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{{Short description|Siouan language of North America}}
{{use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Quapaw
|name=Quapaw
|nativename=Arkansas, O-gah-pah
|nativename=Arkansas, O-gah-pah, Okáxpa
|states=[[United States]]
|states=[[United States]]
|region=[[Oklahoma]], [[Arkansas]]
|region=[[Arkansas]], [[Oklahoma]]
|ethnicity=160 [[Quapaw people|Quapaw]] (2000 census)<ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/language/QUA</ref>
|ethnicity=160 [[Quapaw people|Quapaw]] (2000 census)<ref>{{Ethnologue18|qua}}</ref>
|speakers=1
|speakers=1 (2019)<ref>https://www.hcn.org/articles/indigenous-affairs-the-u-s-has-spent-more-money-erasing-native-languages-than-saving-them</ref>
|date=2019

|ref=<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagle |first=Rebecca |website=High Country News |url=https://www.hcn.org/articles/indigenous-affairs-the-u-s-has-spent-more-money-erasing-native-languages-than-saving-them|title = The U.S. Has spent more money erasing Native languages than saving them |date=5 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204233839/https://www.hcn.org/issues/51.21-22/indigenous-affairs-the-u-s-has-spent-more-money-erasing-native-languages-than-saving-them |archive-date=2019-12-04}}</ref>
|familycolor=American
|familycolor=American
|fam1=[[Siouan languages|Siouan]]
|fam1=[[Siouan languages|Siouan]]
Line 14: Line 17:
|iso3=qua
|iso3=qua
|map=Oklahoma Indian Languages.png
|map=Oklahoma Indian Languages.png
|mapcaption=Map showing the distribution of [[Oklahoma]] [[Native American Languages|Indian Languages]]
|mapcaption=Map showing the distribution of [[Oklahoma]] [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Indian languages]]
|glotto=quap1242
|glotto=quap1242
|glottorefname=Quapaw
|glottorefname=Quapaw
Line 24: Line 27:


==Written documentation==
==Written documentation==
The Quapaw language is well-documented in field notes and publications from many individuals including by George Izard in 1827, by Lewis F. Hadly in 1882, from 19th-century [[linguist]] [[James Owen Dorsey]], in 1940 by Frank T. Siebert, and, in the 1970s by linguist Robert Rankin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.quapawtribalancestry.com/quapawhistoricalwrittenworks.htm|title=Historical written works on the Quapaw Language|website=www.quapawtribalancestry.com|access-date=Apr 3, 2019}}</ref>
The Quapaw language is well-documented in field notes and publications from many individuals including by George Izard in 1827, by Lewis F. Hadly in 1882, from 19th-century [[Linguistics|linguist]] [[James Owen Dorsey]], in 1940 by [[Frank Siebert|Frank Thomas Siebert]], and, in the 1970s by linguist Robert Rankin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.quapawtribalancestry.com/quapawhistoricalwrittenworks.htm |title=Historical written works on the Quapaw Language |website=Quapaw Tribal Ancestry |access-date=Apr 3, 2019 |archive-date=2014-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019171809/http://www.quapawtribalancestry.com/quapawhistoricalwrittenworks.htm}}</ref>


The Quapaw language does not conform well to English language phonetics, and a writing system for the language has not been formally adopted. All of the existing source material on the language utilizes different writing systems, making reading and understanding the language difficult for the novice learner. To address this issue, an online dictionary of the Quapaw language is being compiled which incorporates all of the existing source material known to exist into one document using a version of the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] which has been adapted for Siouan languages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.quapawtribalancestry.com/quapawdictionary/quapawdictionary.htm|title=Quapaw Dictionary|website=www.quapawtribalancestry.com|access-date=2016-03-14}}</ref>
The Quapaw language does not conform well to English language phonetics, and a writing system for the language has not been formally adopted. All of the existing source material on the language utilizes different writing systems, making reading and understanding the language difficult for the novice learner. To address this issue, an online dictionary of the Quapaw language is being compiled which incorporates all of the existing source material known to exist into one document using a version of the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] which has been adapted for Siouan languages.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.quapawtribalancestry.com/quapawdictionary/quapawdictionary.htm |title=Quapaw Dictionary |website=Quapaw Tribal Ancestry |access-date=2016-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121145226/http://www.quapawtribalancestry.com/quapawdictionary/quapawdictionary.htm |archive-date=2016-01-21}}</ref>


