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{{Short description|Soviet and Ukrainian politician (1919-90)}}
{{Short description|Soviet Ukrainian politician (1919–1990)}}
{{Expand Russian|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
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| successor2 = [[Vladimir Chirskov]]
| successor2 = [[Vladimir Chirskov]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1919|10|05|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1919|10|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Debaltseve|Debaltsevo]], [[Ukrainian SSR]] (now Debaltseve, [[Donetsk]], [[Ukraine]]
| birth_place = Debaltsevo, [[Donets Governorate]], [[Ukrainian SSR]]<br/>(now [[Debaltseve]], [[Donetsk Oblast]], [[Ukraine]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1990|08|22|1919|10|05|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1990|08|22|1919|10|05|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
| death_place = [[Moscow]], Soviet Union
| resting_place = [[Novodevichy Cemetery]]
| resting_place = [[Novodevichy Cemetery]]
| party = [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (1939–1990)
| party = [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (1939–1990)
Line 34: Line 33:
| serviceyears = 1939–1942
| serviceyears = 1939–1942
| battles_label = Conflict
| battles_label = Conflict
| battles = [[Russo-Finnish War]]
| battles = [[The Winter War]] {{elaborate|date=July 2023}} <!-- The Winter War ended in 1940. Where else did he serve. -->
| spouse = Raisa Pavlovna Shcherbina
| spouse = Raisa Pavlovna Shcherbina
| children = Yuri Borisovich Shcherbina
| children = Yuri Borisovich Shcherbina
| native_name_lang = ru
| native_name = {{nobold|Борис Щербина}}
| unit = 316th ski squadron
}}
}}
{{Chernobyl}}
'''Boris Yevdokimovich Shcherbina''' ({{langx|ru|Борис Евдокимович Щербина}}; {{langx|uk|Борис Євдокимович Щербина|Borys Yevdokymovych Shcherbyna}}; 5 October 1919 – 22 August 1990) was a Ukrainian Soviet politician who served as a Deputy Chairman of the [[Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union]] from 1984 to 1989.


Originally from Ukraine, Shcherbina was influential in the development of the oil and gas industry in Siberia, particularly in [[Tyumen Oblast]]. In 1986, he was appointed head of the Chernobyl commission to investigate the cause of the disaster and oversee its management. Two years later, he was put in charge of handling refugees caused by the 1988 Armenian earthquake. Shcherbina retired in 1989, before dying in 1990. It is unknown how much radiation caused by Chernobyl influenced his death.
'''Boris Yevdokimovich Shcherbina''' ({{lang-uk|Борис Євдокимович Щербина|Borys Yevdokymovych Shcherbyna}}, {{lang-ru|Борис Евдокимович Щербина}}; 5 October 1919&nbsp;– 22 August 1990) was a Ukrainian Soviet politician who served as a Deputy Chairman of the [[Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union]] from 1984 to 1989. During this period he supervised Soviet crisis management of two major catastrophes: the [[1986 Chernobyl disaster]] and the [[1988 Armenian earthquake]].<ref name="HewettWinston2010">{{cite book|author1=Hewitt, Ed A. |author2=Winston, Victor H. |title=Milestones in Glasnost and Perestroyka: Politics and People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYiwh0s9kIoC&pg=PA20|date=1 December 2010|publisher=[[Brookings Institution Press]]|isbn=978-0-8157-1914-4|pages=20–}}</ref><ref name="Plokhy2018">{{cite book|author=Plokhy, Serhii |title=Chernobyl: The History of a Nuclear Catastrophe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7gQ0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT299|date=15 May 2018|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-1-5416-1708-7|pages=299–}}</ref>


== Early life and education ==
== Life ==
Shcherbina was born in [[Debaltseve|Debaltsevo]], [[Ukrainian SSR]] (now Debaltseve, [[Donetsk Oblast]], [[Ukraine]]) on October 5, 1919 to the family of a [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burke |first1=Patrick |title=The Nuclear Weapons World: Who, how & where |date=1988 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0313265909 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nuclearweaponswo00burk/page/163 163] |url=https://archive.org/details/nuclearweaponswo00burk|url-access=registration }}</ref> railroad worker.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Shcherbina, Boris Evdokimovich |url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Boris+Shcherbina |encyclopedia=[[The Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] (1979)}}</ref> He joined the [[CPSU]] in 1939 and volunteered for army service during the [[Winter War]] with [[Finland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elektrina.cz/boris-scerbina-profil|title = Boris Ščerbina: Profil muže, který řešil katastrofu v Černobylu}}</ref> He was married to Raisa Pavlovna and the two had one son, Yuri Borisovich.
Boris Shcherbina was born in Debaltsevo, [[Ukrainian SSR]] (now [[Debaltseve]] in [[Donetsk Oblast]]) on October 5, 1919 to the family of a [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]<ref name=":3">{{cite book |last1=Burke |first1=Patrick |url=https://archive.org/details/nuclearweaponswo00burk |title=The Nuclear Weapons World: Who, how & where |date=1988 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0313265909 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nuclearweaponswo00burk/page/163 163] |url-access=registration}}</ref> railroad worker.<ref name=":4">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Shcherbina, Boris Evdokimovich |encyclopedia=[[The Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] (1979) |url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Boris+Shcherbina}}</ref> He completed his secondary education in 1937.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2020-12-02 |title=Герой Социалистического Труда Щербина Борис Евдокимович :: Герои страны |url=http://warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=15266 |access-date=2024-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202170215/http://warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=15266 |archive-date=2 December 2020 }}</ref> Further education was interrupted in 1939 when he volunteered to join the army and fight in the [[Winter War]] against [[Finland]] as part of the 316th ski squadron.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Boris Ščerbina: Profil muže, který řešil katastrofu v Černobylu |url=https://www.elektrina.cz/boris-scerbina-profil |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=www.elektrina.cz |language=cs}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Леонид Богданов |url=https://www.pseudology.org/people/Scherbina.htm |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=www.pseudology.org}}</ref> After Shcherbina graduated from the [[Kharkiv|Kharkov]] Institute of Rail Transport Engineers in 1942, he began working as an engineer on the Severo-Donetsk Railway during [[World War II]].<ref name=":6" /> After the war, he graduated from the party school of the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)|Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine]] in 1948.<ref name=":3" />


