Orange-winged amazon: Difference between revisions

Orange-winged amazon
	A. a. amazonica, Ecuador
	A. a. tobagensis, Tobago
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Psittaciformes
Family:	Psittacidae
Genus:	Amazona
Species:	A. amazonica
Binomial name
	Amazona amazonica; (Linnaeus, 1766)
Synonyms
	Psittacus amazonicus Linnaeus, 1766

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The orange-winged amazon (Amazona amazonica), also known locally as orange-winged parrot and loro guaro, is a large amazon parrot. It is a resident breeding bird in tropical South America, from Colombia, Trinidad and Tobago south to Peru, Bolivia and central Brazil. Its habitat is forest and semi-open country. Although common, it is persecuted as an agricultural pest and by capture for the pet trade (over 66,000 captured from 1981 to 1985). It is also hunted as a food source. Introduced breeding populations have been reported in Puerto Rico^[2] and Tenerife in the Canary Islands.^[3]

Taxonomy

The orange-winged amazon was formally described in 1766 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae He placed it with all the other parrots in the genus Psittacus and coined the binomial name Psittacus amazonicus.^[4] Linnaeus cited the 1760 description by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson. Brisson used the French name "Le Perroquet Amazone" and the Latin name later used by Linnaeus, Psittacus amazonicus.^[5] Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.^[6] The orange-winged amazon is now one of around 30 species placed in the genus Amazona that was introduced by the French naturalist René Lesson in 1830.^[7]^[8] The species is considered to be monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.^[8]

Description

The orange-winged amazon is a mainly green parrot about 33 cm (13 in) long and weighing about 340 g. It has blue and yellow feathers on its head which varies in extent between individuals. The upper mandible is partly horn colored (gray) and partly dark-gray. It has orange feathers in the wings and tail, which can be seen when in flight. The male and female are identical in external appearance.^[9]

Behavior

Diet and feeding

The orange-winged amazons are noisy birds and makes loud, high-pitched screams. It eats fruit, seeds, nuts, blossoms, leaf buds, and berries,^[10] including the fruit of palm trees and sometimes cocoa, mangoes, and oranges.^[10] It roosts communally in palm and other trees, and large numbers can be seen at the roost sites at dawn and dusk. It is becoming common as a feral bird in the Miami, Florida area, and there are colonies in London, England.

Breeding

The orange-winged amazon nests in tree cavities. The eggs are white and there are usually three or four in a clutch. The female incubates the eggs for about 26 days and the chicks leave the nest about 60 days after hatching.^[9]

The orange-winged amazon has been introduced to Tenerife in the Canary Islands, where it has been observed successfully hybridizing with a feral scaly-headed parrot (Pionus maximiliani) and also attempting to breed with feral monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) and rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri), even involving itself in the former species' unusual nest-building behaviour.^[3]

References

^ BirdLife International (2018). "Amazona amazonica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22686350A131920257. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22686350A131920257.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ Falcón, Wilfredo; Tremblay, Raymond L. (2018). "From the cage to the wild: introductions of Psittaciformes to Puerto Rico". PeerJ. 6: e5669. doi:10.7717/peerj.5669. PMC 6214232. PMID 30397538.
^ ^a ^b Hernández-Brito, Dailos (18 March 2021). "Mate shortage in exotic parrots". British Ornithologists' Union. doi:10.1111/ibi.12936. S2CID 233929115. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 147.
^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 4. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. p. 256–261. The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.
^ Allen, J.A. (1910). "Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 28: 317–335. hdl:2246/678.
^ Lesson, René (1831). Traité d'Ornithologie, ou Tableau Méthodique (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: F.G. Levrault. p. 189.
^ ^a ^b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
^ ^a ^b Alderton, David (2003). The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Caged and Aviary Birds. London, England: Hermes House. p. 231. ISBN 1-84309-164-X.
^ ^a ^b "Amazona amazonica (Orange-winged Parrot)" (PDF). Sta.uwi.edu. Retrieved 24 March 2022.

External links

Media related to Amazona amazonica at Wikimedia Commons

"Amazon Parrots" - Faze magazine

[iucn_status_19_November_2021-1] BirdLife International (2018). "Amazona amazonica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22686350A131920257. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22686350A131920257.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.

