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The unique chromosomes of this species
 
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{{Short description|Species of deer}}
{{Taxobox
{{speciesbox
| name = hairy-fronted muntjac
| name = Hairy-fronted muntjac
| status = VU
| status = VU
| status_system = iucn3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessors=Harris, R.B.|year=2008|id=13924|title=Muntiacus crinifrons|downloaded=5 April 2009}} Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of vulnerable.</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Timmins, R. |author2=Chan, B. |date=2016 |title=''Muntiacus crinifrons'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T13924A22160753 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13924A22160753.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| image = 2011 Muntjak-4.jpg
| image = 2011 Muntjak-4.jpg
⚫
| taxon = Muntiacus crinifrons
| image_width = 200px
⚫
| authority = ([[Philip Sclater|Sclater]], 1885)
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| ordo = [[Artiodactyla]]
| familia = [[Cervidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Cervinae]]
| genus = ''[[Muntiacus]]''
| species = '''''M. crinifrons'''''
⚫
| binomial = ''Muntiacus crinifrons''
⚫
| binomial_authority = ([[Philip Sclater|Sclater]], 1885)
}}
}}


The '''hairy-fronted muntjac''' or '''black muntjac''' (''Muntiacus crinifrons'') is a type of deer currently found in [[Zhejiang]], [[Anhui]], [[Jiangxi]] and [[Fujian]] in southeastern China. It is considered to be endangered, possibly down to as few as 5–10,000 individuals spread over a wide area. Reports of hairy-fronted muntjacs from [[Burma]] result from considering the hairy-fronted muntjac and [[Gongshan muntjac]] as the same species. This suggestion is controversial.<ref name=iucn/> It is similar in size to the [[common muntjac]].
The '''hairy-fronted muntjac''' or '''black muntjac''' ('''''Muntiacus crinifrons''''') is a type of deer currently found in [[Zhejiang]], [[Anhui]], [[Jiangxi]] and [[Fujian]] in southeastern China. It is considered to be endangered, possibly down to as few as 5–10,000 individuals spread over a wide area. Reports of hairy-fronted muntjacs from [[Burma]] result from considering the hairy-fronted muntjac and [[Gongshan muntjac]] as the same species. This suggestion is controversial.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> It is similar in size to the [[common muntjac]].


⚫
Hairy-fronted muntjacs are extremely difficult to study because of their shyness. Camera-trap photographs have revealed the presence of hairy-fronted muntjacs where they were believed not to have existed for decades, for example in the [[Wuyanling National Nature Reserve]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wyl.org.cn/E_ReadNews.asp?NewsID=557 |title=珍稀动物频频首现乌岩岭 ("First sightings of rare animals often in Wuyanling") |year=2012 |publisher=Zhejiang Province Wuyanling National Nature Reserve |access-date=24 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521204456/http://www.wyl.org.cn/E_ReadNews.asp?NewsID=557 |archive-date=21 May 2013 }}</ref>
[[File:2011 Muntjak-2.jpg|thumb|left|Hairy-fronted Muntjac in Shanghai Zoo]]


⚫
This species was for a very long time one of the most poorly known deer in the world. It was also considered highly endangered; up to 1975, it was only known from a few museum specimens, at least to western scientists. The species has been heavily hunted throughout the 20th century and in 1978 alone at least 2,000 animals were killed. The current population in China was assessed in the early 1990s to be about 10,000 individuals, however it has declined much since and the current population is likely to be well under 7,000.
⚫
Hairy-fronted muntjacs are extremely difficult to study because of their shyness. Camera-trap photographs have revealed the presence of hairy-fronted muntjacs where they were believed not to have existed for decades, for example in the [[Wuyanling National Nature Reserve]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wyl.org.cn/E_ReadNews.asp?NewsID=557 |title=珍稀动物频频首现乌岩岭 ("First sightings of rare animals often in Wuyanling") |author= |year=2012 |work= |publisher=Zhejiang Province Wuyanling National Nature Reserve |accessdate=24 March 2013}}</ref>

