Siege of Sirhind: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|1710 conflict}} |
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{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Battle of Sarsa|timestamp=20150325001741|year=2015|month=March|day=25|substed=yes}} |
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| conflict = Siege of Sirhind |
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| partof = [[Mughal-Sikh Wars]] |
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| caption = |
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| date = 12–14 May 1710 |
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|conflict = Battle of sirhind or chhapar chiri |
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| place = Sirhind (modern [[Punjab, India]]) |
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| territory = |
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| result = Sikh victory |
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| combatant1 = [[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.png|30px]] First Sikh State |
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* [[Jat people|Jats]] |
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|place = Village chhapar chiri near Sirhind |
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* [[Gujjar]]s |
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|territory = |
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* [[Rajput]]s |
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|result = Sikh victory. |
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| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]] |
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|combatant1 = [[File:Punjab flag.svg|25px]] [[Banda Bahadur ]]'s [[Sikh]]s |
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| commander1 = {{plainlist| |
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|combatant2 = [[File:Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]<br/>[[]] |
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* [[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.png|20px]] [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] |
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* [[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.png|20px]] [[Bhai Fateh Singh Ji|Fateh Singh]]}} |
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|commander2 = [[File:Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|25px]]<br/>[[File:Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|25px]] Wazir khan |
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| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|20px}} Sucha Nand{{Executed}} |
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| casualties1 = 500 |
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| casualties2 = Unknown |
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| units2 = |
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| units1 = |
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}} |
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{{Campaignbox Mughal-Sikh Wars}}{{Not to be confused with|Battle of Chappar Chiri|Battle of Sirhind (1555)|Battle of Sirhind (1764)|text=[[Battle of Chappar Chiri]], known alternatively as the Battle of Sirhind, or the [[Battle of Sirhind (1555)]] and [[Battle of Sirhind (1764)]]}} |
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{{Campaignbox Mughal-Sikh Wars}} |
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The '''siege of Sirhind''' was fought between the [[Mughal Empire]] and Sikh forces in 1710. The Sikhs besieged, stormed, captured, plundered and razed the city of [[Sirhind]]<ref name="sarsa">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06k5ygAACAAJ|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=948|author= Jacques, Tony|publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2007|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhavan |first=Purnima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC&pg=PA51 |title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799 |date=2011-11-03 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-975655-1 |page=51 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=W.H. |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhism00mcle/page/64/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Sikhism |year=1997 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9780140252606 |page=64}}</ref> after defeating and beheading |
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[[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan]] in the [[Battle of Chappar Chiri]].<ref name="sarsa"/>{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=132}}<ref name="max">{{Cite book |last=Macauliffe |first=Max Arthur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMeclUzAh9sC&pg=PA248 |title=The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors |date=2013-03-28 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-05547-5 |page=248 |language=en |orig-date=1909}}</ref><ref name="gan">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Ganda |title=A Short History of the Sikhs |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University |year=1989 |page=84 |orig-date=1950}}</ref> |
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==Background== |
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The city of Sirhind was anathema to the Sikhs who were raged to take vengeance upon the Mughal regime of Sirhind, under whom the two young children of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] were executed on the order of the [[Nawab|Governor]] of Sirhind, Wazir Khan and his [[dewan]], Sucha Nand.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of the Sikhs: 1469-1838|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofsikhs1401khus/page/105/mode/1up?view=theater |