== Political career ==
Shcherbina is credited with co-founding the oil and gas industry in [[Western Siberia]] while serving as the CPSU first secretary in [[Tyumen Oblast]] and later as the [[Ministry of Construction of Oil and Gas Industries|Minister of Construction of Oil and Gas Industries]] (1973–1984).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Högselius|first=Per|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/920335307|title=Red gas : Russia and the origins of European energy dependence|date=2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-28614-7|oclc=920335307}}</ref> In 1976, Shcherbina had become a member of the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] and kept the position until his death.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}}
Shcherbina had been a member of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU) since 1939. Between 1942 and 1944, he was the secretary of the Kharkov oblast committee of the [[Komsomol]], and he also worked in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the All-Union Komsomol between 1942 and 1943.<ref name=":42">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Shcherbina, Boris Evdokimovich |encyclopedia=[[The Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] (1979) |url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Boris+Shcherbina}}</ref> Shcherbina then began working in Kharkov as a junior official before becoming a secretary of Kharkov's regional committee of the CPSU in 1950.<ref name=":32">{{cite book |last1=Burke |first1=Patrick |url=https://archive.org/details/nuclearweaponswo00burk |title=The Nuclear Weapons World: Who, how & where |date=1988 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0313265909 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nuclearweaponswo00burk/page/163 163] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Additionally, he was the second secretary of the Ordzhonikidze District Committee of the CPSU between 1948 and 1951.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |date=2020-12-02 |title=Герой Социалистического Труда Щербина Борис Евдокимович :: Герои страны |url=http://warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=15266 |access-date=2024-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202170215/http://warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=15266 |archive-date=2 December 2020 }}</ref> In 1951, Shcherbina was transferred to [[Irkutsk Oblast]] in [[Siberia]] where he became a secretary (1951-1956), and then the second secretary of the Irkutsk regional committee of the CPSU (1956-1961).<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":62" />


He was transferred again in 1961, this time to Tyumen Oblast in [[Western Siberia]] where he became the first secretary of the Tyumen regional committee of the CPSU between April 1961 and December 1973.<ref name=":62" /> Additionally, Shcherbina had been a member of the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Central Committee]] since 1961 as a candidate member, and since 1976 as a full member.<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Boris Ščerbina: Profil muže, který řešil katastrofu v Černobylu |url=https://www.elektrina.cz/boris-scerbina-profil |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=www.elektrina.cz |language=cs}}</ref> In Tyumen, he was responsible for the rapid growth in the oblast's oil and gas industry.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=15 January 1984 |title=Soviet Pipeline Official Made Deputy Premier |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/15/world/soviet-pipeline-official-made-deputy-premier.html?searchResultPosition=14 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Following the advice of experts, Shcherbina increased geological explorations in Tyumen in 1962 to unearth the region's oil and gas potential, with the results coming in not soon after confirming this potential. In the early 60s Tyumen produced 209,000 tons of oil and gas, in 1965 it was producing 953,000 tons. Around 1970, it was now producing 31.4 million tons.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-31 |title=Борис Евдокимович ЩЕРБИНА |url=https://gubweek.ru/news/litsa/1725/index.php |access-date=2024-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531113815/https://gubweek.ru/news/litsa/1725/index.php |archive-date=31 May 2021 }}</ref> In March 1970, he made an unusual disclosure in revealing one of the largest oil fields in the world - the [[Samotlor Field|Samotlor field]] in Tyumen Oblast - through ''[[Sovetskaya Rossiya]]'' by reporting on its estimated reserves''.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shabad |first=Theodore |date=28 March 1970 |title=SOVIET DISCLOSES A MAJOR OIL FIELD |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/03/28/archives/soviet-discloses-a-major-oil-field-secrecy-lifted-on-siberian.html?searchResultPosition=34 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> He also worked to attract young people to Tyumen by constructing youth projects in relation to the Komsomol.<ref name=":8" /> He also oversaw housing projects to accommodate the flow of workers into the region, particularly in [[Surgut]], where he prioritised providing enough space for workers and their families.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |title=Леонид Богданов |url=https://www.pseudology.org/people/Scherbina.htm |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=www.pseudology.org}}</ref> During his time in Tyumen, Shcherbina personally worked hard and often criticised parts of the government for restricting certain construction projects, such as the construction of cultural and sport institutions in Tyumen.<ref name=":8" />
In 1984, he became a Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers and as such was in charge of dealing with the [[Chernobyl disaster]] outcome in 1986. Shcherbina served in a similar role after the catastrophic [[1988 Armenian earthquake]].<ref name="Schmid2015">{{cite book|author=Schmid, Sonja D. |title=Producing Power: The Pre-Chernobyl History of the Soviet Nuclear Industry|url=https://archive.org/details/producingpowerpr0000schm|url-access=registration |date=6 February 2015|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-02827-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/producingpowerpr0000schm/page/133 133]–}}</ref> He proposed inviting international rescuers – from Austria and Czechoslovakia – who had thermal imagers and specially trained dogs at their disposal to search for living people.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}


