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{{short description|1st-century Jewish revolutionary}} |
{{short description|1st-century Jewish revolutionary}} |
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{{campaignbox Jewish–Roman_wars}} |
{{campaignbox Jewish–Roman_wars}} |
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'''Judas of Galilee''', or '''Judas of Gamala''', was a Jewish leader who led resistance to [[census of Quirinius|the census]] imposed for [[Roman Empire|Roman]] tax purposes by [[Quirinius]] in [[ |
'''Judas of Galilee''', or '''Judas of Gamala''', was a Jewish leader who led resistance to [[census of Quirinius|the census]] imposed for [[Roman Empire|Roman]] tax purposes by [[Quirinius]] in the [[Judaea (Roman province)|Judaea Province]] in 6 CE.<ref>Raymond Brown, ''An Adult Christ at Christmas: Essays on the Three Biblical Christmas Stories, Matthew 2 and Luke 2'' by Raymond E. Brown (Liturgical Press, 1978), page 17.</ref> He encouraged Jews not to register, and those that did were targeted by his followers.<ref>Julian Doyle, ''Crucifixion's a Doddle''</ref> He is credited with beginning the "[[fourth philosophy]]" which [[Josephus]] blames for the [[First Jewish–Roman War|war with the Romans]] in 66–73. These events are discussed by Josephus in ''[[The Jewish War]]'' and in ''[[Antiquities of the Jews]]'' and mentioned in the [[Acts of the Apostles]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Judas the Galilean - Livius |url=https://www.livius.org/articles/religion/messiah/messianic-claimant-4-judas-the-galilean/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.livius.org}}</ref> |
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In ''Antiquities of the Jews'', Josephus states that Judas, along with Zadok the Pharisee, founded the Zealots, the "fourth sect" of 1st |
In ''Antiquities of the Jews'', Josephus states that Judas, along with Zadok the Pharisee, founded the Zealots, the "fourth sect" of 1st-century Judaism<ref>Flavius Josephus, ''Antiquities'' Book 18 Chapter 1</ref> (the first three being the [[Sadducees]], the [[Pharisees]], and the [[Essenes]]). Josephus blames this fourth sect for the First Jewish–Roman War of 66–73. The Zealots preached that God alone was the ruler of [[Land of Israel|Israel]] and urged that no [[Roman Empire#Taxation|taxes]] should be paid to Rome.<ref>Reza Aslan, ''[https://www.amazon.com/Zealot-Life-Times-Jesus-Nazareth/dp/0812981480/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1452970788&sr=8-1&keywords=zealot+reza+aslan Zealot]: The Life and Times of Jesus of Nazareth,'' pp. 40–41</ref> |
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Several scholars, such as Gunnar Haaland and James S. McLaren, have suggested that Josephus's description of the fourth sect does not reflect historical reality, but was constructed to serve his own interests. According to Haaland, the part covering the Zealots acts as a transition and an introduction to the excursion concerning the Jewish schools of thought |
Several scholars, such as Gunnar Haaland and James S. McLaren, have suggested that Josephus's description of the fourth sect does not reflect historical reality, but was constructed to serve his own interests. According to Haaland, the part covering the Zealots acts as a transition and an introduction to the excursion concerning the Jewish schools of thought, and to show that the Jewish War was incited by this faction.<ref>Gunnar Haaland, ''A Villain and the VIPs: Josephus on Judas the Galilean and the Essenes.'' |
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In Anders Kolstergaard et al. (ed.), ''Northern Lights on the Dead Sea Scrolls. Proceedings of the Nordic Qumran Network 2003–2006.'' Studies on the Text of the Deserts of Judah v. 80. Leiden: Brill, 2009. Pp. 241–244.</ref> Similarly, McLaren proposes that Judas and his sect act as scapegoats for the war that are chronologically, geographically and socially removed from the priestly circles of Jerusalem (and Josephus himself).<ref>James S. McLaren, ''Constructing Judaean History in the Diaspora: Josephus’s Accounts of Judas.'' |
In Anders Kolstergaard et al. (ed.), ''Northern Lights on the Dead Sea Scrolls. Proceedings of the Nordic Qumran Network 2003–2006.'' Studies on the Text of the Deserts of Judah v. 80. Leiden: Brill, 2009. Pp. 241–244.</ref> Similarly, McLaren proposes that Judas and his sect act as scapegoats for the war that are chronologically, geographically and socially removed from the priestly circles of Jerusalem (and Josephus himself).<ref>James S. McLaren, ''Constructing Judaean History in the Diaspora: Josephus’s Accounts of Judas.'' |
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In John M.G. Barclay (ed.), ''Negotiating Diaspora: Jewish Strategies in the Roman Empire.'' London: T&T Clark, 2004. Pp. 90–108.</ref> |
In John M.G. Barclay (ed.), ''Negotiating Diaspora: Jewish Strategies in the Roman Empire.'' London: T&T Clark, 2004. Pp. 90–108.</ref> |
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Josephus does not relate the death of Judas |
