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|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
|map = Lang Status 99-NE.svg
|map = Lang Status 99-NE.svg
|mapcaption = {{center|{{small|Drehu is not endangered according to the classification system of the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]}}}}
|mapcaption = {{center|{{small|Drehu is not endangered according to the classification system of the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}}
}}
}}


'''Drehu''' ({{IPA|[ɖehu]}}; also known as '''Dehu''',<ref>In missionary time</ref> '''Lifou''',<ref>In French</ref> '''Lifu''',<ref>In English</ref> '''qene drehu'''<ref>'''Qene''' means language (literally "qe" : mouth, "ne" : of)</ref>) is an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language]] mostly spoken on [[Lifou Island]], [[Loyalty Islands]], [[New Caledonia]]. It has about 12,000 fluent speakers and the status of a [[Languages of France|French regional language]]. This status means that pupils can take it as an optional topic for the [[baccalauréat]] in [[New Caledonia]] itself or on the [[France|French mainland]].<ref>Only five of the twenty-eight [[Kanak people|Kanak]] languages (in the 1999 Rapport Cerquilini or 40 according to the Académie des langues kanak) have this status: Drehu (island of Lifou), Nengone (island of [[Maré]]), A'jië (around Houaïlou), [[Paicî]] (around Poindimié) and [[Xârâcùù language|Xârâcùù]] (around Canala and Thio).
'''Drehu''' ({{IPA|[ɖehu]}}; also known as '''Dehu''',<ref>In missionary time</ref> '''Lifou''',<ref>In French</ref> '''Lifu''',<ref>In English</ref> '''qene drehu'''<ref>'''Qene''' means language (literally "qe" : mouth, "ne" : of)</ref>) is an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language]] mostly spoken on [[Lifou Island]], [[Loyalty Islands]], [[New Caledonia]]. It has about 12,000 fluent speakers and the status of a [[Languages of France|French regional language]]. This status means that pupils can take it as an optional topic for the [[baccalauréat]] in [[New Caledonia]] itself or on the [[French mainland]].<ref>Only five of the twenty-eight [[Kanak people|Kanak]] languages (in the 1999 Rapport Cerquilini or 40 according to the [[Académie des langues kanak]]) have this status: Drehu (island of Lifou), Nengone (island of [[Maré]]), A'jië (around Houaïlou), [[Paicî]] (around Poindimié) and [[Xârâcùù language|Xârâcùù]] (around Canala and Thio).
</ref> It has been also taught at the [[Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales]] (INALCO) in [[Paris]] since 1973 and at the University of New Caledonia<ref>{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012034508/http://www.univ-nc.nc/ |date=2007-10-12 }}</ref> since 2000. Like other [[Kanak people|Kanak]] languages, Drehu is now regulated by the "[[Kanak Language Academy|Académie des langues kanak]]", founded in 2007.
</ref> It has been also taught at the [[Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales]] (INALCO) in [[Paris]] since 1973 and at the [[University of New Caledonia]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.univ-nc.nc/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2005-12-31 |archive-date=2007-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012034508/http://www.univ-nc.nc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> since 2000. Like other [[Kanak people|Kanak]] languages, Drehu is regulated by the [[Kanak Language Academy|Académie des langues kanak]], founded in 2007.


There is also a [[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]] in Drehu, called ''qene miny''.<ref>As [[Maurice Leenhardt]] did ("Langues et dialectes de l'Austro-Mélanésie" (1946), the Académie considers qene miny not only as a respective register but also a distinct language</ref> In time past, this was used to speak to the [[Tribal chief|chiefs]] (joxu). Today very few people still know and practice this language.
A separate [[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]] of Drehu, known as ''qene miny'', was once used to speak to [[Tribal chief|chiefs]] (joxu). Very few Drehu speakers know ''qene miny'' today.<ref>As [[Maurice Leenhardt]] did ("Langues et dialectes de l'Austro-Mélanésie" (1946), the Académie considers qene miny not only as a respective register but also a distinct language</ref>


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
Line 146: Line 146:
Drehu was first written in the [[Latin script]] by the [[Polynesians|Polynesian]]<ref>Most were from the [[Cook Islands]].</ref> and [[English people|English]] [[missionaries]] of the [[London Missionary Society]] during the 1840s, with the help of the natives. The first complete [[Bible]] was published in 1890. The Bible writing system didn't distinguish between the dental (written "d", "t") and the alveolar/retroflex ("dr" and "tr") consonants, which for a long time were written indifferently "d" and "t". In Drehu {{IPA|/θ/}} and {{IPA|/ð/}} are not dental but [[interdental consonant]]s. The new writing system was created during the 1970s.
Drehu was first written in the [[Latin script]] by the [[Polynesians|Polynesian]]<ref>Most were from the [[Cook Islands]].</ref> and [[English people|English]] [[missionaries]] of the [[London Missionary Society]] during the 1840s, with the help of the natives. The first complete [[Bible]] was published in 1890. The Bible writing system didn't distinguish between the dental (written "d", "t") and the alveolar/retroflex ("dr" and "tr") consonants, which for a long time were written indifferently "d" and "t". In Drehu {{IPA|/θ/}} and {{IPA|/ð/}} are not dental but [[interdental consonant]]s. The new writing system was created during the 1970s.