On 11 December 1973, Shcherbina was appointed the [[Ministry of Construction of Oil and Gas Industries|Minister of Construction of Oil and Gas Industries]], which he held up to 13 January 1984.<ref name=":62" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Högselius |first=Per |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/920335307 |title=Red gas : Russia and the origins of European energy dependence |date=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-28614-7 |oclc=920335307}}</ref> As minister, he directed the construction of the [[Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline]] connecting the [[Urengoy gas field|Urengoi gas field]] in Western Siberia to [[Uzhhorod|Uzhgorod]] near the Czechoslovak border in Ukraine.<ref name=":1" /> For his role in hastening construction, Shcherbina was decorated with the title [[Hero of Socialist Labour]] and a few awards, including an [[Orders of Lenin]], on 6 October 1983.<ref name=":62" />
⚫
In 1990, he opposed the election of [[Boris Yeltsin]] to the chairmanship of the [[Supreme Soviet of Russia|Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR]], describing him as "a man of low moral qualities", whose election would "pave the way for the darkest period in our country's history".<ref>{{cite web|author1=Samuel Spencer|title=Chernobyl: What happened to Boris Shcherbina in real life?|url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1137734/Chernobyl-what-happened-to-boris-shcherbina-stellan-skarsgard-hbo-sky-atlantic-real-life|publisher=[[Daily Express]]|access-date=13 August 2022|date=26 June 2019}}</ref>


On 13 January 1984, Shcherbina was appointed as a Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers under [[Nikolai Tikhonov]]. Alongside Shcherbina, Tikhonov had eleven other deputies.<ref name=":1" /> He held this position to 7 June 1989. Additionally, he was Chairman of the Bureau of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for the Fuel and Energy Complex.<ref name=":62" />
⚫
== Death ==
Shcherbina died in [[Moscow]] in 1990, aged 70.<ref name="HewettWinston2010"/><ref name="Plokhy2018"/> Although it is obvious that his death was related to radiation there was a 1988 decree, drafted by himself, prevented Soviet doctors from citing radiation as a cause of death or illness.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boris Shcherbina |quote=He died in 1990 at age 70, and it's not clear if he died of radiation or not, given that he ordered the construction of a new town in the highly contaminated area. In a secret 1988 decree that he helped form, Soviet doctors could not cite radiation as a cause of death or illness. |url=https://uk.style.yahoo.com/hbos-chernobyl-based-lives-real-050030423/photo-p-boris-shcherbina-played-stellan-050030313.html |work=[[Yahoo UK]] |date=29 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="wpost-1991">{{cite news |last1=Dobbs |first1=Michael |title=CHERNOBYL SYMBOL OF SOVIET FAILURE |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/04/26/chernobyl-symbol-of-soviet-failure/430171ff-211f-4285-9d45-c800b08f0c08/ |access-date=15 April 2020 |work=washingtonpost.com |date=26 April 1991}}</ref>


== Honors and awards ==
== Chernobyl disaster ==
{{See also|Chernobyl disaster}}
⚫
In his position of Minister of Oil and Gas, he was awarded the honorific title of [[Hero of Socialist Labour]] for major contributions to the development of the country's oil and gas industry, which was the highest award for achievements within the national economy. During his life, he was also awarded four [[Orders of Lenin]], the [[Order of the October Revolution]] and two [[Order of the Red Banner of Labour|Orders of the Red Banner of Labour]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gcbs.ru/cbs/tum/Neft/Scerbina.html|title=Щербина Борис Евдокимович}}</ref>


On 26 April 1986, the No. 4 reactor of the [[Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant]] near [[Pripyat]] in [[northern Ukraine]] exploded in the early morning.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accident of 1986 |url=https://chnpp.gov.ua/en/about/history-of-the-chnpp/accident-of-1986 |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=Chornobyl NPP}}</ref> A few hours after the disaster, the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Politburo]] of the [[Soviet Union]] became informed of the disaster. Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and the [[Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union|Chairman of the Council of Ministers]] [[Nikolai Ryzhkov]] decided then to form a commission headed by Shcherbina.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Excerpt from Vitaly Vorotnikov Diary {{!}} National Security Archive |url=https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/19488-national-security-archive-doc-1-excerpt |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=nsarchive.gwu.edu}}</ref> Shcherbina was at this point the Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers and a fairly low-level member of the government. As head of the commission, he was given the task of both investigating the cause of the disaster and to remedy the situation.<ref name="HewettWinston20102">{{cite book |author1=Hewitt, Ed A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYiwh0s9kIoC&pg=PA20 |title=Milestones in Glasnost and Perestroyka: Politics and People |author2=Winston, Victor H. |date=1 December 2010 |publisher=[[Brookings Institution Press]] |isbn=978-0-8157-1914-4 |pages=20–}}</ref> As Shcherbina was in Siberia at this time, he only arrived in Chernobyl late on the night of 26 April. Prior to this, two groups of experts had been flown to Chernobyl.<ref name=":02" />
In [[Gyumri|Gyumri, Armenia]], a street was named after him in his honour. On 10 November 2004, a bust of Shcherbina was erected in Nikolai Nemtsov Square in [[Tyumen]], [[Tyumen Oblast]].<ref name=":0" />


At a joint meeting between members of the commission and members of the Chernobyl district committee of the CPSU was held at 10:00 a.m. on 27 April, where Shcherbina and the commission announced that they would evacuate nearby residents the same day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-28 |title=МОДВ АЭП - Герои-чернобыльцы - Герои-чернобыльцы - Щербина Борис Евдокимович |url=http://www.veteranrosatom.ru/heroes/heroes_96.html |access-date=2024-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728022219/http://www.veteranrosatom.ru/heroes/heroes_96.html |archive-date=28 July 2020 }}</ref> According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', Shcherbina had initially rejected appeals for an immediate evacuation of the area from civil defence workers, citing "panic is even worse than radiation." He and other officials who arrived in Chernobyl were described as "absolutely incompetent" by Grigori Medvedev, former chief engineer at the No. 1 reactor in Chernobyl and author of ''[[The Truth About Chernobyl]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dobbs |first=Michael |date=26 April 1991 |title=CHERNOBYL SYMBOL OF SOVIET FAILURE |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/04/26/chernobyl-symbol-of-soviet-failure/430171ff-211f-4285-9d45-c800b08f0c08/#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |access-date=2024-12-22 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en}}</ref>
== In popular culture ==

