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Coordinates: 2°20′37″S 104°55′21″E / 2.34361°S 104.92250°E / -2.34361; 104.92250
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{{Short description|River in Indonesia}}
{{Short description|River in Sumatra, Indonesia}}
{{Infobox river
{{Infobox river
| name = Musi River
| name = Musi River
Line 9: Line 9:
| pushpin_map_caption= Location of river mouth
| pushpin_map_caption= Location of river mouth
| source1_location = [[Barisan Mountains]], [[Kepahiang Regency|Kepahiang]], [[Bengkulu]]
| source1_location = [[Barisan Mountains]], [[Kepahiang Regency|Kepahiang]], [[Bengkulu]]
| source1_coordinates={{coord|3|24|21.528|S|102|35|53.1204|E}}
| source1_elevation={{cvt|1,300|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth_location = [[Bangka Strait]], [[South China Sea]], [[South Sumatra]]
| mouth_location = [[Bangka Strait]], [[South China Sea]], [[South Sumatra]]
| mouth_coordinates={{coord|2|19|51.7224|S|104|55|19.9668|E}}
| mouth_elevation={{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}}
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[South Sumatra]], Indonesia
| subdivision_name1 = [[South Sumatra]], Indonesia
| length = {{cvt|759|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="Sumatra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=116&catid=285&Itemid=179|title=Sumatra}}</ref>
| length = {{convert|750|km|abbr=on}}
| width_min={{cvt|250|m|abbr=on}} ([[Palembang]])<ref name="The influence of Musi River sedimentation to the aquatic environment">{{cite journal|url=https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/abs/2017/15/matecconf_sicest2017_04026/matecconf_sicest2017_04026.html|title=The influence of Musi River sedimentation to the aquatic environment|last1=Achmad|first1=Syarifudin|journal=Matec Web of Conferences |year=2017|volume=101 |page=04026 |doi=10.1051/matecconf/201710104026 }}</ref>
| custom_label = Average depth
| width_avg={{cvt|540|m|abbr=on}} ([[Palembang]])<ref name="The influence of Musi River sedimentation to the aquatic environment">{{cite journal|url=https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/abs/2017/15/matecconf_sicest2017_04026/matecconf_sicest2017_04026.html|title=The influence of Musi River sedimentation to the aquatic environment|last1=Achmad|first1=Syarifudin|journal=Matec Web of Conferences |year=2017|volume=101 |page=04026 |doi=10.1051/matecconf/201710104026 }}</ref>
| custom_data = {{convert|6.5|m|abbr=on}}{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}
| width_max={{cvt|1,350|m|abbr=on}} ([[Palembang]])<ref name="The influence of Musi River sedimentation to the aquatic environment">{{cite journal|url=https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/abs/2017/15/matecconf_sicest2017_04026/matecconf_sicest2017_04026.html|title=The influence of Musi River sedimentation to the aquatic environment|last1=Achmad|first1=Syarifudin|journal=Matec Web of Conferences |year=2017|volume=101 |page=04026 |doi=10.1051/matecconf/201710104026 }}</ref>
| mouth_elevation =
| depth_avg={{cvt|8|m|abbr=on}}([[Palembang]])<ref name="EVALUATION OF THE PORT FACILITIES OF SUNGAI 16 PIER AND ACCESS ROAD TO PASAR LPT TERMINAL 16 ILIR PALEMBANG CITY OF SOUTH SUMATRA PROVINCE">{{cite journal|url=https://namibian-studies.com/index.php/JNS/article/view/1498|title=EVALUATION OF THE PORT FACILITIES OF SUNGAI 16 PIER AND ACCESS ROAD TO PASAR LPT TERMINAL 16 ILIR PALEMBANG CITY OF SOUTH SUMATRA PROVINCE|year=2023|doi=10.59670/jns.v34i.1498 |last1=Irwan |last2=Purboyo |last3=Fadjrin Wira Perdana |last4=Doharman Lumban Tungkup |last5=Surnata |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture |volume=34 |pages=2226–2241 }}</ref>
| discharge1_avg =(Period of data: 1992-2016){{convert|3,050|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/16/17/2019/|doi=10.5194/bg-16-17-2019 |title=Impact of peatlands on carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions from the Rajang River and Estuary, Malaysia |year=2019 |last1=Müller-Dum |first1=Denise |last2=Warneke |first2=Thorsten |last3=Rixen |first3=Tim |last4=Müller |first4=Moritz |last5=Baum |first5=Antje |last6=Christodoulou |first6=Aliki |last7=Oakes |first7=Joanne |last8=Eyre |first8=Bradley D. |last9=Notholt |first9=Justus |journal=Biogeosciences |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=17–32 |bibcode=2019BGeo...16...17M |s2cid=203167471 }}</ref>
| progression=[[South China Sea]]
(Period of data: 2016-2020){{convert|3,066|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2021-08/010082415.pdf}}</ref>
| river_system=Musi River
| basin_size ={{convert|56,931|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/16/17/2019/|doi=10.5194/bg-16-17-2019 |title=Impact of peatlands on carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions from the Rajang River and Estuary, Malaysia |year=2019 |last1=Müller-Dum |first1=Denise |last2=Warneke |first2=Thorsten |last3=Rixen |first3=Tim |last4=Müller |first4=Moritz |last5=Baum |first5=Antje |last6=Christodoulou |first6=Aliki |last7=Oakes |first7=Joanne |last8=Eyre |first8=Bradley D. |last9=Notholt |first9=Justus |journal=Biogeosciences |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=17–32 |bibcode=2019BGeo...16...17M |s2cid=203167471 }}</ref>
| tributaries_left=Kungku, Klingi, Lakitan, [[Rawas River|Rawas]], Harileko, Sebalik
{{convert|59,942|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_right=Keru, Nibung, Lintang, Kikim, Semangus, Keruh, Langgaran, Medak, Simpang, Dua, Penukal, [[Lematang River|Lematang]], [[Belida River|Belida]], Kramasan, [[Ogan River|Ogan]], [[Komering River|Komering]]
|discharge1_location=Musi Delta, [[Bangka Strait]]|discharge1_min={{convert|1,400|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}|discharge1_max={{convert|4,200|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}|discharge2_location=[[Palembang]], (Confluence of [[Komering River]] - Basin size {{convert|53,500|km2|abbr=on}}|discharge2_avg={{convert|2,700|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}}}
| discharge3_location=[[Sekayu, Indonesia|Sekayu]] (Basin size: {{cvt|21,146.3|km2|abbr=on}})
| discharge3_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|1,205.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Sumatra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=116&catid=285&Itemid=179|title=Sumatra}}</ref>
| discharge4_location=[[Tebing Tinggi]] (Basin size: {{cvt|3,329.7|km2|abbr=on}}
| discharge4_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|183.6|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Sumatra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=116&catid=285&Itemid=179|title=Sumatra}}</ref>
| discharge1_avg =(Period: 1992–2016){{convert|3,054|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Impact of peatlands on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the Rajang River and Estuary, Malaysia">{{cite journal|url=https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/16/17/2019/|doi=10.5194/bg-16-17-2019 |title=Impact of peatlands on carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions from the Rajang River and Estuary, Malaysia |year=2019 |last1=Müller-Dum |first1=Denise |last2=Warneke |first2=Thorsten |last3=Rixen |first3=Tim |last4=Müller |first4=Moritz |last5=Baum |first5=Antje |last6=Christodoulou |first6=Aliki |last7=Oakes |first7=Joanne |last8=Eyre |first8=Bradley D. |last9=Notholt |first9=Justus |journal=Biogeosciences |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=17–32 |bibcode=2019BGeo...16...17M |s2cid=203167471 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
(Period: 2016–2020){{cvt|3,066|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2021-08/010082415.pdf|title=Floating marine debris along Indonesian coasts}}</ref>
(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|3,211.2|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Sumatra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=116&catid=285&Itemid=179|title=Sumatra}}</ref>
(Period: 2009–2013){{cvt|3,961|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="The Invisible Carbon Footprint as a hidden impact of peatland degradation inducing marine carbonate dissolution in Sumatra, Indonesia">{{cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35769-7|title=The Invisible Carbon Footprint as a hidden impact of peatland degradation inducing marine carbonate dissolution in Sumatra, Indonesia|last1=Francisca|first1=Wit|last2=Tim|first2=Rixen|last3=Antje|first3=Baum|last4=Widodo|first4=S. Pranowo|last5=Andreas|first5=A. Hutahaean|journal=Scientific Reports |year=2018|volume=8 |page=17403 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-35769-7 |bibcode=2018NatSR...817403W }}</ref>
| basin_size ={{cvt|56,931|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Impact of peatlands on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the Rajang River and Estuary, Malaysia"/>
{{convert|59,942|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="STUDY FOR MUSI RIVER BASIN">{{cite book|url=https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12353090_04.pdf|title=STUDY FOR MUSI RIVER BASIN}}</ref>
|discharge1_location=Musi Delta, [[Bangka Strait]]|discharge2_min={{cvt|1,400|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="STUDY FOR MUSI RIVER BASIN">{{cite book|url=https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12353090_04.pdf|title=STUDY FOR MUSI RIVER BASIN}}</ref>|discharge2_max={{cvt|4,200|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="STUDY FOR MUSI RIVER BASIN">{{cite book|url=https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12353090_04.pdf|title=STUDY FOR MUSI RIVER BASIN}}</ref>|discharge2_location=[[Palembang]], (Confluence of [[Komering River|Komering]], 78 km upstream of mouth; Basin size: {{cvt|53,500|km2|abbr=on}}|discharge2_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|2,953.7|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Sumatra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=116&catid=285&Itemid=179|title=Sumatra}}</ref>
{{cvt|2,700|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}}}