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|publisher=Oxford University Press|year= 2004|isbn=9780195673081|page=105}}</ref> Some prominent towns on the way to Sirhind were captured and plundered including [[Sonipat|Sonepat]], [[Kaithal]], [[Samana, Punjab|Samana]], [[Shahabad Markanda|Shahabad]], [[Mustafabad, Punjab|Mustafabad]] and [[Sadaura|Sadhaura]],{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=128}} as they could provide military assistance to the Mughal government of Sirhind.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Surjit|url= https://archive.org/details/SikhsInTheEighteenthCentury/page/n28/mode/2up|title= Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century|page=28|date=1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovreignty|last=Sagoo|first=Harbans Kaur|url=https://archive.org/details/BandaSinghBahadurAndSikhSovereignty/page/n139/mode/1up |year=2001|isbn=9788176293006|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |page=124}}</ref> Due to consistent victories, many plunderers, looking to prey upon the riches within the walls of Sirhind, also followed Banda Singh Bahadur and his Sikh troops on his march to Sirhind.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=129}} |
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==Siege== |
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After defeating and killing Wazir Khan in the [[Battle of Chappar Chiri]], Banda Singh Bahadur and his forces began their march to Sirhind, roughly 10 miles from the battle field. The gates of the city were closed, and the guns mounted on the fort's walls maintained steady fire on the Sikhs and managed to inflict considerable losses upon them. Fighting resumed on May 13, the fort guns had managed to kill 500 of Banda's troops, in response, the Sikhs fired a deadly volley on the fort gun, rendering it useless and attacked the city gates, successfully managing to open some of them.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=132}}<ref name="max"/><ref name="gan">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Ganda |title=A Short History of the Sikhs |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University |year=1989 |page=84 |orig-date=1950}}</ref> |
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== Capture == |
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On 14 May 1710, Banda and his army entered and captured Sirhind, and an immense destruction of life and property ensued shortly after.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=132}}<ref name="max" /><ref name="gan" /> Sucha Nand was captured alive and later executed,{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=133}}<ref name="max"/> whereas other Hindus who contributed to the crimes of Wazir Khan were punished.<ref name="gan"/> Banda seized two [[crore]]s (20 million) worth of government treasury and moveable property which was moved to [[Lohgarh (Bilaspur)|Lohgarh, Bilaspur]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh Confederacies (1708-69) |date=1978 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=9788121502481 |edition=3rd |page=14 |orig-date=1937}}</ref> |
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=== Atrocities on Muslims === |
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A number of accounts point to general atrocities committed by Banda's troops on the Muslim community and their vassals in Sirhind; however during the expedition numerous Muslim tombs were spared including the [[Mazar (mausoleum)|mausoleums]] of [[Rauza Sharif|Shaikh Ahmad Mujaddid Alif Sani]] leading to doubts on the extent.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Madra |first1=Amandeep Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1cBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 |title=Sicques, Tigers or Thieves: Eyewitness Accounts of the Sikhs (1606-1810) |last2=Singh |first2=P. |date=2016-09-27 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US (Springer) |isbn=978-1-137-11998-8 |page=92 |language=en}}</ref> |
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[[Hari Ram Gupta]] noted that several notable Muslims saved their lives by converting to Sikhism.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh Confederacies (1708-69) |date=1978 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=9788121502481 |edition=3rd |page=14 |orig-date=1937}}</ref> Yogesh Snehi noted that Banda Singh Bahadur destroyed imperial mosques and the fort of Sirhind during his raid, where the two young sons of Guru Gobind Singh were executed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Snehi |first=Yogesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6YiUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT66 |title=Spatializing Popular Sufi Shrines in Punjab: Dreams, Memories, Territoriality |date=2019-04-24 |publisher=co-published by Taylor & Francis and the Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=978-0-429-51563-7 |page=66 |language=en}}</ref> [[Vidya Dhar Mahajan|V.D. Mahajan]] also writes that thousands of Muslims were killed during the siege.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=V. D. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.305508/page/n259/mode/2up |title=India Since 1526 |date=1971 |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=9788121911450 |page=232 |language=en}}</ref> [[The New Cambridge History of India]] notes that the Sikhs massacred those who did not readily convert to Sikhism and destroyed the city buildings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |url=https://archive.org/details/the-new-cambridge-history-of-india-vol.-1-part-7/The%20New%20Cambridge%20History%20of%20India%2C%20Vol.%201%2C%20Part%203/page/256/mode/2up?view=theater |title=The New Cambridge History of India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0521400275 |volume=1, Part 3 |page=257 |author-link=John F. Richards}}</ref> According to [[Ganda Singh (historian)|Ganda Singh]], allegations of desecrations of mosques were unfounded since the mausoleum of Shaikh Ahmad Mujaddid Alif Sani, which was the most magnificent buildings in the city, was left untouched after the battle. He further castigates the writers of the Siyar-ul-Mutakherin and Muntakhib-ul-Lubab for exaggerating Sikh atrocities, the statements of which were repeated by later writers like Mohammad Latif.<ref name="gan" /> He goes on to write that the Muslim populace, due to their affiliation with persecution and religious intolerance towards the poor and innocents, was subject to indiscriminate plunder by the Sikhs impelled by the memory of the execution of Guru Gobind Singh's sons and the host of plunderers and irregulars ravenously plundered and avenged personal animosities. Only the Muslims who disguised themselves and hid themselves in the houses of Hindus were able to escape injury. Likewise the Hindus who were guilty of crimes against the innocents were punished and the city was spared from complete destruction as local Hindus appealed for forgiveness, and amnesty was granted to the city inhabitants after a large ransom was paid to Banda Singh Bahadur.