Shcherbina is portrayed by [[Vernon Dobtcheff]] in the BBC docudrama ''[[Surviving Disaster]]'' (2006) and by [[Stellan Skarsgård]] in the Sky/HBO miniseries ''[[Chernobyl (miniseries)|Chernobyl]]'' (2019).{{clear}}
On 6 May, Shcherbina gave the first Soviet news conference on the disaster<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Schmemann |first=Serge |date=1986-06-16 |title=CHERNOBYL CHIEFS OUSTED FOR ERRING DURING ACCIDENT |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/16/world/chernobyl-chiefs-ousted-for-erring-during-accident.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230404150149/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/16/world/chernobyl-chiefs-ousted-for-erring-during-accident.html |archive-date=2023-04-04 |access-date=2024-12-20 |language=en}}</ref> where he admitted that people living near the nuclear plant had been exposed to its radiation for 36 hours before evacuation, although he didn't state the levels they were exposed to. He also said that local officials had underestimated the size of the accident. This followed widespread foreign criticism of the USSR for its handling of Chernobyl. Although Shcherbina and other officials read out prepared scripts, portions of the conference, such as the possibility of cancer development following radiation exposure, were omitted when shown on [[Soviet television]]. In contrast to what he later said to the Politburo on 3 July 1986, Shcherbina said that Chernobyl met all Soviet and international standards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schmemann |first=Serge |date=7 May 1986 |title=DELAY REPORTED ON EVACUATION AT NUCLEAR SITE |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/07/world/delay-reported-on-evacuation-at-nuclear-site.html?searchResultPosition=13 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> In June 1986, he submitted the commission's report to the Central Committee's Strategic Group containing the commission's findings in non-technical terms.<ref name="Schmid20152">{{cite book |author=Schmid, Sonja D. |url=https://archive.org/details/producingpowerpr0000schm |title=Producing Power: The Pre-Chernobyl History of the Soviet Nuclear Industry |date=6 February 2015 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-02827-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/producingpowerpr0000schm/page/133 133]– |url-access=registration}}</ref>

In a Politburo session on 3 July 1986 chaired by Gorbachev, Shcherbina presented the findings from the commission's investigation where he blamed both the staff of Chernobyl, but also the design of [[RBMK reactor|RBMK reactors]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Secret Chernobyl: The Nuclear Disaster through the Eyes of the Soviet Politburo, KGB, and U.S. Intelligence. Volume 2 {{!}} National Security Archive |url=https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/russia-programs/2020-05-15/top-secret-chernobyl-nuclear-disaster-through-eyes-soviet-politburo-kgb-us-intelligence-volume-2 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=nsarchive.gwu.edu}}</ref> Excerpts of the session later published by the head of the [[Federal Archival Agency|Federal Archival Agency of Russia]] Rudolph Pikhoia disclosed Shcherbina's full presentation to the Politburo. At the session, Shcherbina reported the main findings of the commission's report. He began by laying the blame on the nuclear plant's leadership - the [[Ministry of Energy and Electrification]] and the government company ''SoyuzAtomEnergo'' - for creating a culture of carelessness and failing to learn from previous accidents. He then described the events that led to the disaster, including design flaws present in RBMK reactors where Shcherbina also reported that the commission found that the [[Ministry of Medium Machine-Building|Ministry of Medium Machine Building]], [[Kurchatov Institute]], and the RBMK reactor designers held some responsibility for the disaster. He described RBMK reactors as being "incompatible with modern safety requirements.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=CC CPSU Politburo Discussion of the Accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station. Top Secret. Only copy. {{!}} National Security Archive |url=https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/20285-national-security-archive-doc-01-cc-cpsu |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=nsarchive.gwu.edu}}</ref>

Two days later on 5 July, the USSR's official press agency [[TASS]] reported that the government had replaced Shcherbina with Deputy Prime Minister [[Vladimir Gusev (politician)|Vladimir Gusev]] as head of the Chernobyl commission amid rumours of Shcherbina's declining health and hospitalisation from [[radiation exposure]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 1986 |title=AROUND THE WORLD; Moscow Replaces Chief Of Chernobyl Inquiry |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/05/world/around-the-world-moscow-replaces-chief-of-chernobyl-inquiry.html?searchResultPosition=11 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Shcherbina was present at the Soviet signing of two treaties from the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] in Vienna in response to the Chernobyl disaster - the [[Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident]] and the [[Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency]]. At the signing, he declared that the USSR "will comply with both conventions.<nowiki>''</nowiki><ref>{{Cite news |last=Schmemann |first=Serge |date=16 November 1986 |title=SOVIET RATIFIES NUCLEAR ACCIDENT CONVENTIONS |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/16/world/soviet-ratifies-nuclear-accident-conventions.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20150524191846/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/16/world/soviet-ratifies-nuclear-accident-conventions.html |archive-date=2015-05-24 |access-date=2024-12-20 |language=en}}</ref>

== 1988 Armenian earthquake ==
{{See also|1988 Armenian earthquake}}

On 7 December 1988, a devastating earthquake occurred in northern [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenia]]. In response to the humanitarian crisis, the Soviet government formed a special commission to handle refugees in Armenia and [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Azerbaijan]], and to give material aid to the region. Shcherbina was appointed as head of the commission.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 1988 |title=New Soviet Commission To Aid Ethnic Refugees |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/03/world/new-soviet-commission-to-aid-ethnic-refugees.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20150525081604/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/03/world/new-soviet-commission-to-aid-ethnic-refugees.html |archive-date=2015-05-25 |access-date=2024-12-20 |work=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Shcherbina was married to Raisa Pavlovna until her death in 1984. The two had one son, Yuri Borisovich Shcherbina.<ref name=":52" /> Yuri had a son, also named Boris, who then had a son of his own born 1989. He was also named Boris Borisovich Shcherbina and works as a fashion designer in [[Moscow]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-26 |title=Интервью с Борисом Щербиной, правнуком главного героя сериала «Чернобыль» {{!}} BURO. |url=https://www.buro247.ru/culture/movies/14-jun-2019-boris-shcherbina-interview.html |access-date=2024-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226030523/https://www.buro247.ru/culture/movies/14-jun-2019-boris-shcherbina-interview.html |archive-date=26 December 2023 }}</ref>