Josephus does not relate the death of Judas but does report that Judas's sons James and Simon were executed by [[Procurator (ancient Rome)|procurator]] [[Tiberius Julius Alexander]] in about 46.<ref>Flavius Josephus, ''Antiquities'' 20.5.2 102</ref> He also claims that [[Menahem ben Judah]], one of the early leaders of the Jewish Revolt in 66 CE, was Judas's "son", which some scholars doubt though Menahem may have been Judas's grandson.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livius.org/men-mh/messiah/messianic_claimants11.html|title=Messianic claimants (12) Menahem<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=2020-03-26|archive-date=2016-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110012004/http://www.livius.org/men-mh/messiah/messianic_claimants11.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Menahem's cousin, [[Eleazar ben Ya'ir]], escaped to the fortress of [[Masada]] where he became a leader of the last defenders against the Roman Empire. |
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Judas is referred to in |
Judas is referred to in Acts of the Apostles in which a speech by [[Gamaliel]], a member of the [[Sanhedrin]], identifies [[Theudas]] and Judas as examples of [[Jewish Messiah claimants|failed Messianic movements]], and suggests that the movement emerging in the name of [[Jesus]] of [[Nazareth]] could similarly fail, unless he really was the Messiah.<ref>https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%205%3A37&version=NIV</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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[[Category:0s in the Roman Empire]] |
[[Category:0s in the Roman Empire]] |
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[[Category:1st-century Jews]] |
[[Category:1st-century Jews]] |
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[[Category:AD 6]] |
[[Category:AD 6]] |
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[[Category:Jewish rebels]] |
[[Category:Jewish rebels]] |
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[[Category:Year of birth unknown]] |
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]] |
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[[Category:Census of Quirinius]] |
[[Category:Census of Quirinius]] |
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[[Category:Zealots]] |
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Latest revision as of 04:20, 27 December 2024
Judas of Galilee, or Judas of Gamala, was a Jewish leader who led resistance to the census imposed for Roman tax purposes by Quirinius in the Judaea Province in 6 CE.[1] He encouraged Jews not to register, and those that did were targeted by his followers.[2] He is credited with beginning the "fourth philosophy" which Josephus blames for the war with the Romans in 66–73. These events are discussed by Josephus in The Jewish War and in Antiquities of the Jews and mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles.[3]
In Antiquities of the Jews, Josephus states that Judas, along with Zadok the Pharisee, founded the Zealots, the "fourth sect" of 1st-century Judaism[4] (the first three being the Sadducees, the Pharisees, and the Essenes). Josephus blames this fourth sect for the First Jewish–Roman War of 66–73. The Zealots preached that God alone was the ruler of Israel and urged that no taxes should be paid to Rome.[5]
Several scholars, such as Gunnar Haaland and James S. McLaren, have suggested that Josephus's description of the fourth sect does not reflect historical reality, but was constructed to serve his own interests. According to Haaland, the part covering the Zealots acts as a transition and an introduction to the excursion concerning the Jewish schools of thought, and to show that the Jewish War was incited by this faction.[6] Similarly, McLaren proposes that Judas and his sect act as scapegoats for the war that are chronologically, geographically and socially removed from the priestly circles of Jerusalem (and Josephus himself).[7]
Josephus does not relate the death of Judas but does report that Judas's sons James and Simon were executed by procurator Tiberius Julius Alexander in about 46.[8] He also claims that Menahem ben Judah, one of the early leaders of the Jewish Revolt in 66 CE, was Judas's "son", which some scholars doubt though Menahem may have been Judas's grandson.[9] Menahem's cousin, Eleazar ben Ya'ir, escaped to the fortress of Masada where he became a leader of the last defenders against the Roman Empire.
Judas is referred to in Acts of the Apostles in which a speech by Gamaliel, a member of the Sanhedrin, identifies Theudas and Judas as examples of failed Messianic movements, and suggests that the movement emerging in the name of Jesus of Nazareth could similarly fail, unless he really was the Messiah.[10]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Raymond Brown, An Adult Christ at Christmas: Essays on the Three Biblical Christmas Stories, Matthew 2 and Luke 2 by Raymond E. Brown (Liturgical Press, 1978), page 17.
- ^ Julian Doyle, Crucifixion's a Doddle
- ^ "Judas the Galilean - Livius". www.livius.org. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
- ^ Flavius Josephus, Antiquities Book 18 Chapter 1
- ^ Reza Aslan, Zealot: The Life and Times of Jesus of Nazareth, pp. 40–41
- ^ Gunnar Haaland, A Villain and the VIPs: Josephus on Judas the Galilean and the Essenes. In Anders Kolstergaard et al. (ed.), Northern Lights on the Dead Sea Scrolls. Proceedings of the Nordic Qumran Network 2003–2006. Studies on the Text of the Deserts of Judah v. 80. Leiden: Brill, 2009. Pp. 241–244.
- ^ James S. McLaren, Constructing Judaean History in the Diaspora: Josephus’s Accounts of Judas. In John M.G. Barclay (ed.), Negotiating Diaspora: Jewish Strategies in the Roman Empire. London: T&T Clark, 2004. Pp. 90–108.
- ^ Flavius Josephus, Antiquities 20.5.2 102
- ^ "Messianic claimants (12) Menahem". Archived from the original on 2016-11-10. Retrieved 2020-03-26.
- ^ https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%205%3A37&version=NIV