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{{short description|Austronesian language spoken in Vanuatu}} |
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{{Distinguish|Koro language (India)|Koro language (New Guinea)|Koro language (Cote d'Ivoire)}} |
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{{About|the Koro language of Vanuatu||Koro language (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Infobox language |
{{Infobox language |
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|name=Koro |
|name=Koro |
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|pronunciation={{IPA-xx|kʊrʊ|}} |
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|states=[[Vanuatu]] |
|states=[[Vanuatu]] |
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|region=[[Gaua]] |
|region=[[Gaua]] |
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|fam3=[[Oceanic languages|Oceanic]] |
|fam3=[[Oceanic languages|Oceanic]] |
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|fam4=[[Southern Oceanic languages|Southern Oceanic]] |
|fam4=[[Southern Oceanic languages|Southern Oceanic]] |
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|fam5=Vanuatu |
|fam5=[[North-Central Vanuatu languages|North-Central Vanuatu]] |
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|fam6=[[ |
|fam6=[[North Vanuatu languages|North Vanuatu]] |
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|fam7=[[ |
|fam7=[[Torres–Banks languages|Torres-Banks]] |
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|iso3=krf |
|iso3=krf |
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|glotto= |
|glotto=koro1318 |
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|glottorefname=Koro (Vanuatu) |
|glottorefname=Koro (Vanuatu) |
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|map = Lang Status 60-DE.svg |
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|mapcaption = {{center|{{small|Koro is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}} |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Koro''' is an [[Oceanic language]] spoken on [[Gaua|Gaua island]] in [[Vanuatu]]. Its 280 speakers live in the village of [[Koro (Vanuatu)|Koro]], on the south coast of Gaua.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|François|2005|p=444}}.</ref> |
'''Koro''' is an [[Oceanic language]] spoken on [[Gaua|Gaua island]] in [[Vanuatu]]. Its 280 speakers live in the village of [[Koro (Vanuatu)|Koro]], on the south coast of Gaua.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|François|2005|p=444}}.</ref> |
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Koro is a distinct language from its immediate neighbours, [[Dorig language|Dorig]] (300 sp.) and [[Olrat language|Olrat]] (4 sp.).<ref>[http://alex.francois. |
Koro is a distinct language from its immediate neighbours, [[Dorig language|Dorig]] (300 sp.) and [[Olrat language|Olrat]] (4 sp.).<ref>[http://alex.francois.online.fr/AF-field.htm List of Banks islands languages].</ref> |
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==Name== |
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The name ''Koro'', spelled natively as {{lang|krf|Kōrō}} {{IPA-xx|kʊrʊ|}}, is an endonym referring to the village. |
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==Phonology== |
==Phonology== |
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Koro has 8 [[phoneme|phonemic]] vowels. These include 7 [[monophthong]]s {{IPA|/i ɪ ɛ a ɔ ʊ u/}} and one [[diphthong]] {{IPA|/ɛ͡a/}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|François|2005|p=445}}.</ref> |
Koro has 8 [[phoneme|phonemic]] vowels. These include 7 [[monophthong]]s {{IPA|/i ɪ ɛ a ɔ ʊ u/}} and one [[diphthong]] {{IPA|/ɛ͡a/}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|François|2005|p=445}}.</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
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==References== |
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! !! [[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[Back vowel|Back]] |
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{{reflist}} |
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|- |
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! [[near-close vowel|Near-close]] |
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| {{IPA link|i}} {{angbr|i}} || {{IPA link|u}} {{angbr|u}} |
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|- |
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! [[close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] |
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| {{IPA link|ɪ}} {{angbr|ē}} || {{IPA link|ʊ}} {{angbr|ō}} |
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|- |
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! [[open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] |
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| {{IPA link|ɛ}} {{angbr|e}} || {{IPA link|ɔ}} {{angbr|o}} |
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|- |
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! [[open vowel|Open]] |
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| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|a}} {{angbr|a}} |
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|} |
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The diphthong {{IPA|[ɛ͡a]}} is spelled as {{angbr|ä}}. |
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==Bibliography== |
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==Grammar== |
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The system of [[personal pronoun]]s in Koro contrasts [[clusivity]], and distinguishes four [[Grammatical number|numbers]] (singular, [[Dual number|dual]], [[Trial number|trial]], plural).<ref>[[#pronouns|François (2016)]].</ref> |
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Spatial reference in Koro is based on a system of geocentric ([[Linguistic frame of reference#Absolute frame of reference|absolute]]) directionals, which is typical of [[Oceanic languages]].<ref>[[#updown|François (2015)]].</ref> |
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==Notes and references== |
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===References=== |
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{{reflist|2|}} |
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===Bibliography=== |
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*{{citation |