Shcherbina was a [[workaholic]] during most of his life. In his free time, he liked to read scientific articles and books, and to also play [[chess]].<ref name=":52" /> Due to him suffering from [[asthma]] after developing [[pneumonia]] while in [[Northern Russia]], Shcherbina never smoked or drank alcohol.<ref name=":7" /> According to his great-grandson, Shcherbina was described as having been a very calm and polite person who rarely got angry. Due to Chernobyl being state secret, he did not talk much about his time or role at Chernobyl to his family. He retired from politics in 1989.<ref name=":52" />

⚫
In 1990, he opposed the election of [[Boris Yeltsin]] to the chairmanship of the [[Supreme Soviet of Russia|Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR]], describing him as "a man of low moral qualities", whose election would "pave the way for the darkest period in our country's history".<ref>{{cite web |author1=Samuel Spencer |date=26 June 2019 |title=Chernobyl: What happened to Boris Shcherbina in real life? |url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1137734/Chernobyl-what-happened-to-boris-shcherbina-stellan-skarsgard-hbo-sky-atlantic-real-life |access-date=13 August 2022 |publisher=[[Daily Express]]}}</ref>

== Honours and awards ==
⚫
In his position of Minister of Oil and Gas, he was awarded the honorific title of Hero of Socialist Labour in 1983 for major contributions to the development of the country's oil and gas industry, which was the highest award for achievements within the national economy.<ref name=":32" /> During his life, Shcherbina was also awarded four Orders of Lenin (1969, 1972, 1979 and 1983), the [[Order of the October Revolution]] (1971) and two [[Order of the Red Banner of Labour|Orders of the Red Banner of Labour]] (1957 and 1966).<ref name=":62" /><ref name=":02" />

⚫
== Death and legacy ==
[[File:Busto_de_Boris_Ŝĉerbina_en_Tjumeno.jpg|thumb|The bust of Shcherbina in Tyumen]]
Shcherbina died in Moscow on 22 August 1990, aged 70.<ref name="HewettWinston20102" /><ref name="Plokhy20182">{{cite book |author=Plokhy, Serhii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7gQ0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT299 |title=Chernobyl: The History of a Nuclear Catastrophe |date=15 May 2018 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-1-5416-1708-7 |pages=299–}}</ref> It is speculated that his death resulted from a radiation-induced cancer caused by his work at the Chernobyl disaster site. Officially, however, it is unknown whether his death was related to radiation, as a 1988 decree that he drafted prevented Soviet doctors from citing radiation as a cause of death or illness.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2019 |title=Boris Shcherbina |url=https://uk.style.yahoo.com/hbos-chernobyl-based-lives-real-050030423/photo-p-boris-shcherbina-played-stellan-050030313.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626204531/https://uk.style.yahoo.com/hbos-chernobyl-based-lives-real-050030423/photo-p-boris-shcherbina-played-stellan-050030313.html |archive-date=26 June 2019 |access-date=11 June 2019 |work=[[Yahoo UK]] |quote=He died in 1990 at age 70, and it's not clear if he died of radiation or not, given that he ordered the construction of a new town in the highly contaminated area. In a secret 1988 decree that he helped form, Soviet doctors could not cite radiation as a cause of death or illness.}}</ref><ref name="wpost-19912">{{cite news |last1=Dobbs |first1=Michael |date=26 April 1991 |title=CHERNOBYL SYMBOL OF SOVIET FAILURE |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/04/26/chernobyl-symbol-of-soviet-failure/430171ff-211f-4285-9d45-c800b08f0c08/ |access-date=15 April 2020 |work=washingtonpost.com}}</ref> Prior to his death, Shcherbina had suffered from several heart attacks.<ref name=":62" /> He was buried at [[Novodevichy Cemetery]] in Moscow with his wife.<ref name=":62" /><ref name=":7" />

Shcherbina was posthumously made an [[Honorary citizenship|honorary resident]] of birthplace of Debaltseve in 2009,<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Щербина Борис Евдокимович |url=http://www.gcbs.ru/cbs/tum/Neft/Scerbina.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220160640/http://www.gcbs.ru/cbs/tum/Neft/Scerbina.html |archive-date=20 February 2018 |access-date=9 June 2019}}</ref> and of [[Gyumri]] in Armenia in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honorary citizens of Gyumri |url=http://www.gyumricity.am/en/gyumri/honorary-citizens-of-gyumri |access-date=2024-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803041037/http://www.gyumricity.am/en/gyumri/honorary-citizens-of-gyumri |archive-date=3 August 2019 }}</ref> In Tyumen, a boulevard was named in his honour in 2003, and on 10 November 2004, a bust of Shcherbina was erected in Nikolai Nemtsov Square in [[Tyumen]], [[Tyumen Oblast]].<ref name=":03" /> In Gyumri, Armenia, a street was named after him in his honour and a monument of him was erected. There also exists plaques dedicated to him in Moscow and Tyumen.<ref name=":62" />

Shcherbina has been portrayed in multiple films and documentaries about Chernobyl. He has been portrayed by [[Vernon Dobtcheff]] in the BBC docudrama ''[[Surviving Disaster]]'' (2006), by [[Stellan Skarsgård]] in the Sky/HBO miniseries ''[[Chernobyl (miniseries)|Chernobyl]]'' (2019),<ref name=":52" /> and by ''{{ill|Vladimir Yumatov|ru|Владимир Юматов}}'' in the Russian Tv series ''Chernobyl'' (2022).<ref>{{Citation |title=Chernobyl |date=2022-04-19 |type=Drama, History, Mystery |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14780354/?ref_=tt_mlt_tt_t_2 |access-date=2024-12-20 |others=Igor Petrenko, Vitaliya Kornienko, Mariya Andreeva |publisher=Amalgama Studio}}</ref> The Soviet film ''{{ill|Contract of the Century (1985)|ru|Контракт века (фильм)}}'' depicts Shcherbina, as portrayed by ''{{ill|Alexei Presnetsov|ru|Алексей Преснецов}}'', during the construction of the Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Актеры «Контракт века» (1985) |url=https://www.kinofilms.ua/rus/movie/152597/castcrew/ |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=www.kinofilms.ua |language=ru-UA}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
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[[Category:Candidates of the Central Committee of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Candidates of the Central Committee of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Candidates of the Central Committee of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Candidates of the Central Committee of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Deputy heads of government of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
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[[Category:People from Debaltseve]]
[[Category:People from Debaltseve]]
[[Category:People from Yekaterinoslav Governorate]]
[[Category:People from Yekaterinoslav Governorate]]
[[Category:People of the Winter War]]
[[Category:Soviet military personnel of the Winter War]]
[[Category:People's commissars and ministers of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:People's commissars and ministers of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin]]

