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{{short description|Austronesian language spoken in Vanuatu}}
{{Distinguish|Koro language (India)|Koro language (New Guinea)|Koro language (Cote d'Ivoire)}}
{{About|the Koro language of Vanuatu||Koro language (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Koro
|name=Koro
|pronunciation={{IPA-xx|kʊrʊ|}}
|states=[[Vanuatu]]
|states=[[Vanuatu]]
|region=[[Gaua]]
|region=[[Gaua]]
Line 10: Line 12:
|fam3=[[Oceanic languages|Oceanic]]
|fam3=[[Oceanic languages|Oceanic]]
|fam4=[[Southern Oceanic languages|Southern Oceanic]]
|fam4=[[Southern Oceanic languages|Southern Oceanic]]
|fam5=Vanuatu
|fam5=[[North-Central Vanuatu languages|North-Central Vanuatu]]
|fam6=[[Northern Vanuatu languages|Northern Vanuatu]]
|fam6=[[North Vanuatu languages|North Vanuatu]]
|fam7=[[East Vanuatu languages|East Vanuatu]]
|fam7=[[Torres–Banks languages|Torres-Banks]]
|iso3=krf
|iso3=krf
|glotto=koro1308
|glotto=koro1318
|glottorefname=Koro (Vanuatu)
|glottorefname=Koro (Vanuatu)
|map = Lang Status 60-DE.svg
|mapcaption = {{center|{{small|Koro is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}}
}}
}}


'''Koro''' is an [[Oceanic language]] spoken on [[Gaua|Gaua island]] in [[Vanuatu]]. Its 280 speakers live in the village of [[Koro (Vanuatu)|Koro]], on the south coast of Gaua.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|François|2005|p=444}}.</ref>
'''Koro''' is an [[Oceanic language]] spoken on [[Gaua|Gaua island]] in [[Vanuatu]]. Its 280 speakers live in the village of [[Koro (Vanuatu)|Koro]], on the south coast of Gaua.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|François|2005|p=444}}.</ref>


Koro is a distinct language from its immediate neighbours, [[Dorig language|Dorig]] (300&nbsp;sp.) and [[Olrat language|Olrat]] (4&nbsp;sp.).<ref>[http://alex.francois.free.fr/AF-field.htm List of Banks islands languages].</ref>
Koro is a distinct language from its immediate neighbours, [[Dorig language|Dorig]] (300&nbsp;sp.) and [[Olrat language|Olrat]] (4&nbsp;sp.).<ref>[http://alex.francois.online.fr/AF-field.htm List of Banks islands languages].</ref>

==Name==
The name ''Koro'', spelled natively as {{lang|krf|Kōrō}} {{IPA-xx|kʊrʊ|}}, is an endonym referring to the village.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Koro has 8 [[phoneme|phonemic]] vowels. These include 7 [[monophthong]]s {{IPA|/i ɪ ɛ a ɔ ʊ u/}} and one [[diphthong]] {{IPA|/ɛ͡a/}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|François|2005|p=445}}.</ref>
Koro has 8 [[phoneme|phonemic]] vowels. These include 7 [[monophthong]]s {{IPA|/i ɪ ɛ a ɔ ʊ u/}} and one [[diphthong]] {{IPA|/ɛ͡a/}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|François|2005|p=445}}.</ref>


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
==References==
! &nbsp; !! [[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[Back vowel|Back]]
{{reflist}}
|-
! [[near-close vowel|Near-close]]
| {{IPA link|i}} {{angbr|i}} || {{IPA link|u}} {{angbr|u}}
|-
! [[close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| {{IPA link|ɪ}} {{angbr|ē}} || {{IPA link|ʊ}} {{angbr|ō}}
|-
! [[open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} {{angbr|e}} || {{IPA link|ɔ}} {{angbr|o}}
|-
! [[open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|a}} {{angbr|a}}
|}


The diphthong {{IPA|[ɛ͡a]}} is spelled as {{angbr|ä}}.
==Bibliography==

==Grammar==
The system of [[personal pronoun]]s in Koro contrasts [[clusivity]], and distinguishes four [[Grammatical number|numbers]] (singular, [[Dual number|dual]], [[Trial number|trial]], plural).<ref>[[#pronouns|François (2016)]].</ref>

Spatial reference in Koro is based on a system of geocentric ([[Linguistic frame of reference#Absolute frame of reference|absolute]]) directionals, which is typical of [[Oceanic languages]].<ref>[[#updown|François (2015)]].</ref>