The '''Musi River''' ({{langx|id|Sungai Musi}}) is a river in [[South Sumatra|Southern Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]].<ref>[http://www.geonames.org/1634647/air%20musi.html Air Musi] - Geonames.org.</ref> It flows from south-west to north-east, from the [[Barisan Mountains]] range that form the backbone of Sumatra, in [[Kepahiang Regency]], [[Bengkulu]] Province, to the [[Bangka Strait]] that forms an extension of the [[South China Sea]]. The Musi is about 750 kilometers long, and drains most of [[South Sumatra]] province. After flowing through [[Palembang]], the provincial capital, it joins with several other rivers, including the [[Banyuasin River]], to form a [[river delta|delta]] near the town of Sungsang. The river, [[dredge]]d to a depth of about 8 meters,<ref name="EVALUATION OF THE PORT FACILITIES OF SUNGAI 16 PIER AND ACCESS ROAD TO PASAR LPT TERMINAL 16 ILIR PALEMBANG CITY OF SOUTH SUMATRA PROVINCE">{{cite journal|url=https://namibian-studies.com/index.php/JNS/article/view/1498|title=EVALUATION OF THE PORT FACILITIES OF SUNGAI 16 PIER AND ACCESS ROAD TO PASAR LPT TERMINAL 16 ILIR PALEMBANG CITY OF SOUTH SUMATRA PROVINCE|year=2023|doi=10.59670/jns.v34i.1498 |last1=Irwan |last2=Purboyo |last3=Fadjrin Wira Perdana |last4=Doharman Lumban Tungkup |last5=Surnata |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture |volume=34 |pages=2226–2241 }}</ref> is navigable by large ships as far as Palembang, which is the site of major port facilities used primarily for the export of [[petroleum]], [[rubber]] and [[palm oil]].
The '''Musi River''' ({{lang-id|Sungai Musi}}) is located in [[South Sumatra|Southern Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]].<ref>[http://www.geonames.org/1634647/air%20musi.html Air Musi] - Geonames.org.</ref>