Revision as of 01:33, 28 December 2024

Boris Shcherbina
Борис Щербина
Shcherbina in 1985
Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers
In office
13 January 1984 – 7 June 1989 (1984-01-13 – 1989-06-07)
Chairman
Minister of Construction of the Oil and Gas Industries
In office
11 December 1973 – 13 January 1984 (1973-12-11 – 1984-01-13)
Chairman
Preceded byAleksei K. Kortunov [ru]
Succeeded byVladimir Chirskov
Personal details
Born(1919-10-05)5 October 1919
Debaltsevo, Donets Governorate, Ukrainian SSR
(now Debaltseve, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine)
Died22 August 1990(1990-08-22) (aged 70)
Moscow, Soviet Union
Resting placeNovodevichy Cemetery
Political partyCommunist Party of the Soviet Union (1939–1990)
SpouseRaisa Pavlovna Shcherbina
ChildrenYuri Borisovich Shcherbina
OccupationRailway engineer
Known forCrisis management of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster and 1988 Armenian earthquake; Chairman of the Chernobyl Commission
AwardsHero of Socialist Labor
Military service
Allegiance Soviet Union
Service years1939–1942
Unit316th ski squadron
ConflictThe Winter War [clarification needed]
Chernobyl disaster
Chernobyl_-_power_plant_-_reactor_4_02
Reactor No. 4 in 2013
Effects
Individuals
Locations
Organisations
Related topics

Boris Yevdokimovich Shcherbina (Russian: Борис Евдокимович Щербина; Ukrainian: Борис Євдокимович Щербина, romanized: Borys Yevdokymovych Shcherbyna; 5 October 1919 – 22 August 1990) was a Ukrainian Soviet politician who served as a Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union from 1984 to 1989.

Originally from Ukraine, Shcherbina was influential in the development of the oil and gas industry in Siberia, particularly in Tyumen Oblast. In 1986, he was appointed head of the Chernobyl commission to investigate the cause of the disaster and oversee its management. Two years later, he was put in charge of handling refugees caused by the 1988 Armenian earthquake. Shcherbina retired in 1989, before dying in 1990. It is unknown how much radiation caused by Chernobyl influenced his death.

Early life and education

Boris Shcherbina was born in Debaltsevo, Ukrainian SSR (now Debaltseve in Donetsk Oblast) on October 5, 1919 to the family of a Ukrainian[1] railroad worker.[2] He completed his secondary education in 1937.[3] Further education was interrupted in 1939 when he volunteered to join the army and fight in the Winter War against Finland as part of the 316th ski squadron.[4][5] After Shcherbina graduated from the Kharkov Institute of Rail Transport Engineers in 1942, he began working as an engineer on the Severo-Donetsk Railway during World War II.[3] After the war, he graduated from the party school of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine in 1948.[1]

Political career

Shcherbina had been a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) since 1939. Between 1942 and 1944, he was the secretary of the Kharkov oblast committee of the Komsomol, and he also worked in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the All-Union Komsomol between 1942 and 1943.[6] Shcherbina then began working in Kharkov as a junior official before becoming a secretary of Kharkov's regional committee of the CPSU in 1950.[7] Additionally, he was the second secretary of the Ordzhonikidze District Committee of the CPSU between 1948 and 1951.[8] In 1951, Shcherbina was transferred to Irkutsk Oblast in Siberia where he became a secretary (1951-1956), and then the second secretary of the Irkutsk regional committee of the CPSU (1956-1961).[7][8]

He was transferred again in 1961, this time to Tyumen Oblast in Western Siberia where he became the first secretary of the Tyumen regional committee of the CPSU between April 1961 and December 1973.[8] Additionally, Shcherbina had been a member of the Central Committee since 1961 as a candidate member, and since 1976 as a full member.[7][9] In Tyumen, he was responsible for the rapid growth in the oblast's oil and gas industry.[10] Following the advice of experts, Shcherbina increased geological explorations in Tyumen in 1962 to unearth the region's oil and gas potential, with the results coming in not soon after confirming this potential. In the early 60s Tyumen produced 209,000 tons of oil and gas, in 1965 it was producing 953,000 tons. Around 1970, it was now producing 31.4 million tons.[11] In March 1970, he made an unusual disclosure in revealing one of the largest oil fields in the world - the Samotlor field in Tyumen Oblast - through Sovetskaya Rossiya by reporting on its estimated reserves.[12] He also worked to attract young people to Tyumen by constructing youth projects in relation to the Komsomol.[11] He also oversaw housing projects to accommodate the flow of workers into the region, particularly in Surgut, where he prioritised providing enough space for workers and their families.[13] During his time in Tyumen, Shcherbina personally worked hard and often criticised parts of the government for restricting certain construction projects, such as the construction of cultural and sport institutions in Tyumen.[11]

On 11 December 1973, Shcherbina was appointed the Minister of Construction of Oil and Gas Industries, which he held up to 13 January 1984.[8][14] As minister, he directed the construction of the Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline connecting the Urengoi gas field in Western Siberia to Uzhgorod near the Czechoslovak border in Ukraine.[10] For his role in hastening construction, Shcherbina was decorated with the title Hero of Socialist Labour and a few awards, including an Orders of Lenin, on 6 October 1983.[8]