<ref name="baha">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ganda |title=Life of Banda Singh Bahadur |date=1990 |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University |pages=67–69 |orig-date=1935}}</ref><ref name="gan" /> [[Khafi Khan]]'s and Latif's account of the siege has also been criticized by Dr. Harbans Sagoo,{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=143}} S.S. Gandhi,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=S.S. |url=https://archive.org/details/SikhsInTheEighteenthCentury/page/35/mode/2up |title=Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century:Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy |publisher=Singh Bros |year=1999 |isbn=9788172052171 |page=33}}</ref> and Gokul Chand Narang as erroneous, lacking critical analysis and understanding, and on the basis of the chroniclers being Muslims and therefore ostensibly impartial to their regime.<ref name="baha" /><ref>{{cite book |title=The Panjab Past and Present: Volume 22 |date=1988 |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University |page=76 |quote=Certain allegations against Banda, viz., the exhumation of grave, desecration of mosques or setting them ablaze, forcible conversions to Sikhism after the sack of Sirhind, Sadhaura or other places, have been examined by Ganda Singh and finds no iota of truth... a statement of G. C. Narang, which says that the standing of the mausoleum of Ahmad Shah after the Muslims lost Sirhind is itself a sufficient evidence of the exaggeration in Latif's statement, which nevertheless is corroborated by Khafi Khan.}}</ref><ref name="gan" /> |
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== Aftermath == |
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After the conquest of Sirhind, Banda Singh ousted the Muslim officers from all 28 [[Pargana|parganahs]] of the Sirhind division and replaced them with his own men.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73329/page/n69/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Studies in Later Mughal History of the Panjab |publisher=The Minerva Book Shop |page=47|date=1944}}</ref> He appointed Baj Singh as the Governor of Sirhind and Ali Singh of Salaudi as his deputy, and struck coins.<ref name="singha">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fa6B20l9AeQC&pg=PA9|title=Sikh Studies|page=9|author=Dr H.S. Singha|publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2005|isbn=9788170102588}}</ref>{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=14}}<ref name="gan"/> Although the Mughals could regain control of the urban areas of Sirhind, they were unable to police the countryside, allowing Banda and his men to establish a parallel authority within those areas by levying taxes, raiding towns and trade routes and striking their own coinage.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fenech|first=Louis E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=52|date=2014|isbn=9780191004117}}</ref> Banda Singh made [[Lohgarh (Bilaspur)|Lohgarh, Bilaspur]] as the capital of the First Sikh State, made his own administrative arrangements, appointed his own [[Faujdar|faujdars]], [[Dewan|diwans]] and kardars (tax officers), and used his own inscribed and authorized seal on his orders.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Grewal|first=J.S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA83|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab Volumes 2-3|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=83|date=1998|isbn=9780521637640}}</ref> He further abolished the [[Zamindar|zamindari system]] (feudal system) and distributed land among the [[Ryot|peasants]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kaur|first=Madanjit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG4MycGdpjAC&pg=PA241|title=Guru Gobind Singh: Historical and Ideological Perspective|publisher=Unistar Books|page=241|date=2007|isbn=9788189899554}}</ref> |
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After the victory, due to the reports of intolerance and prejudiced treatment by Muslims from towns of [[Saharanpur]], Behar, [[Nanauta]] and [[Jalalabad, Shamli|Jalalabad]], Banda marched to engage the [[Mughal army|Imperial Mughal Army]] in battle.<ref>{{cite book|title=Studies in Later Mughal History of the Panjab |last=Gupta|first=Hari Ram|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282887/page/n61/mode/1up |year=1944|publisher=Minerva book shop |page=47}}</ref> With the entire province of Sirhind under his possession, Banda Singh became popular as the defender of the faith and champion of the oppressors.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=134}} |
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== See also == |
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Battle of Sirhind or Battle of chhapar chiri was fought between Sikhs under Banda singh bahadur and mughals under wazir Khan (Ruler of Sirhind).After winning samana,Jalalabad and other cities of the mughals banda singh bahadur advanced towards Sirhind.Wazir Khan had to come to village chhapar chiri near Sirhind to stop him.Mughals were badly defeated and wazir Khan was beheaded. |
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* [[Battle of Samana]] |
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==References== |
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Sikhs establish their rule in Sirhind in May 1710.Fateh burj in Mohali district of Punjab commemorates the great victory of Sikhs and establishment of Sikh rule in Punjab. |
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{{reflist}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Battles involving the Sikhs]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]] |
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[[Category:1710 in India]] |
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[[Category:Conflicts in 1710]] |
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[[Category:Persecution of Muslims]] |
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[[Category:18th-century sieges]] |