[2] Falcón, Wilfredo; Tremblay, Raymond L. (2018). "From the cage to the wild: introductions of Psittaciformes to Puerto Rico". PeerJ. 6: e5669. doi:10.7717/peerj.5669. PMC 6214232. PMID 30397538.

[Hernández-Brito-3] Hernández-Brito, Dailos (18 March 2021). "Mate shortage in exotic parrots". British Ornithologists' Union. doi:10.1111/ibi.12936. S2CID 233929115. Retrieved 19 March 2021.

[4] Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 147.

[5] Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 4. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. p. 256–261. The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.

[allen-6] Allen, J.A. (1910). "Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 28: 317–335. hdl:2246/678.

[7] Lesson, René (1831). Traité d'Ornithologie, ou Tableau Méthodique (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: F.G. Levrault. p. 189.

[ioc-8] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 March 2022.

[DA_2003-9] Alderton, David (2003). The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Caged and Aviary Birds. London, England: Hermes House. p. 231. ISBN 1-84309-164-X.

[sta.uwi.edu-10] "Amazona amazonica (Orange-winged Parrot)" (PDF). Sta.uwi.edu. Retrieved 24 March 2022.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Speciesbox
  | name                = Orange-winged amazon
- | image               = Amazona amazonica (1).jpg
+ | image               = Loro guaro (Amazona amazonica), Quito, Ecuador, 2015-07-22, DD 180.jpg
- | image_caption       = ''A. a. amazonica'', [[Colombia]]
+ | image_caption       = ''A. a. amazonica'', [[Ecuador]]
  | image2              = Orange-winged parrots (Amazona amazonica tobagensis).jpg
  | image2_caption      = ''A. a. tobagensis'', [[Tobago]]
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 }}
-The '''orange-winged amazon''' (''Amazona amazonica''), also known locally as '''orange-winged parrot''' and '''loro guaro''', is a large  [[amazon parrot]]. It is a resident breeding [[bird]] in tropical [[South America]], from [[Colombia]], [[Trinidad]] and [[Tobago]] south to [[Peru]], [[Bolivia]] and central [[Brazil]]. Its habitat is forest and semi-open country. Although common, it is persecuted as an agricultural pest and by capture for the pet trade (over 66,000 captured from 1981 to 1985). It is also hunted as a food source. Introduced breeding populations have been reported in [[Puerto Rico]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Falcón |first1=Wilfredo |last2=Tremblay |first2=Raymond L. |title=From the cage to the wild: introductions of Psittaciformes to Puerto Rico |journal=PeerJ |date=2018 |volume=6:e5669 |pages=e5669 |doi=10.7717/peerj.5669 |pmid=30397538 |url=https://peerj.com/articles/5669/ |access-date=17 November 2018|pmc=6214232 }}</ref> and [[Tenerife]] in the [[Canary Islands]].<ref name="Hernández-Brito" />
+The '''orange-winged amazon''' ('''''Amazona amazonica'''''), also known locally as '''orange-winged parrot''' and '''loro guaro''', is a large  [[amazon parrot]]. It is a resident breeding [[bird]] in tropical [[South America]], from [[Colombia]], [[Trinidad]] and [[Tobago]] south to [[Peru]], [[Bolivia]] and central [[Brazil]]. Its habitat is forest and semi-open country. Although common, it is persecuted as an agricultural pest and by capture for the pet trade (over 66,000 captured from 1981 to 1985). It is also hunted as a food source. Introduced breeding populations have been reported in [[Puerto Rico]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Falcón |first1=Wilfredo |last2=Tremblay |first2=Raymond L. |title=From the cage to the wild: introductions of Psittaciformes to Puerto Rico |journal=PeerJ |date=2018 |volume=6 |pages=e5669 |doi=10.7717/peerj.5669 |pmid=30397538 |pmc=6214232 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and [[Tenerife]] in the [[Canary Islands]].<ref name="Hernández-Brito" />
 ==Taxonomy==