This river system, especially around the city of Palembang, was the heart of eponymous 7th to 13th century [[Srivijaya]]n empire. The river mouth was the site of the [[SilkAir Flight 185]] plane crash which killed all 104 passengers and crew on board in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=L. A. Times |date=1997-12-20 |title=Jet Carrying 104 Explodes Over Indonesia |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-dec-20-mn-538-story.html |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
The river roughly flows from south-west to north-east, from the [[Barisan Mountains]] range that form the backbone of Sumatra, in [[Kepahiang Regency]], [[Bengkulu]] Province, to the [[Bangka Strait]] that forms the extension of the [[South China Sea]]. It is about 750 kilometers long, and drains most of [[South Sumatra]] province. After flowing through [[Palembang]], the provincial capital, it joins with the several other rivers, including the [[Banyuasin River]], to form a [[river delta|delta]] near the town of Sungsang. The river, [[dredge]]d to a depth of about 6.5 meters, is navigable by large ships as far as Palembang, which is the site of major port facilities used primarily for the export of [[petroleum]], [[rubber]] and [[palm oil]].
This river system, especially around the city of Palembang, was the heart of eponymous 7th to 13th century [[Srivijaya]]n empire.
The river mouth was the site of the [[SilkAir Flight 185]] plane crash which killed all 104 passengers and crew on board in 1997.