{|class="wikitable"
===Alphabet===
|+
* A - a - [ɑ]
!colspan="47" |Grapheme-phoneme correspondance
* B - be - [b]
|-
* D - de - [d]
!Grapheme
* E - e - [e]
|a
* Ë - ë - [æ]
|aa
* G - ge - [g]
|b
* H - ha - [h]
|c
* I - i - [i/j]
|d
* J - je - [ð]
|dj
* K - ka - [k] (written as c in older documents)
|dr
* L - ël - [l]
|e
* M - ëm - [m]
|ee
* N - ën - [n]
|ë
* O - o - [o]
|ëë
* Ö - ö - [ø]
|f
* P - pe - [p]
|g
* Q - qu - [ʍ/g]
|h
* R - ër - [r]
|hl
* S - ës - [s]
|hm
* T - te - [t̪]
|hn
* U - u - [u]
|hng
* V - ve - [f/v]
|hny
* W - we - [w]
|i
* X - xa - [x]
|ii
* Z - ze - [z]
|j

|k
===Digraphs===
|-
* dj - [t͡ʃ/d͡ʒ]
!Phoneme
* dr - [ɖ]
|{{IPA|/ɑ/}}
* hl - [l̥]
|{{IPA|/ɑː/}}
* hm - [m̥]
|{{IPA|/b/}}
* hn - [n̥]
|{{IPA|/c/}}
* hng, hŋ - [ŋ̊]
|{{IPA|/d̪/}}
* hny, hñ - [ɲ̊]
|{{IPA|/ɟ/}}
* ng, ŋ - [ŋ]
|{{IPA|/d/}}
* ny, ñ - [ɲ]
|{{IPA|/e/}}
* sh - [sʰ]
|{{IPA|/eː/}}
* tr - [ʈ]
|{{IPA|/ɛ/}}
|{{IPA|/ɛː/}}
|{{IPA|/f/}}
|{{IPA|/g/}}
|{{IPA|/h/}}
|{{IPA|/l̥/}}
|{{IPA|/m̥/}}
|{{IPA|/n̥/}}
|{{IPA|/ŋ̊/}}
|{{IPA|/ɲ̊/}}
|{{IPA|/i/}}
|{{IPA|/iː/}}
|{{IPA|/ð/}}
|{{IPA|/k/}}
|-
!Grapheme
|l
|m
|n
|ng
|ny
|o
|oo
|ö
|öö
|p
|q
|r
|s
|sh
|t
|th
|tr
|u
|uu
|v
|w
|x
|z
|-
!Phoneme
|{{IPA|/l/}}
|{{IPA|/m/}}
|{{IPA|/n/}}
|{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|{{IPA|/ɲ/}}
|{{IPA|/o/}}
|{{IPA|/oː/}}
|{{IPA|/ʌ/}}
|{{IPA|/ʌː/}}
|{{IPA|/p/}}
|{{IPA|/w̥/}}
|{{IPA|/r/}}
|{{IPA|/s/}}
|{{IPA|/ʃ/}}
|{{IPA|/t/}}
|{{IPA|/θ/}}
|{{IPA|/t/}}
|{{IPA|/u/}}
|{{IPA|/uː/}}
|{{IPA|/v/}}
|{{IPA|/enwiki/w/}}
|{{IPA|/x/}}
|{{IPA|/z/}}
|}


<ref>{{cite web |title=Drehu alphabet, pronunciation, and language |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/drehu.php |website=Omniglot |access-date=25 November 2021}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|title=Kanak languages academy|url=https://www.alk.nc/langues/drehu|website=Académie des Langues Kanak|access-date=29 May 2023}}</ref>


{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}
{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}
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{{Languages of New Caledonia}}
{{Languages of New Caledonia}}
{{Southern Oceanic languages}}
{{Southern Oceanic languages}}
{{Austronesian languages}}
{{Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Drehu Language}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Drehu Language}}
[[Category:Loyalty Islands languages]]
[[Category:Loyalty Islands languages]]

Latest revision as of 05:13, 28 December 2024

Drehu
RegionLifou, New Caledonia
Native speakers
unknown; est. 13,000 includes many L2 speakers (2009)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3dhv
Glottologdehu1237
Drehu is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Drehu ([ɖehu]; also known as Dehu,[2] Lifou,[3] Lifu,[4] qene drehu[5]) is an Austronesian language mostly spoken on Lifou Island, Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia. It has about 12,000 fluent speakers and the status of a French regional language. This status means that pupils can take it as an optional topic for the baccalauréat in New Caledonia itself or on the French mainland.[6] It has been also taught at the Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales (INALCO) in Paris since 1973 and at the University of New Caledonia[7] since 2000. Like other Kanak languages, Drehu is regulated by the Académie des langues kanak, founded in 2007.