The [[X chromosome|X]] and [[Y chromosome]]s of the hairy-fronted muntjac are very different from other therians, and represent an early stage in the evolution of a new [[sex-determination system]]. Females have chromosome number 2''n''&nbsp;=&nbsp;8, while males have 2''n''&nbsp;=&nbsp;9. A recent chromosomal rearrangement, within the past 500,000 years, fused the X with one of the autosomes (corresponding to chromosome 4 in other muntjacs) to form an expanded "neo-X". The other chromosome 4 fused with the short arm of chromosome 1 to form the extra male-specific "neo-Y" chromosome, which is passed down alongside the usual Y; the other chromosome 1 pairs with the detached long arm of its homolog. The neo-Y, which does not recombine, shows the [[Muller's ratchet|accelerated mutation rate]] that is observed on the ordinary Y of other mammals.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhou Q, Wang J, Huang L, Nie W, Wang J, Liu Y, Zhao X, Yang F, Wang W | display-authors = 6 | title = Neo-sex chromosomes in the black muntjac recapitulate incipient evolution of mammalian sex chromosomes | journal = Genome Biology | volume = 9 | issue = 6 | pages = R98 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18554412 | pmc = 2481430 | doi = 10.1186/gb-2008-9-6-r98 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


⚫
This species was for a very long time one of the most poorly known deer in the world. It was also considered highly endangered; up to 1975, it was only known from a few museum specimens, at least to western scientists. The species has been heavily harvested throughout the 20th century and in 1978 at least 2,000 animals were killed. The current population in China was assessed in the early 1990s to be ca 10,000 animals however it has declined much since and the current population is likely to be well under 7,000.
==See also==
==See also==
*[[List of endangered and protected species of China]]
*[[List of endangered and protected species of China]]

== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Artiodactyla|R.1}}
{{Artiodactyla|R.1}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q600743}}
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[[Category:Muntjac]]

⚫
[[Category:Muntjac|hairy-fronted muntjac]]
[[Category:Mammals of China]]
[[Category:Mammals of China]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of China]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of China]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1885|hairy-fronted muntjac]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Philip Sclater|hairy-fronted muntjac]]

{{eventoedungulate-stub}}
{{eventoedungulate-stub}}

Latest revision as of 14:44, 28 December 2024

Hairy-fronted muntjac
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Cervidae
Genus: Muntiacus
Species:
M. crinifrons
Binomial name
Muntiacus crinifrons
(Sclater, 1885)

The hairy-fronted muntjac or black muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons) is a type of deer currently found in Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi and Fujian in southeastern China. It is considered to be endangered, possibly down to as few as 5–10,000 individuals spread over a wide area. Reports of hairy-fronted muntjacs from Burma result from considering the hairy-fronted muntjac and Gongshan muntjac as the same species. This suggestion is controversial.[1] It is similar in size to the common muntjac.

Hairy-fronted muntjacs are extremely difficult to study because of their shyness. Camera-trap photographs have revealed the presence of hairy-fronted muntjacs where they were believed not to have existed for decades, for example in the Wuyanling National Nature Reserve.[3]

This species was for a very long time one of the most poorly known deer in the world. It was also considered highly endangered; up to 1975, it was only known from a few museum specimens, at least to western scientists. The species has been heavily hunted throughout the 20th century and in 1978 alone at least 2,000 animals were killed. The current population in China was assessed in the early 1990s to be about 10,000 individuals, however it has declined much since and the current population is likely to be well under 7,000.

The X and Y chromosomes of the hairy-fronted muntjac are very different from other therians, and represent an early stage in the evolution of a new sex-determination system. Females have chromosome number 2n = 8, while males have 2n = 9. A recent chromosomal rearrangement, within the past 500,000 years, fused the X with one of the autosomes (corresponding to chromosome 4 in other muntjacs) to form an expanded "neo-X". The other chromosome 4 fused with the short arm of chromosome 1 to form the extra male-specific "neo-Y" chromosome, which is passed down alongside the usual Y; the other chromosome 1 pairs with the detached long arm of its homolog. The neo-Y, which does not recombine, shows the accelerated mutation rate that is observed on the ordinary Y of other mammals.[4]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Timmins, R.; Chan, B. (2016). "Muntiacus crinifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13924A22160753. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13924A22160753.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ "珍稀动物频频首现乌岩岭 ("First sightings of rare animals often in Wuyanling")". Zhejiang Province Wuyanling National Nature Reserve. 2012. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
  4. ^ Zhou Q, Wang J, Huang L, Nie W, Wang J, Liu Y, et al. (2008). "Neo-sex chromosomes in the black muntjac recapitulate incipient evolution of mammalian sex chromosomes". Genome Biology. 9 (6): R98. doi:10.1186/gb-2008-9-6-r98. PMC 2481430. PMID 18554412.
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