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{{Short description|Piegan Blackfeet chief (1872–1934)}} |
{{Short description|Piegan Blackfeet chief (1872–1934)}} |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2023}} |
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[[File:John Two-Gun White Calf LCCN2003653702.jpg|thumb|right]] |
[[File:John Two-Gun White Calf LCCN2003653702.jpg|thumb|right|Two Guns White Calf in 1921]] |
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[[File:Two Guns White Calf Portrait.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Two Guns White Calf]] |
[[File:Two Guns White Calf Portrait.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Two Guns White Calf]] |
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'''John Two Guns White Calf''' (also known as John Two Guns and John Whitecalf Two Guns<ref name="Bates">{{cite book |last1=Bates |first1=Erica Margaret |title=The Encyclopedia of Native American Economic History |date=1999 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=9780313306235 |page=141}}</ref>) (1872–1934<ref name="Estes"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Battle for the Blackfeet |url=https://flatheadbeacon.com/2013/10/23/battle-for-the-blackfeet/ |website=Flathead Beacon |access-date=30 June 2022 |language=en |date=23 October 2013}}</ref>) was a [[tribal chief#United States|chief]] of the [[Piegan Blackfeet]] in [[Montana]]. He was born near [[Fort Benton, Montana]] and was the adopted son of Chief White Calf.<ref name="Bates"/> After the elder White Calf died in |
'''John Two Guns White Calf''' (also known as John Two Guns and John Whitecalf Two Guns<ref name="Bates">{{cite book |last1=Bates |first1=Erica Margaret |title=The Encyclopedia of Native American Economic History |date=1999 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=9780313306235 |page=141}}</ref>) (1872–1934<ref name="Estes"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Battle for the Blackfeet |url=https://flatheadbeacon.com/2013/10/23/battle-for-the-blackfeet/ |website=Flathead Beacon |access-date=30 June 2022 |language=en |date=23 October 2013}}</ref>) was a [[tribal chief#United States|chief]] of the [[Piegan Blackfeet]] in [[Montana]]. He was born near [[Fort Benton, Montana]], and was the adopted son of Chief White Calf.<ref name="Bates"/> After the elder White Calf died in 1903, while a guest of President T. Roosevelt in Washington, D.C., White Calf became the last chief of the Blackfoot Tribe.<ref name="Estes">{{cite web |last1=Estes |first1=Roberta |title=John Two Guns White Calf |url=https://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/05/21/john-two-guns-white-calf/ |website=Native Heritage Project |access-date=30 June 2022 |language=en |date=21 May 2012}}</ref> He died at Blackfeet Indian hospital, of attack of flu according to the Choteau Acantha, however the Indian agency said pulmonary tuberculosis at the age of 63 and is buried in a [[Catholic]] cemetery in [[Browning, Montana]].<ref name="Estes"/><ref name="Bates"/> |
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== Promotional career == |
== Promotional career == |
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He became famous for his work promoting the [[Glacier National Park (U.S.)|Glacier National Park]] for the [[Great Northern Railway (U.S.)|Great Northern Railway]].<ref name="Bates"/><ref name="Estes"/>{{r|Graybill|p=222}} In 1912, he travelled with several other Blackfeet to the 1912 United States Land Show in [[Chicago]] to make what was possibly the first publicity trip for the tribe.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=David R. M. |last2=LaPier |first2=Rosalyn R. |title=City Indian: Native American Activism in Chicago, 1893-1934 |date=May 2015 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=9780803278486}}</ref> He also claimed to be the model for the profile on the [[Indian head nickel]]. |
He became famous for his work promoting the [[Glacier National Park (U.S.)|Glacier National Park]] for the [[Great Northern Railway (U.S.)|Great Northern Railway]].<ref name="Bates"/><ref name="Estes"/>{{r|Graybill|p=222}} In 1912, he travelled with several other Blackfeet to the 1912 United States Land Show in [[Chicago]] to make what was possibly the first publicity trip for the tribe.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=David R. M. |last2=LaPier |first2=Rosalyn R. |title=City Indian: Native American Activism in Chicago, 1893-1934 |date=May 2015 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=9780803278486}}</ref> He also claimed to be the model for the profile on the [[Indian head nickel]]. The sculptor, [[James Earle Fraser (sculptor)|James Earle Fraser]], said that the image he used was a composite of several people.{{r|Bates|p=141}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=VanRyzin |first1=Robert R. |title=Fascinating Facts, Mysteries and Myths About U.S. Coins |date=October 2009 |publisher=F+W Media |isbn=978-1440225376}}</ref> |
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=== Washington Redskins === |
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In 1971, Walter "Blackie" Wetzel, a Blackfeet tribal council member, created the [[Washington Redskins]] logo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Connell |first=Ryan |title=The man behind the logo: The story of Walter "Blackie" Wetzel |url=https://www.montanarightnow.com/sports/the-man-behind-the-logo-the-story-of-walter-blackie-wetzel/article_c53c846c-849f-11ec-9274-4f3f0903b2b1.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=ABC FOX Montana |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BLASCO 406mtsports.com">{{Cite web |last=BLASCO 406mtsports.com |first=JASON |title=Washington Redskins logo has deep connection to Blackfeet reservation, Wetzel family |url=https://406mtsports.com/football/washington-redskins-logo-has-deep-connection-to-blackfeet-reservation-wetzel-family/article_7e919d9b-8e06-5218-8d86-d5c713ee3997.