==Geography==
==Geography==
The river flows in the southern area of [[Sumatra]] with a predominantly [[tropical rainforest climate]] (designated as ''Af'' in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification).<ref name = "koppen">{{Cite journal | title = Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification| url = http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html| year = 2007| journal = Hydrology and Earth System Sciences| volume = 11|pages= 1633–1644 <!--sid = 1633-1644-->| date =<!-- 01/30/2016-->|access-date=30 January 2016| doi = 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007| first1 =M C| first2 = B L| first3 = T A| last1 = Peel| last2 = Finlayson| last3 =McMahon| issue = 5| bibcode = 2007HESS...11.1633P| doi-access = free}}</ref> The annual average temperature in the area is 24&nbsp;°C. The warmest month is July, when the average temperature is around 26&nbsp;°C, and the coldest is February, at 22&nbsp;°C.<ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title = NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|date =30 January 2016 | publisher = NASA}}</ref> The average annual rainfall is 2579&nbsp;mm. The wettest month is April, with an average of 344&nbsp;mm rainfall, and the driest is September, with 99&nbsp;mm rainfall.<ref name = "nasarain">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&year=2014|title = NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)| date =30 January 2016 |publisher = NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission}}</ref>
The river flows in the southern area of [[Sumatra]], which has a predominantly [[tropical rainforest climate]] (designated as ''Af'' in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification).<ref name = "koppen">{{Cite journal | title = Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification| url = http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html| year = 2007| journal = Hydrology and Earth System Sciences| volume = 11|pages= 1633–1644 <!--sid = 1633-1644-->| date =<!-- 01/30/2016-->|access-date=30 January 2016| doi = 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007| first1 =M C| first2 = B L| first3 = T A| last1 = Peel| last2 = Finlayson| last3 =McMahon| issue = 5| bibcode = 2007HESS...11.1633P| doi-access = free}}</ref> The annual average temperature in the area is 24&nbsp;°C. The warmest month is July, when the average temperature is around 26&nbsp;°C, and the coldest is February, at 22&nbsp;°C.<ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title = NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|date =30 January 2016 | publisher = NASA}}</ref> The average annual rainfall is 2579&nbsp;mm. The wettest month is April, with an average of 344&nbsp;mm rainfall, and the driest is September, with 99&nbsp;mm of rain.<ref name = "nasarain">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&year=2014|title = NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)| date =30 January 2016 |publisher = NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission}}</ref>

==Tributaries==

The main tributaries from the mouth:<ref name="Sumatra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=116&catid=285&Itemid=179|title=Sumatra}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Left
tributary
! Right
tributary
! Length
(km)
! Basin size
(km<sup>2</sup>)
! Average discharge
(m<sup>3</sup>/s)
|-
| colspan="2" |''Musi''
|''759''
|''59,942''
|''3,211.2''
|-
| colspan="5" |
|-
|Sebalik
|
|
|282.6
|14.6
|-
| rowspan="6" |
|[[Komering River|Komering]]
|328
|9,908
|458.7
|-
|[[Ogan River|Ogan]]
|313
|8,233
|432.9
|-
|Kramasan
|
|241.6
|11.6
|-
|[[Belida River|Belida]]
|
|462.7
|23.1
|-
|[[Lematang River|Lematang]]
|348
|7,340
|396.1
|-
|Penukal
|
|959.5
|52.8
|-
|Harileko
|
|334
|3,746
|186.7
|-
| rowspan="5" |
|Dua
|
|317
|17.5
|-
|Simpang
|
|368
|20.7
|-
|Medak
|72
|395.3
|25.7
|-
|Langgaran
|
|226
|12.8
|-
|Keruh
|
|554.2
|31.9
|-
|[[Rawas River|Rawas]]
| rowspan="2" |
|208
|5,841
|333.9
|-
|Lakitan
|140
|2,763
|161.2
|-
|
|Semangus
|183
|1,933
|125.3
|-
|Kelingi
| rowspan="2" |
|98
|1,898
|126.9
|-
|Kungku
|
|667.1
|38.6
|-
| rowspan="3" |
|Kikim
|
|1,524.1
|86.8
|-
|Lintang
|
|572
|31.9
|-
|Keru
|
|315.3
|18.1
|}


