in an underground burrow or concealed in vegetation. Most will live less than a year. The range of these animals is thought to be declining in some areas due to loss of wetland habitat.
Fresh vegetation, especially the leaves, stems, seeds heads, and roots of grasses and sedges is the main food of this species. Raspberries, blueberries and other fruits, insects, fungi, and bark form a lesser part of the diet. They cache grasses and sedge stems in underground chambers. They do not hibernate, and live in groups of a few to several dozen individuals.<ref name=Krupa>{{cite journal|last1=Krupa|first1=J|last2=Haskins|first2=K|title=Invasion of the Meadow Vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) in Southeastern Kentucky and Its Possible Impact on the Southern Bog Lemming (Synaptomys cooperi)|journal=American Midland Naturalist|date=Jan 1996|volume=135|issue=1|pages=14–22|doi=10.2307/2426867|jstor=2426867}}</ref> Female lemmings have two or three litters of four to six young in a year. The young are born in a nest in a burrow or concealed in vegetation. Most live less than a year. The range of these animals is thought to be declining in some areas due to loss of wetland habitat.


They are active year round, mainly at night. They make runways through the surface vegetation and also dig underground burrows. These animals are often found in small colonies. Lemming populations go through a 3 or 4-year cycle of boom and bust.
They are active year-round, mainly at night. They make runways through the surface vegetation and also dig burrows. These animals are often found in small colonies. Lemming populations go through a 3- or 4-year cycle of boom and bust.


==Reproduction==
==Reproduction==
Breeding may occur during any months of the year if there is plentiful food. The gestation period is 21–23 days and females bear many litters in a year, each with an average of 3 young. At birth the newborns are blind and without fur. They also have claws at birth. By the end of their first week, young are well furred. They open their eyes at about 12 days of age. They are weaned at 3 weeks. Male southern bog lemmings reach sexual maturity in 5 weeks. Most individuals breed before they reach their maximum size.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Choate|first1=Wilson|title=Taxonomic status and biogeography of the southern bog lemming, synaptomys cooperi, on the central great plains|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|date=May 1997|volume=2|pages=444–458}}</ref>
Breeding can occur during any time of the year if food is plentiful. The gestation period is 21–23 days. At birth, the pups are blind and without fur. They also have claws at birth. By the end of their first week, young are well furred. They open their eyes at about 12 days of age. They are weaned at 3 weeks. Male southern bog lemmings reach sexual maturity in 5 weeks. Most individuals breed before they reach their maximum size.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Choate|first1=Wilson|title=Taxonomic status and biogeography of the southern bog lemming, synaptomys cooperi, on the central great plains|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|date=May 1997|volume=2|issue=2|pages=444–458|doi=10.2307/1382897|jstor=1382897|doi-access=free}}</ref>


== Communication==
== Communication==
Southern bog lemmings are thought to communicate using scent marking. They also make squeaking vocalizations. Other methods of communications include; acoustic, chemical, visual and tactile.<ref name=Krupa/>
Southern bog lemmings are thought to communicate using scent marking. They also make squeaking vocalizations. Other methods of communication include acoustic, chemical, visual, and tactile.<ref name=Krupa/>


==Predators==
==Predators==
Southern bog lemmings have many predators, including owls, hawks, red foxes, gray foxes, domestic dogs, badgers, weasel, snakes, bobcats, and house cats.
Southern bog lemmings have many predators, including owls, hawks, red foxes, gray foxes, domestic dogs, badgers, weasels, snakes, bobcats, and house cats.


Two subspecies have become extinct: [[Kansas bog lemming]] (''S. c. paludis''), and [[Nebraska bog lemming]] (''S. c. relictus'').
Two subspecies have become extinct: [[Kansas bog lemming]] (''S. c. paludis''), and [[Nebraska bog lemming]] (''S. c. relictus'').{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}


==References==
==References==
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{{Arvicolinae}}
{{Arvicolinae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1367837}}


[[Category:Synaptomys]]

[[Category:Voles and lemmings]]
[[Category:Rodents of the United States]]
[[Category:Rodents of North America|Lemming, Southern Bog]]
[[Category:Rodents of Canada]]
[[Category:Mammals of Canada|Lemming, Southern Bog]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Great Lakes region (North America)]]
[[Category:Mammals of the United States|Lemming, Southern Bog]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Northeastern United States]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Northwestern United States|Lemming, Southern Bog]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1857]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1857]]
[[Category:Least concern biota of North America|Lemming, Southern Bog]
[[Category:Least concern biota of North America]]
[[Category:Least concern biota of the United States|Lemming, Southern Bog]]
[[Category:Least concern biota of the United States]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Spencer Fullerton Baird]]

Latest revision as of 22:18, 26 December 2024

Southern bog lemming
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Cricetidae
Subfamily: Arvicolinae
Genus: Synaptomys
Species:
S. cooperi
Binomial name
Synaptomys cooperi
Baird, 1857
Southern bog lemming range[1]

The southern bog lemming (Synaptomys cooperi) is a small North American lemming. Its range overlaps with the other species in genus Synaptomys, the northern bog lemming, in southeastern Canada, but extends farther south.