+The orange-winged amazon was [[Species description|formally described]] in 1766 by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the [[12th edition of Systema Naturae|twelfth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' He placed it with all the other parrots in the [[genus]] ''[[Psittacus]]'' and coined the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Psittacus amazonicus''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gmelin | first=Johann Friedrich | author-link=Johann Friedrich Gmelin| year=1788 | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=13th | volume=1, Part 1 | language=Latin | location=Lipsiae [Leipzig] | publisher=Georg. Emanuel. Beer | page=147 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/445272 }}</ref> Linnaeus cited the 1760 description by the French zoologist [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson]]. Brisson used the French name "Le Perroquet Amazone" and the Latin name later used by Linnaeus, ''Psittacus amazonicus''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Brisson | first=Mathurin Jacques | author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson | year=1760 | title=Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés | volume=4 | language=French, Latin | page=256–261 | location=Paris | publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36195375 }} The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.</ref> Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial system]] and are not recognised by the [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]].<ref name=allen>{{cite journal |last=Allen | first=J.A. | author-link=Joel Asaph Allen | year=1910 | title=Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=28 | pages=317–335 | hdl=2246/678}}</ref> The orange-winged amazon is now one of around 30 species placed in the genus ''[[Amazona]]'' that was introduced by the French naturalist [[René Lesson]] in 1830.<ref>{{cite book | last=Lesson | first=René | author-link=René Lesson | year=1831 | title=Traité d'Ornithologie, ou Tableau Méthodique | volume=1 | language=fr | place=Paris | publisher=F.G. Levrault | page=189 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35997173 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2022 | title=Parrots, cockatoos | work=IOC World Bird List Version 12.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=20 March 2022 }}</ref> The species is considered to be [[monotypic]]: no [[subspecies]] are recognised.<ref name=ioc/>
-There are two subspecies:
-*''A. a. amazonica'', found on the mainland of South America.
-*''A. a. tobagensis'', found only on [[Trinidad and Tobago]], is a subspecies which is larger than the nominate form, and has more orange in the wing.
 ==Description==
@@ Line 27: / Line 25: @@
 ==Behavior==
 ===Diet and feeding===
-The orange-winged amazons are noisy birds and makes loud, high-pitched screams. It eats fruit, seeds, nuts, blossoms, leaf buds, and berries,<ref>https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/images/Amazona%20amazonica%20-%20Orange-winged%20Parrot.pdf</ref> including the fruit of [[palm tree]]s and sometimes [[Theobroma cacao|cocoa]], [[mango]]es, and [[Orange (fruit)|orange]]s.<ref>https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/images/Amazona%20amazonica%20-%20Orange-winged%20Parrot.pdf</ref> It roosts communally in palm and other trees, and large numbers can be seen at the roost sites at dawn and dusk. It is becoming common as a [[feral]] bird in the [[Miami, Florida]] area, and there are colonies in [[London, England]].
+The orange-winged amazons are noisy birds and makes loud, high-pitched screams. It eats fruit, seeds, nuts, blossoms, leaf buds, and berries,<ref name="sta.uwi.edu">{{cite web|url=https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/images/Amazona%20amazonica%20-%20Orange-winged%20Parrot.pdf|title=Amazona amazonica (Orange-winged Parrot)|website=Sta.uwi.edu|access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref> including the fruit of [[palm tree]]s and sometimes [[Theobroma cacao|cocoa]], [[mango]]es, and [[Orange (fruit)|orange]]s.<ref name="sta.uwi.edu"/> It roosts communally in palm and other trees, and large numbers can be seen at the roost sites at dawn and dusk. It is becoming common as a [[feral]] bird in the [[Miami, Florida]] area, and there are colonies in [[London, England]].
+===Breeding===
-'''Behavior'''
+[[File:Amazona amazonica MWNH 0581.JPG|thumb|left|Egg, Collection [[Museum Wiesbaden]]]]
-One they get to know you and build up a trusting bond, they are very easy to handle and work with. They are intelligent birds who need constant stimulation to prevent boredom and aggression behaviors taking over.