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
Line 36: Line 186:
COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Gezicht op de Moesi rivier bij Palembang TMnr 10010493.jpg|The Musi River by Palembang
COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Gezicht op de Moesi rivier bij Palembang TMnr 10010493.jpg|The Musi River by Palembang
South Sumatra, Palembang, Ampera bridge.jpg|The Ampera Bridge on Musi River, Palembang
South Sumatra, Palembang, Ampera bridge.jpg|The Ampera Bridge on Musi River, Palembang
Musi watershed one layer.svg|watershed of the Musi River
</gallery>
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[List of drainage basins of Indonesia]]
*[[List of rivers of Indonesia]]
*[[List of rivers of Indonesia]]
*[[List of rivers of Sumatra]]
*[[List of rivers of Sumatra]]
Line 56: Line 208:


[[Category:Rivers of South Sumatra]]
[[Category:Rivers of South Sumatra]]
[[Category:Rivers of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Musi basin]]

Latest revision as of 13:16, 27 December 2024

Musi River
Sungai Musi, Air Musi, Musi River, Palembang River, Sungai Palembang, Air Moesi, Kali Musi
Ampera Bridge over the Musi River
Musi River (Indonesia) is located in Sumatra
Musi River (Indonesia)
Location of river mouth
Musi River (Indonesia) is located in Indonesia
Musi River (Indonesia)
Musi River (Indonesia) (Indonesia)
Location
CountrySouth Sumatra, Indonesia
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationBarisan Mountains, Kepahiang, Bengkulu
 • coordinates3°24′21.528″S 102°35′53.1204″E / 3.40598000°S 102.598089000°E / -3.40598000; 102.598089000
 • elevation1,300 m (4,300 ft)
Mouth 
 • location
Bangka Strait, South China Sea, South Sumatra
 • coordinates
2°19′51.7224″S 104°55′19.9668″E / 2.331034000°S 104.922213000°E / -2.331034000; 104.922213000
 • elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Length759 km (472 mi)[1]
Basin size56,931 km2 (21,981 sq mi)[2] 59,942 km2 (23,144 sq mi)[3]
Width 
 • minimum250 m (820 ft) (Palembang)[4]
 • average540 m (1,770 ft) (Palembang)[4]
 • maximum1,350 m (4,430 ft) (Palembang)[4]
Depth 
 • average8 m (26 ft)(Palembang)[5]
Discharge 
 • locationMusi Delta, Bangka Strait
 • average(Period: 1992–2016)3,054 m3/s (107,900 cu ft/s)[2]

(Period: 2016–2020)3,066 m3/s (108,300 cu ft/s)[6] (Period: 1971–2000)3,211.2 m3/s (113,400 cu ft/s)[1]

(Period: 2009–2013)3,961 m3/s (139,900 cu ft/s)[7]
Discharge 
 • locationPalembang, (Confluence of Komering, 78 km upstream of mouth; Basin size: 53,500 km2 (20,700 sq mi)
 • average(Period: 1971–2000)2,953.7 m3/s (104,310 cu ft/s)[1] 2,700 m3/s (95,000 cu ft/s)
 • minimum1,400 m3/s (49,000 cu ft/s)[3]
 • maximum4,200 m3/s (150,000 cu ft/s)[3]
Discharge 
 • locationSekayu (Basin size: 21,146.3 km2 (8,164.6 sq mi))
 • average(Period: 1971–2000)1,205.4 m3/s (42,570 cu ft/s)[1]
Discharge 
 • locationTebing Tinggi (Basin size: 3,329.7 km2 (1,285.6 sq mi)
 • average(Period: 1971–2000)183.6 m3/s (6,480 cu ft/s)[1]
Basin features
ProgressionSouth China Sea
River systemMusi River
Tributaries 
 • leftKungku, Klingi, Lakitan, Rawas, Harileko, Sebalik
 • rightKeru, Nibung, Lintang, Kikim, Semangus, Keruh, Langgaran, Medak, Simpang, Dua, Penukal, Lematang, Belida, Kramasan, Ogan, Komering

The Musi River (Indonesian: Sungai Musi) is a river in Southern Sumatra, Indonesia.[8] It flows from south-west to north-east, from the Barisan Mountains range that form the backbone of Sumatra, in Kepahiang Regency, Bengkulu Province, to the Bangka Strait that forms an extension of the South China Sea. The Musi is about 750 kilometers long, and drains most of South Sumatra province. After flowing through Palembang, the provincial capital, it joins with several other rivers, including the Banyuasin River, to form a delta near the town of Sungsang. The river, dredged to a depth of about 8 meters,[5] is navigable by large ships as far as Palembang, which is the site of major port facilities used primarily for the export of petroleum, rubber and palm oil.