On 13 January 1984, Shcherbina was appointed as a Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers under Nikolai Tikhonov. Alongside Shcherbina, Tikhonov had eleven other deputies.[10] He held this position to 7 June 1989. Additionally, he was Chairman of the Bureau of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for the Fuel and Energy Complex.[8]

Chernobyl disaster

See also: Chernobyl disaster

On 26 April 1986, the No. 4 reactor of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant near Pripyat in northern Ukraine exploded in the early morning.[15] A few hours after the disaster, the Politburo of the Soviet Union became informed of the disaster. Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers Nikolai Ryzhkov decided then to form a commission headed by Shcherbina.[16] Shcherbina was at this point the Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers and a fairly low-level member of the government. As head of the commission, he was given the task of both investigating the cause of the disaster and to remedy the situation.[17] As Shcherbina was in Siberia at this time, he only arrived in Chernobyl late on the night of 26 April. Prior to this, two groups of experts had been flown to Chernobyl.[16]

At a joint meeting between members of the commission and members of the Chernobyl district committee of the CPSU was held at 10:00 a.m. on 27 April, where Shcherbina and the commission announced that they would evacuate nearby residents the same day.[18] According to The Washington Post, Shcherbina had initially rejected appeals for an immediate evacuation of the area from civil defence workers, citing "panic is even worse than radiation." He and other officials who arrived in Chernobyl were described as "absolutely incompetent" by Grigori Medvedev, former chief engineer at the No. 1 reactor in Chernobyl and author of The Truth About Chernobyl.[19]

On 6 May, Shcherbina gave the first Soviet news conference on the disaster[20] where he admitted that people living near the nuclear plant had been exposed to its radiation for 36 hours before evacuation, although he didn't state the levels they were exposed to. He also said that local officials had underestimated the size of the accident. This followed widespread foreign criticism of the USSR for its handling of Chernobyl. Although Shcherbina and other officials read out prepared scripts, portions of the conference, such as the possibility of cancer development following radiation exposure, were omitted when shown on Soviet television. In contrast to what he later said to the Politburo on 3 July 1986, Shcherbina said that Chernobyl met all Soviet and international standards.[21] In June 1986, he submitted the commission's report to the Central Committee's Strategic Group containing the commission's findings in non-technical terms.[22]

In a Politburo session on 3 July 1986 chaired by Gorbachev, Shcherbina presented the findings from the commission's investigation where he blamed both the staff of Chernobyl, but also the design of RBMK reactors.[23] Excerpts of the session later published by the head of the Federal Archival Agency of Russia Rudolph Pikhoia disclosed Shcherbina's full presentation to the Politburo. At the session, Shcherbina reported the main findings of the commission's report. He began by laying the blame on the nuclear plant's leadership - the Ministry of Energy and Electrification and the government company SoyuzAtomEnergo - for creating a culture of carelessness and failing to learn from previous accidents. He then described the events that led to the disaster, including design flaws present in RBMK reactors where Shcherbina also reported that the commission found that the Ministry of Medium Machine Building, Kurchatov Institute, and the RBMK reactor designers held some responsibility for the disaster. He described RBMK reactors as being "incompatible with modern safety requirements.”[24]

Two days later on 5 July, the USSR's official press agency TASS reported that the government had replaced Shcherbina with Deputy Prime Minister Vladimir Gusev as head of the Chernobyl commission amid rumours of Shcherbina's declining health and hospitalisation from radiation exposure.[20][25] Shcherbina was present at the Soviet signing of two treaties from the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna in response to the Chernobyl disaster - the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident and the Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency. At the signing, he declared that the USSR "will comply with both conventions.''[26]

1988 Armenian earthquake

See also: 1988 Armenian earthquake

On 7 December 1988, a devastating earthquake occurred in northern Armenia. In response to the humanitarian crisis, the Soviet government formed a special commission to handle refugees in Armenia and Azerbaijan, and to give material aid to the region. Shcherbina was appointed as head of the commission.[27]

Personal life

Shcherbina was married to Raisa Pavlovna until her death in 1984. The two had one son, Yuri Borisovich Shcherbina.[9] Yuri had a son, also named Boris, who then had a son of his own born 1989. He was also named Boris Borisovich Shcherbina and works as a fashion designer in Moscow.[28]

Shcherbina was a workaholic during most of his life. In his free time, he liked to read scientific articles and books, and to also play chess.[9] Due to him suffering from asthma after developing pneumonia while in Northern Russia, Shcherbina never smoked or drank alcohol.[28] According to his great-grandson, Shcherbina was described as having been a very calm and polite person who rarely got angry. Due to Chernobyl being state secret, he did not talk much about his time or role at Chernobyl to his family. He retired from politics in 1989.[9]

In 1990, he opposed the election of Boris Yeltsin to the chairmanship of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, describing him as "a man of low moral qualities", whose election would "pave the way for the darkest period in our country's history".[29]

Honours and awards

In his position of Minister of Oil and Gas, he was awarded the honorific title of Hero of Socialist Labour in 1983 for major contributions to the development of the country's oil and gas industry, which was the highest award for achievements within the national economy.[7] During his life, Shcherbina was also awarded four Orders of Lenin (1969, 1972, 1979 and 1983), the Order of the October Revolution (1971) and two Orders of the Red Banner of Labour (1957 and 1966).[8][16]

Death and legacy

The bust of Shcherbina in Tyumen

Shcherbina died in Moscow on 22 August 1990, aged 70.[17][30] It is speculated that his death resulted from a radiation-induced cancer caused by his work at the Chernobyl disaster site. Officially, however, it is unknown whether his death was related to radiation, as a 1988 decree that he drafted prevented Soviet doctors from citing radiation as a cause of death or illness.[31][32] Prior to his death, Shcherbina had suffered from several heart attacks.[8] He was buried at Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow with his wife.[8][28]