-===Breeding===
-[[File:Amazona amazonica MWNH 0581.JPG|thumb|right|Egg, Collection [[Museum Wiesbaden]]]]
 The orange-winged amazon nests in tree cavities. The eggs are white and there are usually three or four in a clutch. The female incubates the eggs for about 26 days and the chicks leave the nest about 60 days after hatching.<ref name = "DA 2003">{{cite book |first = David| last = Alderton | author-link=David Alderton | title = The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Caged and Aviary Birds | isbn = 1-84309-164-X| publisher = Hermes House |location = London, England | year = 2003 |page= 231}}</ref>
-The orange-winged amazon has been introduced to [[Tenerife]] in the [[Canary Islands]], where it has been observed successfully [[bird hybrid|hybridizing]] with a feral [[scaly-headed parrot]] (''Pionus maximiliani'') and also attempting to breed with feral [[monk parakeet]] (''Myiopsitta monachus'') and [[rose-ringed parakeet]] (''Psittacula krameri''), even involving itself in the former species' unusual nest-building behaviour.<ref name="Hernández-Brito">{{cite document |last1=Hernández-Brito |first1=Dailos |title=Mate shortage in exotic parrots |url=https://bou.org.uk/blog-hernandez-brito-mate-shortage-exotic-parrots/ |publisher=Ibis |access-date=19 March 2021 |doi=10.1111/ibi.12936}}</ref>
+The orange-winged amazon has been introduced to [[Tenerife]] in the [[Canary Islands]], where it has been observed successfully [[bird hybrid|hybridizing]] with a feral [[scaly-headed parrot]] (''Pionus maximiliani'') and also attempting to breed with feral [[monk parakeet]] (''Myiopsitta monachus'') and [[rose-ringed parakeet]] (''Psittacula krameri''), even involving itself in the former species' unusual nest-building behaviour.<ref name="Hernández-Brito">{{cite web |last1=Hernández-Brito |first1=Dailos |title=Mate shortage in exotic parrots |date=18 March 2021 |url=https://bou.org.uk/blog-hernandez-brito-mate-shortage-exotic-parrots/ |publisher=[[British Ornithologists' Union]] |access-date=19 March 2021 |doi=10.1111/ibi.12936|s2cid=233929115 }}</ref>
+{{clearleft}}
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
@@ Line 59: / Line 53: @@
 ==External links==
+{{Commonscatinline}}
-{{Commons|Amazona amazonica|the orange-winged amazon}}
 * [http://www.fazeteen.com/spring2000/amazon.htm "Amazon Parrots"] - ''Faze'' magazine
@@ Line 66: / Line 60: @@
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q586803}}
+[[Category:Amazon parrots]]
-{{DEFAULTSORT:amazon, Orange-winged}}
-[[Category:Amazona|orange-winged amazon]]
-[[Category:Amazon parrots|orange-winged amazon]]
 [[Category:Parrots of South America]]
 [[Category:Birds of the Atlantic Forest]]
-[[Category:Birds of the Amazon Basin]]
+[[Category:Birds of the Amazon rainforest]]
 [[Category:Birds of Colombia]]
 [[Category:Birds of Venezuela]]
-[[Category:Birds of the Guianas]]
+[[Category:Birds of the Guiana Shield]]
 [[Category:Birds of the Caribbean]]
 [[Category:Birds of Brazil]]
@@ Line 80: / Line 72: @@
 [[Category:Birds of the Bolivian Amazon]]
 [[Category:Birds of Trinidad and Tobago]]
-[[Category:Birds described in 1766|orange-winged amazon]]
+[[Category:Birds described in 1766]]
 [[Category:Feral parrots|orange-winged amazon]]
-[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|Amazon, orange-winged]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
 [[Category:Talking birds]]
+[[Category:Parrots]]

v t e Amazon parrots (genus: Amazona)
Species	Festive amazon Vinaceous-breasted amazon Tucumán amazon Red-spectacled amazon Black-billed amazon White-fronted amazon Yellow-billed amazon Cuban amazon Hispaniolan amazon Puerto Rican amazon Lilac-crowned amazon Red-lored amazon Lilacine amazon Diademed amazon Red-crowned amazon Yucatan amazon Blue-cheeked amazon Red-browed amazon Red-necked amazon St. Lucia amazon Yellow-headed amazon Tres Marías amazon Yellow-naped amazon Yellow-crowned amazon Panama amazon Yellow-shouldered amazon Blue-fronted amazon Scaly-naped amazon Mealy amazon Northern mealy amazon Southern mealy amazon Kawall's amazon Imperial amazon Red-tailed amazon Orange-winged amazon St. Vincent amazon
Hypothetical extinct species	Guadeloupe amazon Martinique amazon
Disputed species	Blue-winged amazon
Neotropical parrots (tribe: Arini) List of amazon parrots