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[[Category:1710s in the Mughal Empire]] |
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[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]] |
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Latest revision as of 00:53, 28 December 2024
| Siege of Sirhind | |||||||
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| Part of Mughal-Sikh Wars | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
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 Mughal Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Sucha Nand  | |||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 500 | Unknown | ||||||
The siege of Sirhind was fought between the Mughal Empire and Sikh forces in 1710. The Sikhs besieged, stormed, captured, plundered and razed the city of Sirhind[1][2][3] after defeating and beheading Wazir Khan in the Battle of Chappar Chiri.[1][4][5][6]
Background
[edit]The city of Sirhind was anathema to the Sikhs who were raged to take vengeance upon the Mughal regime of Sirhind, under whom the two young children of Guru Gobind Singh were executed on the order of the Governor of Sirhind, Wazir Khan and his dewan, Sucha Nand.[7] Some prominent towns on the way to Sirhind were captured and plundered including Sonepat, Kaithal, Samana, Shahabad, Mustafabad and Sadhaura,[8] as they could provide military assistance to the Mughal government of Sirhind.[9][10] Due to consistent victories, many plunderers, looking to prey upon the riches within the walls of Sirhind, also followed Banda Singh Bahadur and his Sikh troops on his march to Sirhind.[11]
Siege
[edit]After defeating and killing Wazir Khan in the Battle of Chappar Chiri, Banda Singh Bahadur and his forces began their march to Sirhind, roughly 10 miles from the battle field. The gates of the city were closed, and the guns mounted on the fort's walls maintained steady fire on the Sikhs and managed to inflict considerable losses upon them. Fighting resumed on May 13, the fort guns had managed to kill 500 of Banda's troops, in response, the Sikhs fired a deadly volley on the fort gun, rendering it useless and attacked the city gates, successfully managing to open some of them.[4][5][6]
Capture
[edit]On 14 May 1710, Banda and his army entered and captured Sirhind, and an immense destruction of life and property ensued shortly after.[4][5][6] Sucha Nand was captured alive and later executed,[12][5] whereas other Hindus who contributed to the crimes of Wazir Khan were punished.[6] Banda seized two crores (20 million) worth of government treasury and moveable property which was moved to Lohgarh, Bilaspur.[13]
Atrocities on Muslims
[edit]A number of accounts point to general atrocities committed by Banda's troops on the Muslim community and their vassals in Sirhind; however during the expedition numerous Muslim tombs were spared including the mausoleums of Shaikh Ahmad Mujaddid Alif Sani leading to doubts on the extent.[14]
Hari Ram Gupta noted that several notable Muslims saved their lives by converting to Sikhism.[13] Yogesh Snehi noted that Banda Singh Bahadur destroyed imperial mosques and the fort of Sirhind during his raid, where the two young sons of Guru Gobind Singh were executed.[15] V.D. Mahajan also writes that thousands of Muslims were killed during the siege.[16] The New Cambridge History of India notes that the Sikhs massacred those who did not readily convert to Sikhism and destroyed the city buildings.[17] According to Ganda Singh, allegations of desecrations of mosques were unfounded since the mausoleum of Shaikh Ahmad Mujaddid Alif Sani, which was the most magnificent buildings in the city, was left untouched after the battle. He further castigates the writers of the Siyar-ul-Mutakherin and Muntakhib-ul-Lubab for exaggerating Sikh atrocities, the statements of which were repeated by later writers like Mohammad Latif.[6] He goes on to write that the Muslim populace, due to their affiliation with persecution and religious intolerance towards the poor and innocents, was subject to indiscriminate plunder by the Sikhs impelled by the memory of the execution of Guru Gobind Singh's sons and the host of plunderers and irregulars ravenously plundered and avenged personal animosities. Only the Muslims who disguised themselves and hid themselves in the houses of Hindus were able to escape injury. Likewise the Hindus who were guilty of crimes against the innocents were punished and the city was spared from complete destruction as local Hindus appealed for forgiveness, and amnesty was granted to the city inhabitants after a large ransom was paid to Banda Singh Bahadur.[18][6] Khafi Khan's and Latif's account of the siege has also been criticized by Dr. Harbans Sagoo,[19] S.S. Gandhi,[20] and Gokul Chand Narang as erroneous, lacking critical analysis and understanding, and on the basis of the chroniclers being Muslims and therefore ostensibly impartial to their regime.[18][21][6]
Aftermath
[edit]After the conquest of Sirhind, Banda Singh ousted the Muslim officers from all 28 parganahs of the Sirhind division and replaced them with his own men.[22] He appointed Baj Singh as the Governor of Sirhind and Ali Singh of Salaudi as his deputy, and struck coins.[23][24][6] Although the Mughals could regain control of the urban areas of Sirhind, they were unable to police the countryside, allowing Banda and his men to establish a parallel authority within those areas by levying taxes, raiding towns and trade routes and striking their own coinage.[25] Banda Singh made Lohgarh, Bilaspur as the capital of the First Sikh State, made his own administrative arrangements, appointed his own faujdars, diwans and kardars (tax officers), and used his own inscribed and authorized seal on his orders.[26] He further abolished the zamindari system (feudal system) and distributed land among the peasants.[27]
After the victory, due to the reports of intolerance and prejudiced treatment by Muslims from towns of Saharanpur, Behar, Nanauta and Jalalabad, Banda marched to engage the Imperial Mughal Army in battle.[28] With the entire province of Sirhind under his possession, Banda Singh became popular as the defender of the faith and champion of the oppressors.[29]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Jacques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. Greenwood Press. p. 948. ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5.