*{{citation |
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|doi=10.1353/ol.2005.0034 |
|doi=10.1353/ol.2005.0034 |
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|last=François |
|last=François |
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|first=Alexandre |
|first=Alexandre |
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|author-link = Alexandre François (linguist) |
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|year=2005 |
|year=2005 |
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|title=Unraveling the |
|title=Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages |
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|journal=Oceanic Linguistics |
|journal=Oceanic Linguistics |
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|volume=44 |
|volume=44 |
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|issue=2 |
|issue=2 |
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|pages=443–504 |
|pages=443–504 |
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|s2cid=131668754 |
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|url=https://www.academia.edu/1330221 |
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|url=http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_VowelsNorthernVanuatu_OL44-2.pdf |
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}} |
}} |
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* {{citation |
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|last=François |
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|first=Alexandre |
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|year=2011 |
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|title=Social ecology and language history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence |
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|journal=Journal of Historical Linguistics |
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|volume=1 |
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|issue=2 |
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|pages=175–246 |
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|doi=10.1075/jhl.1.2.03fra |
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|url=http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2011_JHL1-2_Social-ecology_Vanuatu.pdf |
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|ref=ecology |
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|hdl=1885/29283 |
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|hdl-access=free |
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}}. |
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*{{citation |
*{{citation |
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|last=François |
|last=François |
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|title=The dynamics of linguistic diversity: Egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages |
|title=The dynamics of linguistic diversity: Egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages |
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|journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |
|journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |
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|volume= |
|volume=2012 |
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|issue= |
|issue=214 |
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|doi=10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022 |
|doi=10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022 |
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|pages=85–110 |
|pages=85–110 |
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|s2cid=145208588 |
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|url=https://www.academia.edu/1471606 |
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|url=http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2012_NorthVanuatuSocioling_IJSL.pdf |
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|ref=AF-diversity |
|ref=AF-diversity |
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}} |
}} |
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* {{Cite book |
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| publisher = Asia-Pacific Linguistics |
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| isbn = 978-1-922185-23-5 |
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| pages = 137–195 |
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|editor=Alexandre François |editor2=Sébastien Lacrampe |editor3=Michael Franjieh |editor4=Stefan Schnell |
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| last = François |
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| first = Alexandre |
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| title = The languages of Vanuatu: Unity and diversity |
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| chapter = The ins and outs of ''up'' and ''down'': Disentangling the nine geocentric space systems of Torres and Banks languages |
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| location = Canberra |
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| series = Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia |
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| url = http://hdl.handle.net/1885/14819 |
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| contribution-url= http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2015_North-Vanuatu-space-directionals.pdf |
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| date = 2015 |
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| hdl = 1885/14819 |
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| ref = updown }} |
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*{{citation |
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|last=François |
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|first=Alexandre |
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|year=2016 |
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|contribution = The historical morphology of personal pronouns in northern Vanuatu |
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|editor1-last = Pozdniakov |
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|editor1-first = Konstantin |
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|title = Comparatisme et reconstruction : tendances actuelles |