==Notes and references==
===References===
{{reflist|2|}}

===Bibliography===
*{{citation
*{{citation
|doi=10.1353/ol.2005.0034
|doi=10.1353/ol.2005.0034
|last=François
|last=François
|first=Alexandre
|first=Alexandre
|author-link = Alexandre François (linguist)
|year=2005
|year=2005
|title=Unraveling the History of the Vowels of Seventeen Northern Vanuatu Languages
|title=Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages
|journal=Oceanic Linguistics
|journal=Oceanic Linguistics
|volume=44
|volume=44
|issue=2
|issue=2
|pages=443–504
|pages=443–504
|s2cid=131668754
|url=https://www.academia.edu/1330221
|url=http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_VowelsNorthernVanuatu_OL44-2.pdf
}}
}}
* {{citation
|last=François
|first=Alexandre
|year=2011
|title=Social ecology and language history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence
|journal=Journal of Historical Linguistics
|volume=1
|issue=2
|pages=175–246
|doi=10.1075/jhl.1.2.03fra
|url=http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2011_JHL1-2_Social-ecology_Vanuatu.pdf
|ref=ecology
|hdl=1885/29283
|hdl-access=free
}}.
*{{citation
*{{citation
|last=François
|last=François
Line 47: Line 95:
|title=The dynamics of linguistic diversity: Egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages
|title=The dynamics of linguistic diversity: Egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages
|journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language
|journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language
|volume=214
|volume=2012
|issue=
|issue=214
|doi=10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022
|doi=10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022
|pages=85–110
|pages=85–110
|s2cid=145208588
|url=https://www.academia.edu/1471606
|url=http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2012_NorthVanuatuSocioling_IJSL.pdf
|ref=AF-diversity
|ref=AF-diversity
}}
}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher = Asia-Pacific Linguistics
| isbn = 978-1-922185-23-5
| pages = 137–195
|editor=Alexandre François |editor2=Sébastien Lacrampe |editor3=Michael Franjieh |editor4=Stefan Schnell
| last = François
| first = Alexandre
| title = The languages of Vanuatu: Unity and diversity
| chapter = The ins and outs of ''up'' and ''down'': Disentangling the nine geocentric space systems of Torres and Banks languages
| location = Canberra
| series = Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia
| url = http://hdl.handle.net/1885/14819
| contribution-url= http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2015_North-Vanuatu-space-directionals.pdf
| date = 2015
| hdl = 1885/14819
| ref = updown }}
*{{citation
|last=François
|first=Alexandre
|year=2016
|contribution = The historical morphology of personal pronouns in northern Vanuatu
|editor1-last = Pozdniakov
|editor1-first = Konstantin
|title = Comparatisme et reconstruction : tendances actuelles
|volume = 47
|pages = 25–60
|publisher = Peter Lang
|place = Bern
|series = Faits de Langues
|contribution-url= http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2016_History-personal-pronouns_north-Vanuatu_s.pdf
|ref=pronouns
}}
* {{cite web
|url=https://pangloss.cnrs.fr/corpus/Koro?lang=en&mode=pro
|title=In Love with an Eel Man
|last=François
|first=Alexandre
|author-link=
|date=2021
|website=[[Pangloss Collection]]
|location=Paris
|publisher=CNRS
|access-date=22 Feb 2022
|quote=
|ref=pangloss}}


==External links==
===External links===
* [http://alex.francois.free.fr/AlexFrancois_Torba-languages_map.htm Linguistic map of north Vanuatu, showing range of Koro on Gaua].
* [http://alex.francois.online.fr/AlexFrancois_Torba-languages_map.htm Linguistic map of north Vanuatu, showing range of Koro on Gaua].
* [http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/pangloss/corpus/list_rsc_en.php?lg=Koro Audio recordings in the Koro language], in open access, by [[Alexandre François|A. François]] <small>(source: ''[[Pangloss Collection]]'')</small>.
* [https://pangloss.cnrs.fr/corpus/Koro?lang=en&mode=pro Audio recordings in the Koro language], in open access, by [[Alexandre François|A. François]] <small>(''[[Pangloss Collection]]'')</small>.


{{Languages of Vanuatu}}
{{Languages of Vanuatu}}
{{Southern Oceanic languages}}
{{Southern Oceanic languages}}
{{Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages}}

[[Category:Languages of Vanuatu]]
[[Category:Languages of Vanuatu]]
[[Category:East Vanuatu languages]]
[[Category:Banks–Torres languages]]
[[Category:Torba Province]]
[[Category:Torba Province]]
[[Category:Definitely endangered languages]]




{{Vanuatu-stub}}
{{Vanuatu-stub}}
{{au-lang-stub}}
{{SOceanic-lang-stub}}

Latest revision as of 10:20, 28 December 2024

Koro
Pronunciation[kʊrʊ]
Native toVanuatu
RegionGaua
Native speakers
250 (2012)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3krf
Glottologkoro1318
ELPKoro (Vanuatu)
Koro is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Koro is an Oceanic language spoken on Gaua island in Vanuatu. Its 280 speakers live in the village of Koro, on the south coast of Gaua.[2]

Koro is a distinct language from its immediate neighbours, Dorig (300 sp.) and Olrat (4 sp.).[3]

Name

[edit]

The name Koro, spelled natively as Kōrō [kʊrʊ], is an endonym referring to the village.

Phonology

[edit]

Koro has 8 phonemic vowels. These include 7 monophthongs /i ɪ ɛ a ɔ ʊ u/ and one diphthong /ɛ͡a/.[4]

  Front Back
Near-close i ⟨i⟩ u ⟨u⟩
Close-mid ɪ ⟨ē⟩ ʊ ⟨ō⟩
Open-mid ɛ ⟨e⟩ ɔ ⟨o⟩
Open a ⟨a⟩

The diphthong [ɛ͡a] is spelled as ⟨ä⟩.

Grammar

[edit]

The system of personal pronouns in Koro contrasts clusivity, and distinguishes four numbers (singular, dual, trial, plural).[5]

Spatial reference in Koro is based on a system of geocentric (absolute) directionals, which is typical of Oceanic languages.[6]

Notes and references

[edit]

References

[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]