Shcherbina was posthumously made an honorary resident of birthplace of Debaltseve in 2009,[33] and of Gyumri in Armenia in 2003.[34] In Tyumen, a boulevard was named in his honour in 2003, and on 10 November 2004, a bust of Shcherbina was erected in Nikolai Nemtsov Square in Tyumen, Tyumen Oblast.[33] In Gyumri, Armenia, a street was named after him in his honour and a monument of him was erected. There also exists plaques dedicated to him in Moscow and Tyumen.[8]

Shcherbina has been portrayed in multiple films and documentaries about Chernobyl. He has been portrayed by Vernon Dobtcheff in the BBC docudrama Surviving Disaster (2006), by Stellan Skarsgård in the Sky/HBO miniseries Chernobyl (2019),[9] and by Vladimir Yumatov [ru] in the Russian Tv series Chernobyl (2022).[35] The Soviet film Contract of the Century (1985) [ru] depicts Shcherbina, as portrayed by Alexei Presnetsov [ru], during the construction of the Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline.[36]

References

  1. ^ a b Burke, Patrick (1988). The Nuclear Weapons World: Who, how & where. Greenwood Press. p. 163. ISBN 0313265909.
  2. ^ "Shcherbina, Boris Evdokimovich". The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979).
  3. ^ a b "Герой Социалистического Труда Щербина Борис Евдокимович :: Герои страны". 2 December 2020. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  4. ^ "Boris Ščerbina: Profil muže, který řešil katastrofu v Černobylu". www.elektrina.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  5. ^ "Леонид Богданов". www.pseudology.org. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  6. ^ "Shcherbina, Boris Evdokimovich". The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979).
  7. ^ a b c d Burke, Patrick (1988). The Nuclear Weapons World: Who, how & where. Greenwood Press. p. 163. ISBN 0313265909.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Герой Социалистического Труда Щербина Борис Евдокимович :: Герои страны". 2 December 2020. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  9. ^ a b c d e "Boris Ščerbina: Profil muže, který řešil katastrofu v Černobylu". www.elektrina.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  10. ^ a b c "Soviet Pipeline Official Made Deputy Premier". The New York Times. 15 January 1984.
  11. ^ a b c "Борис Евдокимович ЩЕРБИНА". 31 May 2021. Archived from the original on 31 May 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  12. ^ Shabad, Theodore (28 March 1970). "SOVIET DISCLOSES A MAJOR OIL FIELD". The New York Times.
  13. ^ "Леонид Богданов". www.pseudology.org. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  14. ^ Högselius, Per (2013). Red gas : Russia and the origins of European energy dependence. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-28614-7. OCLC 920335307.
  15. ^ "Accident of 1986". Chornobyl NPP. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  16. ^ a b c "Excerpt from Vitaly Vorotnikov Diary | National Security Archive". nsarchive.gwu.edu. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  17. ^ a b Hewitt, Ed A.; Winston, Victor H. (1 December 2010). Milestones in Glasnost and Perestroyka: Politics and People. Brookings Institution Press. pp. 20–. ISBN 978-0-8157-1914-4.
  18. ^ "МОДВ АЭП - Герои-чернобыльцы - Герои-чернобыльцы - Щербина Борис Евдокимович". 28 July 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  19. ^ Dobbs, Michael (26 April 1991). "CHERNOBYL SYMBOL OF SOVIET FAILURE". Washington Post. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  20. ^ a b Schmemann, Serge (16 June 1986). "CHERNOBYL CHIEFS OUSTED FOR ERRING DURING ACCIDENT". Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  21. ^ Schmemann, Serge (7 May 1986). "DELAY REPORTED ON EVACUATION AT NUCLEAR SITE". The New York Times.
  22. ^ Schmid, Sonja D. (6 February 2015). Producing Power: The Pre-Chernobyl History of the Soviet Nuclear Industry. MIT Press. pp. 133–. ISBN 978-0-262-02827-1.
  23. ^ "Top Secret Chernobyl: The Nuclear Disaster through the Eyes of the Soviet Politburo, KGB, and U.S. Intelligence. Volume 2 | National Security Archive". nsarchive.gwu.edu. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  24. ^ "CC CPSU Politburo Discussion of the Accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station. Top Secret. Only copy. | National Security Archive". nsarchive.gwu.edu. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  25. ^ "AROUND THE WORLD; Moscow Replaces Chief Of Chernobyl Inquiry". The New York Times. 5 July 1986.
  26. ^ Schmemann, Serge (16 November 1986). "SOVIET RATIFIES NUCLEAR ACCIDENT CONVENTIONS". Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  27. ^ "New Soviet Commission To Aid Ethnic Refugees". The New York Times. 3 December 1988. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  28. ^ a b c "Интервью с Борисом Щербиной, правнуком главного героя сериала «Чернобыль» | BURO". 26 December 2023. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  29. ^ Samuel Spencer (26 June 2019). "Chernobyl: What happened to Boris Shcherbina in real life?". Daily Express. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  30. ^ Plokhy, Serhii (15 May 2018). Chernobyl: The History of a Nuclear Catastrophe. Basic Books. pp. 299–. ISBN 978-1-5416-1708-7.
  31. ^ "Boris Shcherbina". Yahoo UK. 29 April 2019. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2019. He died in 1990 at age 70, and it's not clear if he died of radiation or not, given that he ordered the construction of a new town in the highly contaminated area. In a secret 1988 decree that he helped form, Soviet doctors could not cite radiation as a cause of death or illness.
  32. ^ Dobbs, Michael (26 April 1991). "CHERNOBYL SYMBOL OF SOVIET FAILURE". washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  33. ^ a b "Щербина Борис Евдокимович". Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  34. ^ "Honorary citizens of Gyumri". Archived from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  35. ^ Chernobyl (Drama, History, Mystery), Igor Petrenko, Vitaliya Kornienko, Mariya Andreeva, Amalgama Studio, 19 April 2022, retrieved 20 December 2024{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  36. ^ "Актеры «Контракт века» (1985)". www.kinofilms.ua (in Russian). Retrieved 20 December 2024.
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