- ^ Dhavan, Purnima (2011-11-03). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-19-975655-1.
- ^ McLeod, W.H. (1997). Sikhism. Penguin Books. p. 64. ISBN 9780140252606.
- ^ a b c Sagoo 2001, p. 132.
- ^ a b c d Macauliffe, Max Arthur (2013-03-28) [1909]. The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors. Cambridge University Press. p. 248. ISBN 978-1-108-05547-5.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Singh, Ganda (1989) [1950]. A Short History of the Sikhs. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 84.
- ^ Singh, Khushwant (2004). A History of the Sikhs: 1469-1838. Oxford University Press. p. 105. ISBN 9780195673081.
- ^ Sagoo 2001, p. 128.
- ^ Gandhi, Surjit (1999). Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century. p. 28.
- ^ Sagoo, Harbans Kaur (2001). Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovreignty. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 124. ISBN 9788176293006.
- ^ Sagoo 2001, p. 129.
- ^ Sagoo 2001, p. 133.
- ^ a b Gupta, Hari Ram (1978) [1937]. History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh Confederacies (1708-69) (3rd ed.). Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 14. ISBN 9788121502481.
- ^ Madra, Amandeep Singh; Singh, P. (2016-09-27). Sicques, Tigers or Thieves: Eyewitness Accounts of the Sikhs (1606-1810). Palgrave Macmillan US (Springer). p. 92. ISBN 978-1-137-11998-8.
- ^ Snehi, Yogesh (2019-04-24). Spatializing Popular Sufi Shrines in Punjab: Dreams, Memories, Territoriality. co-published by Taylor & Francis and the Indian Institute of Advanced Study. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-429-51563-7.
- ^ Mahajan, V. D. (1971). India Since 1526. S. Chand Publishing. p. 232. ISBN 9788121911450.
- ^ Richards, John F. (1993). The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 1, Part 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-0521400275.
- ^ a b Singh, Ganda (1990) [1935]. Life of Banda Singh Bahadur. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. pp. 67–69.
- ^ Sagoo 2001, p. 143.
- ^ Gandhi, S.S. (1999). Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century:Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy. Singh Bros. p. 33. ISBN 9788172052171.
- ^ The Panjab Past and Present: Volume 22. Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University. 1988. p. 76.
Certain allegations against Banda, viz., the exhumation of grave, desecration of mosques or setting them ablaze, forcible conversions to Sikhism after the sack of Sirhind, Sadhaura or other places, have been examined by Ganda Singh and finds no iota of truth... a statement of G. C. Narang, which says that the standing of the mausoleum of Ahmad Shah after the Muslims lost Sirhind is itself a sufficient evidence of the exaggeration in Latif's statement, which nevertheless is corroborated by Khafi Khan.
- ^ Gupta, Hari Ram (1944). Studies in Later Mughal History of the Panjab. The Minerva Book Shop. p. 47.
- ^ Dr H.S. Singha (2005). Sikh Studies. Hemkunt Press. p. 9. ISBN 9788170102588.
- ^ Gupta 1999, p. 14.
- ^ Fenech, Louis E. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 52. ISBN 9780191004117.
- ^ Grewal, J.S. (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab Volumes 2-3. Cambridge University Press. p. 83. ISBN 9780521637640.
- ^ Kaur, Madanjit (2007). Guru Gobind Singh: Historical and Ideological Perspective. Unistar Books. p. 241. ISBN 9788189899554.
- ^ Gupta, Hari Ram (1944). Studies in Later Mughal History of the Panjab. Minerva book shop. p. 47.
- ^ Sagoo 2001, p. 134.