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=406 MT SPORTS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://friesian.com/sports.htm#injuns|date=2024|work= Political Economy|title=Sports Teams and Identity Ownership|last=Ross|first=Kelley L.|quote=As it happens, the Washington Redskin logo was based on an image of Blackfoot Chief John Two Guns White Calf (1872–1934). The complaint, of course, is that 'retiring' the logo and its identity means erasing John White Calf from history. And his image was not picked at random to be a token Indian. John White Calf was a public personality and a friend of Calvin Coolidge, who, of course, frequently vacationed in South Dakota and knew the West.}}</ref> He used Two Guns White Calf's image as the basis for the logo. Protests caused the team to change the logo in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=<!-- 2:33 PM EDT --> July 13, 2020 |title=Native American son of Redskins logo designer says it's not offensive, calls the change 'hard' |url=https://www.wusa9.com/article/sports/nfl/redskins/washington-redskins-name-change-bittersweet-for-family-of-logo-creator/65-bf85b9b8-fa48-48dc-a3d2-3f03326cc338 |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=wusa9.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="BLASCO 406mtsports.com" /> The team officially changed their name to The Washington Commanders in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowman |first=Emma |date=February 6, 2022 |title=For many Native Americans, the Washington Commanders' new name offers some closure |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/02/06/1078571919/washington-commanders-name-change-native-americans |website=NPR News}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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[[Category:Piegan Blackfeet people]] |
[[Category:Piegan Blackfeet people]] |
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[[Category:Members of the Methodist Episcopal Church]] |
[[Category:Members of the Methodist Episcopal Church]] |
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[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia]] |
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in Montana]] |
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[[Category:1872 births]] |
[[Category:1872 births]] |
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[[Category:1934 deaths]] |
[[Category:1934 deaths]] |
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{{NorthAm-native-bio-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 00:07, 28 December 2024
John Two Guns White Calf (also known as John Two Guns and John Whitecalf Two Guns[1]) (1872–1934[2][3]) was a chief of the Piegan Blackfeet in Montana. He was born near Fort Benton, Montana, and was the adopted son of Chief White Calf.[1] After the elder White Calf died in 1903, while a guest of President T. Roosevelt in Washington, D.C., White Calf became the last chief of the Blackfoot Tribe.[2] He died at Blackfeet Indian hospital, of attack of flu according to the Choteau Acantha, however the Indian agency said pulmonary tuberculosis at the age of 63 and is buried in a Catholic cemetery in Browning, Montana.[2][1]
Promotional career
[edit]He became famous for his work promoting the Glacier National Park for the Great Northern Railway.[1][2][4]: 222 In 1912, he travelled with several other Blackfeet to the 1912 United States Land Show in Chicago to make what was possibly the first publicity trip for the tribe.[5] He also claimed to be the model for the profile on the Indian head nickel. The sculptor, James Earle Fraser, said that the image he used was a composite of several people.[1]: 141 [6]
Washington Redskins
[edit]In 1971, Walter "Blackie" Wetzel, a Blackfeet tribal council member, created the Washington Redskins logo.[7][8][9] He used Two Guns White Calf's image as the basis for the logo. Protests caused the team to change the logo in 2020.[10][8] The team officially changed their name to The Washington Commanders in 2022.[11]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Bates, Erica Margaret (1999). The Encyclopedia of Native American Economic History. Greenwood Press. p. 141. ISBN 9780313306235.
- ^ a b c d Estes, Roberta (May 21, 2012). "John Two Guns White Calf". Native Heritage Project. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
- ^ "Battle for the Blackfeet". Flathead Beacon. October 23, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
- ^ Andrew R. Graybill (2013), The Red and the White: A Family Saga of the American West, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 9780871404459
- ^ Beck, David R. M.; LaPier, Rosalyn R. (May 2015). City Indian: Native American Activism in Chicago, 1893-1934. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803278486.
- ^ VanRyzin, Robert R. (October 2009). Fascinating Facts, Mysteries and Myths About U.S. Coins. F+W Media. ISBN 978-1440225376.
- ^ Connell, Ryan. "The man behind the logo: The story of Walter "Blackie" Wetzel". ABC FOX Montana. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
- ^ a b BLASCO 406mtsports.com, JASON. "Washington Redskins logo has deep connection to Blackfeet reservation, Wetzel family". 406 MT SPORTS. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Ross, Kelley L. (2024). "Sports Teams and Identity Ownership". Political Economy.
As it happens, the Washington Redskin logo was based on an image of Blackfoot Chief John Two Guns White Calf (1872–1934). The complaint, of course, is that 'retiring' the logo and its identity means erasing John White Calf from history. And his image was not picked at random to be a token Indian. John White Calf was a public personality and a friend of Calvin Coolidge, who, of course, frequently vacationed in South Dakota and knew the West.
- ^ "Native American son of Redskins logo designer says it's not offensive, calls the change 'hard'". wusa9.com. July 13, 2020. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
- ^ Bowman, Emma (February 6, 2022). "For many Native Americans, the Washington Commanders' new name offers some closure". NPR News.
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