A separate register of Drehu, known as qene miny, was once used to speak to chiefs (joxu). Very few Drehu speakers know qene miny today.[8]

Phonology

[edit]

Vowels

[edit]
Front Central Back
High i iː u uː
Mid e eː ø øː o oː
Open æ æː ɑ ɑː

/e/ is heard as [ɛ] before nasals.

/ø/ can sometimes be [e] before nasals.

Consonants

[edit]
Bilabial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Alveopalatal Velar Glottal
Nasals voiceless m̥ n̥ ɲ̊ ŋ̊
voiced m n ɲ ŋ
Stops and
affricates 		voiceless p t ʈ t͡ʃ k
voiced b[a] d ɖ d͡ʒ[a] ɡ
Fricatives voiceless f θ s x h
voiced v[a] ð z
Approximants voiceless ʍ l̥
voiced w l
  1. ^ a b c /b d͡ʒ v/ occur only in loanwords.

Writing system

[edit]

Drehu was first written in the Latin script by the Polynesian[9] and English missionaries of the London Missionary Society during the 1840s, with the help of the natives. The first complete Bible was published in 1890. The Bible writing system didn't distinguish between the dental (written "d", "t") and the alveolar/retroflex ("dr" and "tr") consonants, which for a long time were written indifferently "d" and "t". In Drehu /θ/ and /ð/ are not dental but interdental consonants. The new writing system was created during the 1970s.

Grapheme-phoneme correspondance
Grapheme a aa b c d dj dr e ee ë ëë f g h hl hm hn hng hny i ii j k
Phoneme /ɑ/ /ɑː/ /b/ /c/ /d̪/ /ɟ/ /d/ /e/ /eː/ /ɛ/ /ɛː/ /f/ /g/ /h/ /l̥/ /m̥/ /n̥/ /ŋ̊/ /ɲ̊/ /i/ /iː/ /ð/ /k/
Grapheme l m n ng ny o oo ö öö p q r s sh t th tr u uu v w x z
Phoneme /l/ /m/ /n/ /ŋ/ /ɲ/ /o/ /oː/ /ʌ/ /ʌː/ /p/ /w̥/ /r/ /s/ /ʃ/ /t/ /θ/ /t/ /u/ /uː/ /v/ /enwiki/w/ /x/ /z/

[10]

Grammar

[edit]

Personal pronouns

[edit]

Singular

  • Eni/ni: I, me
  • Eö/ö: you
  • Nyipë/nyipëti: you (a polite form of address to a chief (joxu)or an older man)
  • Nyipo/nyipot(i): you (a polite form of address to an older woman)
  • Angeic(e): he, him, she
  • Nyidrë/nyidrët(i): he, him (a polite form of address to a chief (joxu)or an older man)
  • Nyidro/nyidrot(i): you (a polite form of address to an older woman)
  • Ej(e): it

Dual

  • Eaho/ho: we two (exclusive)
  • Easho/sho (easo/so): we two (inclusive)
  • Epon(i)/pon(i): you two
  • Eahlo: they two
  • Lue ej(e): they two for things and animals

Plural

  • Eahun(i)/hun(i): we, us (exclusive)
  • Eashë/shë, easë/së: we all, all of us (inclusive)
  • Epun(i)/pun(i): you
  • Angaatr(e): they, them
  • Itre ej(e): they, them (for things and animals)

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Drehu at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ In missionary time
  3. ^ In French
  4. ^ In English
  5. ^ Qene means language (literally "qe" : mouth, "ne" : of)
  6. ^ Only five of the twenty-eight Kanak languages (in the 1999 Rapport Cerquilini or 40 according to the Académie des langues kanak) have this status: Drehu (island of Lifou), Nengone (island of Maré), A'jië (around Houaïlou), Paicî (around Poindimié) and Xârâcùù (around Canala and Thio).
  7. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2005-12-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. ^ As Maurice Leenhardt did ("Langues et dialectes de l'Austro-Mélanésie" (1946), the Académie considers qene miny not only as a respective register but also a distinct language
  9. ^ Most were from the Cook Islands.
  10. ^ "Kanak languages academy". Académie des Langues Kanak. Retrieved 29 May 2023.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
Drehu language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Drehu_language&oldid=1265692260"