This river system, especially around the city of Palembang, was the heart of eponymous 7th to 13th century Srivijayan empire. The river mouth was the site of the SilkAir Flight 185 plane crash which killed all 104 passengers and crew on board in 1997.[9]

Geography

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The river flows in the southern area of Sumatra, which has a predominantly tropical rainforest climate (designated as Af in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification).[10] The annual average temperature in the area is 24 °C. The warmest month is July, when the average temperature is around 26 °C, and the coldest is February, at 22 °C.[11] The average annual rainfall is 2579 mm. The wettest month is April, with an average of 344 mm rainfall, and the driest is September, with 99 mm of rain.[12]

Tributaries

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The main tributaries from the mouth:[1]

Left

tributary

Right

tributary

Length

(km)

Basin size

(km2)

Average discharge

(m3/s)

Musi 759 59,942 3,211.2
Sebalik 282.6 14.6
Komering 328 9,908 458.7
Ogan 313 8,233 432.9
Kramasan 241.6 11.6
Belida 462.7 23.1
Lematang 348 7,340 396.1
Penukal 959.5 52.8
Harileko 334 3,746 186.7
Dua 317 17.5
Simpang 368 20.7
Medak 72 395.3 25.7
Langgaran 226 12.8
Keruh 554.2 31.9
Rawas 208 5,841 333.9
Lakitan 140 2,763 161.2
Semangus 183 1,933 125.3
Kelingi 98 1,898 126.9
Kungku 667.1 38.6
Kikim 1,524.1 86.8
Lintang 572 31.9
Keru 315.3 18.1
[edit]
  • The Musi River and Palembang
    The Musi River and Palembang
  • The Musi River by Palembang
    The Musi River by Palembang
  • The Ampera Bridge on Musi River, Palembang
    The Ampera Bridge on Musi River, Palembang
  • watershed of the Musi River
    watershed of the Musi River

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f "Sumatra".
  2. ^ a b Müller-Dum, Denise; Warneke, Thorsten; Rixen, Tim; Müller, Moritz; Baum, Antje; Christodoulou, Aliki; Oakes, Joanne; Eyre, Bradley D.; Notholt, Justus (2019). "Impact of peatlands on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the Rajang River and Estuary, Malaysia". Biogeosciences. 16 (1): 17–32. Bibcode:2019BGeo...16...17M. doi:10.5194/bg-16-17-2019. S2CID 203167471.
  3. ^ a b c STUDY FOR MUSI RIVER BASIN (PDF).
  4. ^ a b c Achmad, Syarifudin (2017). "The influence of Musi River sedimentation to the aquatic environment". Matec Web of Conferences. 101: 04026. doi:10.1051/matecconf/201710104026.
  5. ^ a b Irwan; Purboyo; Fadjrin Wira Perdana; Doharman Lumban Tungkup; Surnata (2023). "EVALUATION OF THE PORT FACILITIES OF SUNGAI 16 PIER AND ACCESS ROAD TO PASAR LPT TERMINAL 16 ILIR PALEMBANG CITY OF SOUTH SUMATRA PROVINCE". Journal of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture. 34: 2226–2241. doi:10.59670/jns.v34i.1498.
  6. ^ "Floating marine debris along Indonesian coasts" (PDF).
  7. ^ Francisca, Wit; Tim, Rixen; Antje, Baum; Widodo, S. Pranowo; Andreas, A. Hutahaean (2018). "The Invisible Carbon Footprint as a hidden impact of peatland degradation inducing marine carbonate dissolution in Sumatra, Indonesia". Scientific Reports. 8: 17403. Bibcode:2018NatSR...817403W. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35769-7.
  8. ^ Air Musi - Geonames.org.
  9. ^ Archives, L. A. Times (1997-12-20). "Jet Carrying 104 Explodes Over Indonesia". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2024-07-14.
  10. ^ Peel, M C; Finlayson, B L; McMahon, T A (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  11. ^ "NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index". NASA. 30 January 2016.
  12. ^ "NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)". NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission. 30 January 2016.
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2°20′37″S 104°55′21″E / 2.34361°S 104.92250°E / -2.34361; 104.92250

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