Description

[edit]

Southern bog lemmings are covered with thick, brownish fur on their backs that ranges in color from reddish to dark brown and have a grizzled appearance. The belly is silver-gray. The shallow-grooved upper incisors and a relatively shorter tail distinguish this species from other rodents.[2] They have relatively large heads and small eyes. The ears barely show through puffy head fur. Southern bog lemmings have four toes and one small, nailed thumb on the forefeet and five toes on the hind feet. Females have six teats, which distinguishes this species from its closest relative, northern bog lemmings, which have eight.[3] They have a large head, short legs, and a short tail which is lighter underneath. Their upper incisors are grooved. They are 13 cm (5.1 in) long with a 2 cm (0.79 in) tail and weigh about 35 g (1.2 oz).

Range and habitat

[edit]

Southern bog lemmings are found in eastern North America, from southern Quebec and Manitoba in Canada to western Minnesota, to northwestern Georgia, to southwest Kansas, and east to the Atlantic Coast of the United States. This species is more common in deciduous and mixed coniferous–deciduous forests. The grassy openings and edges of these forests, especially where sedges, ferns, and shrubs grow and when the soil is loose and crumbly, are habitats the bog lemming prefers. It also inhabits wetter and drier sites when meadow voles are scarce or absent. The southern bog lemming creates a maze of interconnecting tunnels and runways and builds nests from plant fibers. Summer nests are on the surface of the ground or in a clump of sedges or grasses, but winter nests are usually underground in an enlarged tunnel. These animals are found in mixed forests, wetlands, and grasslands.[4]

Diet and feeding behavior

[edit]

Fresh vegetation, especially the leaves, stems, seeds heads, and roots of grasses and sedges is the main food of this species. Raspberries, blueberries and other fruits, insects, fungi, and bark form a lesser part of the diet. They cache grasses and sedge stems in underground chambers. They do not hibernate, and live in groups of a few to several dozen individuals.[5] Female lemmings have two or three litters of four to six young in a year. The young are born in a nest in a burrow or concealed in vegetation. Most live less than a year. The range of these animals is thought to be declining in some areas due to loss of wetland habitat.

They are active year-round, mainly at night. They make runways through the surface vegetation and also dig burrows. These animals are often found in small colonies. Lemming populations go through a 3- or 4-year cycle of boom and bust.

Reproduction

[edit]

Breeding can occur during any time of the year if food is plentiful. The gestation period is 21–23 days. At birth, the pups are blind and without fur. They also have claws at birth. By the end of their first week, young are well furred. They open their eyes at about 12 days of age. They are weaned at 3 weeks. Male southern bog lemmings reach sexual maturity in 5 weeks. Most individuals breed before they reach their maximum size.[6]

Communication

[edit]

Southern bog lemmings are thought to communicate using scent marking. They also make squeaking vocalizations. Other methods of communication include acoustic, chemical, visual, and tactile.[5]

Predators

[edit]

Southern bog lemmings have many predators, including owls, hawks, red foxes, gray foxes, domestic dogs, badgers, weasels, snakes, bobcats, and house cats.

Two subspecies have become extinct: Kansas bog lemming (S. c. paludis), and Nebraska bog lemming (S. c. relictus).[citation needed]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Synaptomys cooperi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42639A115198182. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42639A22377358.en. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  2. ^ Whitaker, John (2010). Mammals of Indiana. Bloomington, IA: Indiana University Press. pp. 218–220. ISBN 978-0-253-22213-8.
  3. ^ Wetzel, R. (Feb 1955). "Speciation and dispersal of the southern bog lemming". Journal of Mammalogy. 36 (1): 1. doi:10.2307/1375717. JSTOR 1375717.
  4. ^ Gaines, M; Baker, C; Vivas, A (1 Jan 1979). "Demographic attributes of dispersing southern bog lemmings (Synaptonmys cooperi) in eastern Kansas: Oecologia". Journal of Mammalogy. 40 (1): 91–101. Bibcode:1979Oecol..40...91G. doi:10.1007/bf00388813. PMID 28309606. S2CID 19717184.
  5. ^ a b Krupa, J; Haskins, K (Jan 1996). "Invasion of the Meadow Vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) in Southeastern Kentucky and Its Possible Impact on the Southern Bog Lemming (Synaptomys cooperi)". American Midland Naturalist. 135 (1): 14–22. doi:10.2307/2426867. JSTOR 2426867.
  6. ^ Choate, Wilson (May 1997). "Taxonomic status and biogeography of the southern bog lemming, synaptomys cooperi, on the central great plains". Journal of Mammalogy. 2 (2): 444–458. doi:10.2307/1382897. JSTOR 1382897.
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