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==


=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
Siebert found 23 consonants in his limited research,<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1086/466132 | doi=10.1086/466132 | title=A Note on Quapaw | date=1989 | last1=Siebert | first1=Frank T. | journal=International Journal of American Linguistics | volume=55 | issue=4 | pages=471–476 | s2cid=143467538 | access-date=May 2, 2024 | archive-date=May 2, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502193059/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/466132 | url-status=live }}</ref> while Rankin found 26. When compared with Rankin, Siebert does not include {{IPAslink|b}}, {{IPAslink|d}}, or {{IPAslink|ʔ}}. He also puts the velar plosives and postalveolar fricatives together in a palatal column. The following chart uses Rankin's analysis.
⚫
{| class="wikitable"
⚫
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Quapaw Consonants<ref name="Rankin82">{{cite journal |last=Rankin |first=Robert |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226111201/http://ok-quapawtribe.civicplus.com/DocumentCenter/View/3188 |url=http://ok-quapawtribe.civicplus.com/DocumentCenter/View/3188 |archive-date=2016-12-26 |title=A Quapaw Vocabulary |journal=Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics |volume=7 |year=1982 |pages=125–152}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Palatal]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
⚫
|-
|- align="center"
! rowspan="4" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
! rowspan="4" |[[Plosive]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|pː}}
|p pː
|{{IPA link|t}} {{IPA link|tː}}
|t tː
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|k}} {{IPA link|kː}}
|k kː
|{{IPA link|ʔ}}
|ʔ
⚫
|-
|- align="center"
!<small>aspirated</small>
!<small>aspirated</small>
|pʰ
|{{IPA link|pʰ}}
|tʰ
|{{IPA link|tʰ}}
|
|
|
|
|kʰ
|{{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|
⚫
|-
|- align="center"
!<small>glottalized</small>
!<small>glottalized</small>
|
|
|tʼ
|{{IPA link|tʼ}}
|
|
|
|
|kʼ
|{{IPA link|kʼ}}
|
|
⚫
|-
|- align="center"
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
|{{IPA link|b}}
⚫
|b
|{{IPA link|d}}
⚫
|d
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
⚫
|-
|- align="center"
! rowspan="3" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! rowspan="3" |[[Fricative]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|s
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}
|ʃ
|{{IPA link|x}}
|x
|{{IPA link|h}}
⚫
|h
⚫
|-
|- align="center"
!<small>glottalized</small>
!<small>glottalized</small>
|
|
|
|
|sʼ
|{{IPA link|sʼ}}
|ʃʼ
|{{IPA link|ʃʼ}}
|xʼ
|{{IPA link|xʼ}}
|
|
⚫
|-
|- align="center"
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|z}}
⚫
|z
|{{IPA link|ʒ}}
|ʒ
|
|
|
|
⚫
|-
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
⚫
|m
|
|
|{{IPA link|n}}
⚫
|n
|
|
|
|
|
|
⚫
|-
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
⚫
|w
|
|
|
|
Line 116: Line 122:


=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
In addition to the vowels Rankin found in the below chart, Siebert included four long oral vowels {{IPAslink|aː}}, {{IPAslink|eː}}, {{IPAslink|iː}}, and {{IPAslink|oː}}.

{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Quapaw Vowels<ref name="Rankin82"/>
!
!
!Front
![[Front vowel|Front]]
!Central
![[Central vowel|Central]]
!Back
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!Close
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|i ĩ
|i ĩ
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!Mid
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|e
|e
⚫
|
⚫
|
|- align="center"
!Close-mid
|
|
|
|o õ
|o õ
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!Open
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|
|a ã
|a ã
|
|
|}
|}
<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://ok-quapawtribe.civicplus.com/DocumentCenter/View/3188|title=A Quapaw Vocabulary|last=Rankin|first=Robert L.|year=1982|access-date=2016-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226111201/http://ok-quapawtribe.civicplus.com/DocumentCenter/View/3188|archive-date=2016-12-26|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Revitalization==
==Revitalization==
[[Ardina Moore]] teaches Quapaw language classes through the tribe.<ref name=qto>[http://www.quapawtribe.com/index.aspx?nid=89 "Quapaw Language."] ''Quapaw Tribe of Oklahoma.'' Retrieved 9 Dec 2013.</ref> As of 2012, Quapaw language lessons are available online or by DVD.<ref name=qto/>
[[Ardina Moore]] taught Quapaw language classes through the tribe.<ref name=qto>{{cite web |url=http://www.quapawtribe.com/index.aspx?nid=89 |title=Quapaw Language |website=Quapaw Tribe of Oklahoma |access-date=9 Dec 2013 |archive-date=December 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213234909/http://www.quapawtribe.com/index.aspx?nid=89 |url-status=live }}</ref>


An online audio lexicon of the Quapaw language is available on the tribal website to assist language learners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.quapawtribalancestry.com/quapawlanguage/index.htm|title=Quapaw Language- Quapaw Tribal Ancestry|website=www.quapawtribalancestry.com|access-date=Apr 3, 2019}}</ref> The lexicon incorporates audio of first language speakers who were born between 1870 and 1918.
An online audio lexicon of the Quapaw language is available on the tribal website to assist language learners.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.quapawtribalancestry.com/quapawlanguage/index.htm |title=Quapaw Language |website=Quapaw Tribal Ancestry |access-date=Apr 3, 2019 |archive-date=December 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213082937/http://www.quapawtribalancestry.com/quapawlanguage/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The lexicon incorporates audio of first language speakers who were born between 1870 and 1918.