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|volume = 47 |
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|pages = 25–60 |
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|publisher = Peter Lang |
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|place = Bern |
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|series = Faits de Langues |
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|contribution-url= http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2016_History-personal-pronouns_north-Vanuatu_s.pdf |
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|ref=pronouns |
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}} |
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* {{cite web |
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|url=https://pangloss.cnrs.fr/corpus/Koro?lang=en&mode=pro |
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|title=In Love with an Eel Man |
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|last=François |
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|first=Alexandre |
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|author-link= |
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|date=2021 |
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|website=[[Pangloss Collection]] |
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|location=Paris |
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|publisher=CNRS |
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|access-date=22 Feb 2022 |
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|quote= |
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|ref=pangloss}} |
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==External links== |
===External links=== |
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* [http://alex.francois. |
* [http://alex.francois.online.fr/AlexFrancois_Torba-languages_map.htm Linguistic map of north Vanuatu, showing range of Koro on Gaua]. |
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* [ |
* [https://pangloss.cnrs.fr/corpus/Koro?lang=en&mode=pro Audio recordings in the Koro language], in open access, by [[Alexandre François|A. François]] <small>(''[[Pangloss Collection]]'')</small>. |
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{{Languages of Vanuatu}} |
{{Languages of Vanuatu}} |
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{{Southern Oceanic languages}} |
{{Southern Oceanic languages}} |
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{{Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages}} |
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[[Category:Languages of Vanuatu]] |
[[Category:Languages of Vanuatu]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Banks–Torres languages]] |
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[[Category:Torba Province]] |
[[Category:Torba Province]] |
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[[Category:Definitely endangered languages]] |
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{{Vanuatu-stub}} |
{{Vanuatu-stub}} |
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{{ |
{{SOceanic-lang-stub}} |
Latest revision as of 10:20, 28 December 2024
Koro | |
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Pronunciation | [kʊrʊ] |
Native to | Vanuatu |
Region | Gaua |
Native speakers | 250 (2012)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | krf |
Glottolog | koro1318 |
ELP | Koro (Vanuatu) |
Koro is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |
Koro is an Oceanic language spoken on Gaua island in Vanuatu. Its 280 speakers live in the village of Koro, on the south coast of Gaua.[2]
Koro is a distinct language from its immediate neighbours, Dorig (300 sp.) and Olrat (4 sp.).[3]
Name
[edit]The name Koro, spelled natively as Kōrō [kʊrʊ], is an endonym referring to the village.
Phonology
[edit]Koro has 8 phonemic vowels. These include 7 monophthongs /i ɪ ɛ a ɔ ʊ u/ and one diphthong /ɛ͡a/.[4]
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Near-close | i ⟨i⟩ | u ⟨u⟩ |
Close-mid | ɪ ⟨ē⟩ | ʊ ⟨ō⟩ |
Open-mid | ɛ ⟨e⟩ | ɔ ⟨o⟩ |
Open | a ⟨a⟩ |
The diphthong [ɛ͡a] is spelled as ⟨ä⟩.
Grammar
[edit]The system of personal pronouns in Koro contrasts clusivity, and distinguishes four numbers (singular, dual, trial, plural).[5]
Spatial reference in Koro is based on a system of geocentric (absolute) directionals, which is typical of Oceanic languages.[6]
Notes and references
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ François (2012): 88).
- ^ François (2005:444).
- ^ List of Banks islands languages.
- ^ François (2005:445).
- ^ François (2016).
- ^ François (2015).
Bibliography
[edit]- François, Alexandre (2005), "Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages" (PDF), Oceanic Linguistics, 44 (2): 443–504, doi:10.1353/ol.2005.0034, S2CID 131668754
- François, Alexandre (2011), "Social ecology and language history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence" (PDF), Journal of Historical Linguistics, 1 (2): 175–246, doi:10.1075/jhl.1.2.03fra, hdl:1885/29283.
- François, Alexandre (2012), "The dynamics of linguistic diversity: Egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages" (PDF), International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2012 (214): 85–110, doi:10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022, S2CID 145208588
- François, Alexandre (2015). "The ins and outs of up and down: Disentangling the nine geocentric space systems of Torres and Banks languages" (PDF). In Alexandre François; Sébastien Lacrampe; Michael Franjieh; Stefan Schnell (eds.). The languages of Vanuatu: Unity and diversity. Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia. Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics. pp. 137–195. hdl:1885/14819. ISBN 978-1-922185-23-5.
- François, Alexandre (2016), "The historical morphology of personal pronouns in northern Vanuatu" (PDF), in Pozdniakov, Konstantin (ed.), Comparatisme et reconstruction : tendances actuelles, Faits de Langues, vol. 47, Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 25–60
- François, Alexandre (2021). "In Love with an Eel Man". Pangloss Collection. Paris: CNRS. Retrieved 22 Feb 2022.
External links
[edit]- Linguistic map of north Vanuatu, showing range of Koro on Gaua.
- Audio recordings in the Koro language, in open access, by A. François (Pangloss Collection).