The 2nd Annual Dhegiha Gathering in 2012 brought Quapaw, [[Osage language|Osage]], [[Kaw language|Kaw]], [[Ponca language|Ponca]], and [[Omaha language|Omaha]] speakers together to share best practices in language revitalization.<ref>{{Cite web
The 2nd Annual Dhegiha Gathering in 2012 brought Quapaw, [[Osage language|Osage]], [[Kaw language|Kaw]], [[Ponca language|Ponca]], and [[Omaha language|Omaha]] speakers together to share best practices in language revitalization.<ref>{{Cite web
Line 156: Line 159:
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130606080511/http://www.osagetribe.com/language/uploads/2ndAnnual-Agenda20120724.pdf
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130606080511/http://www.osagetribe.com/language/uploads/2ndAnnual-Agenda20120724.pdf
|archive-date = 2013-06-06
|archive-date = 2013-06-06
}}</ref> A Quapaw Tribal Youth Language and Cultural Preservation Camp teaches the language to children, and the Quapaw Tribal Museum offers classes for adults.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Quapaw Tribe working to pass on native language|url = http://www.joplinglobe.com/news/quapaw-tribe-working-to-pass-on-native-language/article_a8c99b16-30ec-11e5-9e57-77264e185c36.html|access-date = 2015-10-03|website = [[Joplin Globe]]|last = Okeson|first = Sarah|date = July 22, 2015}}</ref>
}}</ref> A Quapaw Tribal Youth Language and Cultural Preservation Camp taught the language to children.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Quapaw Tribe working to pass on native language|url = http://www.joplinglobe.com/news/quapaw-tribe-working-to-pass-on-native-language/article_a8c99b16-30ec-11e5-9e57-77264e185c36.html|access-date = 2015-10-03|website = [[Joplin Globe]]|last = Okeson|first = Sarah|date = July 22, 2015|archive-date = November 14, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211114025758/https://www.joplinglobe.com/news/quapaw-tribe-working-to-pass-on-native-language/article_a8c99b16-30ec-11e5-9e57-77264e185c36.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

In 2024, the Quapaw Nation Culture Division created a permanent language department which hired language staff, restarted Quapaw language community classes, and is working towards increased language services. <ref>{{cite website| date = December 27, 2024| title = Quapaw Language Department | url = https://www.quapawtribe.com/758/Quapaw-Language}}</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
⚫
*{{cite book |first1=James Owen |last1=Dorsey |first2=Francis |last2=La Flesche |title=The Degiha language |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_DtDAQAAIAAJ |access-date=25 August 2012 |year=1890 |publisher=Govt. Printing Office}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
Line 168: Line 176:
* [http://www.quapawtribalancestry.com/historicalwrittenworks/Izard%20Sheet1.pdf George Izard Quapaw Dictionary from 1827], Quapaw Tribe of Oklahoma
* [http://www.quapawtribalancestry.com/historicalwrittenworks/Izard%20Sheet1.pdf George Izard Quapaw Dictionary from 1827], Quapaw Tribe of Oklahoma
* [http://www.quapawtribalancestry.com/quapawhistoricalwrittenworks.htm Frank Siebert Quapaw Dictionary from 1940], Quapaw Tribe of Oklahoma
* [http://www.quapawtribalancestry.com/quapawhistoricalwrittenworks.htm Frank Siebert Quapaw Dictionary from 1940], Quapaw Tribe of Oklahoma

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161226111201/http://ok-quapawtribe.civicplus.com/DocumentCenter/View/3188 Robert Rankin Quapaw Dictionary from 1974]
*[http://www.native-languages.org/quapaw.htm Quapaw Indian Language (Alkansea, Arkansas, Ogahpah, Kwapa)]
*[http://www.native-languages.org/quapaw.htm Quapaw Indian Language (Alkansea, Arkansas, Ogahpah, Kwapa)]
*[https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B4OpuNzRO2KfdGVLYk9XbFVzaDQ/edit?pli=1 Quapaw Language Reference] (Google doc)
*[https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B4OpuNzRO2KfdGVLYk9XbFVzaDQ/edit?pli=1 Quapaw Language Reference] (Google doc)
*[http://www.language-archives.org/language/qua OLAC resources in and about the Quapaw language]
*[http://www.language-archives.org/language/qua OLAC resources in and about the Quapaw language]
⚫
*{{cite book|author1=James Owen Dorsey|author2=Francis La Flesche|title=The Degiha language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_DtDAQAAIAAJ|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1890|publisher=Govt. Printing Office}}


{{Languages of Oklahoma}}
{{Languages of Oklahoma}}
{{Siouan languages}}
{{Siouan languages}}
{{Portal bar|Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Language}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Quapaw|language]]
[[Category:Quapaw|language]]
⚫
[[Category:Native American language revitalization]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of Oklahoma]]
⚫
[[Category:Native American language revitalization]]
[[Category:Western Siouan languages]]
[[Category:Western Siouan languages]]




{{indigenousAmerican-lang-stub}}
{{indigenousAmerican-lang-stub}}
{{Oklahoma-stub}}

Latest revision as of 22:40, 27 December 2024

Quapaw
Arkansas, O-gah-pah, Okáxpa
Native toUnited States
RegionArkansas, Oklahoma
Ethnicity160 Quapaw (2000 census)[1]
Native speakers
1 (2019)[2]
Siouan
Language codes
ISO 639-3qua
Glottologquap1242
ELPQuapaw
Map showing the distribution of Oklahoma Indian languages

Quapaw, or Arkansas, is a Siouan language of the Quapaw people, originally from a region in present-day Arkansas. It is now spoken in Oklahoma.

It is similar to the other Dhegihan languages: Kansa, Omaha, Osage and Ponca.

Written documentation

[edit]

The Quapaw language is well-documented in field notes and publications from many individuals including by George Izard in 1827, by Lewis F. Hadly in 1882, from 19th-century linguist James Owen Dorsey, in 1940 by Frank Thomas Siebert, and, in the 1970s by linguist Robert Rankin.[3]

The Quapaw language does not conform well to English language phonetics, and a writing system for the language has not been formally adopted. All of the existing source material on the language utilizes different writing systems, making reading and understanding the language difficult for the novice learner. To address this issue, an online dictionary of the Quapaw language is being compiled which incorporates all of the existing source material known to exist into one document using a version of the International Phonetic Alphabet which has been adapted for Siouan languages.[4]

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]

Siebert found 23 consonants in his limited research,[5] while Rankin found 26. When compared with Rankin, Siebert does not include /b/, /d/, or /ʔ/. He also puts the velar plosives and postalveolar fricatives together in a palatal column. The following chart uses Rankin's analysis.

Quapaw Consonants[6]
Bilabial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Velar Glottal
Plosive voiceless p pː t tː k kː ʔ
aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ
glottalized tʼ kʼ
voiced b d
Fricative voiceless s ʃ x h
glottalized sʼ ʃʼ xʼ
voiced z ʒ
Nasal m n
Approximant w

Vowels

[edit]

In addition to the vowels Rankin found in the below chart, Siebert included four long oral vowels /aː/, /eː/, /iː/, and /oː/.

Quapaw Vowels[6]
Front Central Back
Close i ĩ
Mid e o õ
Open a ã

Revitalization

[edit]

Ardina Moore taught Quapaw language classes through the tribe.[7]

An online audio lexicon of the Quapaw language is available on the tribal website to assist language learners.[8] The lexicon incorporates audio of first language speakers who were born between 1870 and 1918.

The 2nd Annual Dhegiha Gathering in 2012 brought Quapaw, Osage, Kaw, Ponca, and Omaha speakers together to share best practices in language revitalization.[9] A Quapaw Tribal Youth Language and Cultural Preservation Camp taught the language to children.[10]

In 2024, the Quapaw Nation Culture Division created a permanent language department which hired language staff, restarted Quapaw language community classes, and is working towards increased language services. [11]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Quapaw language at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Nagle, Rebecca (November 5, 2019). "The U.S. Has spent more money erasing Native languages than saving them". High Country News. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019.
  3. ^ "Historical written works on the Quapaw Language". Quapaw Tribal Ancestry. Archived from the original on October 19, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
  4. ^ "Quapaw Dictionary". Quapaw Tribal Ancestry. Archived from the original on January 21, 2016. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
  5. ^ Siebert, Frank T. (1989). "A Note on Quapaw". International Journal of American Linguistics. 55 (4): 471–476. doi:10.1086/466132. S2CID 143467538. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
  6. ^ a b Rankin, Robert (1982). "A Quapaw Vocabulary". Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics. 7: 125–152. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016.
  7. ^ "Quapaw Language". Quapaw Tribe of Oklahoma. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved December 9, 2013.
  8. ^ "Quapaw Language". Quapaw Tribal Ancestry. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
  9. ^ "Dhegiha Gathering Agenda, 2012" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 6, 2013. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
  10. ^ Okeson, Sarah (July 22, 2015). "Quapaw Tribe working to pass on native language". Joplin Globe. Archived from the original on November 14, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2015.
  11. ^ "Quapaw Language Department". December 27, 2024.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Dorsey, James Owen; La Flesche, Francis (1890). The Degiha language. Govt. Printing Office. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
[edit]


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