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The politics of Tuscany, Italy take place in the framework of a semi-presidential representative democracy, whereby the President of the Region is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Legislative power is vested in the Regional Council of Tuscany, while executive power is exercised by the Regional Government led by the President, who is directly elected by the people. The current Statute, which regulates the functioning of the regional institutions, has been in force since 2005.

Prior to the rise of Fascism, most of the deputies elected in Tuscany were part of the liberal establishment (see Historical Right, Historical Left and Liberals), which governed Italy for decades. Florence and the southern provinces of the region were anyway an early stronghold of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI). At the 1924 general election, which opened the way to the Fascist authoritarian rule, Tuscany was one of the regions where the National Fascist Party (PNF) obtained more than 70% of the vote.^[1]

After World War II, Tuscany became a stronghold of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), which was especially strong in rural areas. The PCI and its successors have governed the region since 1970. The region is now a stronghold of the "centre-left coalition" led by the Democratic Party (PD), like the other regions of the so-called "Red belt".^[2]^[3]^[4]

The centre-left coalition has governed the region since 1995, under President Eugenio Giani since 2020.

Legislative branch

Palazzo Capponi-Covoni and Palazzo Panciatichi in Florence are the seats of the Regional Council

The Regional Council of Tuscany is composed of 41 members.

Councillors are elected in provincial constituencies by proportional representation using the D'Hondt method. The Florence constituency is further divided into 4 sub-constituencies. Preferential voting is allowed: a maximum of two preferences can be expressed for candidates of the same party list and provided the two chosen candidates are of different gender. In this system parties are grouped in alliances, supporting a candidate for the post of President of Tuscany. The candidate receiving at least 40% of the votes is elected to the post and his/her list (or the coalition) is awarded a majority bonus in the Regional Council. If no candidate gets more than 40% of the votes, a run-off is held fourteen days after, with only the two top candidates from the first round allowed. The winning candidate is assured a majority in the Regional Council.^[5]

The Council is elected for a five-year term, but, if the President suffers a vote of no confidence, resigns or dies, under the simul stabunt, simul cadent clause introduced in 1999 (literally they will stand together or they will fall together), also the Council is dissolved and a snap election is called.

2020–2025 composition

	Seats	Government
Democratic Party (PD)	23 / 41	In government
League	9 / 41	In opposition
Brothers of Italy (FdI)	4 / 41	In opposition
Italia Viva (IV)	2 / 41	In government
Five Star Movement (M5S)	2 / 41	In opposition
Forza Italia (FI)	1 / 41	In opposition

By coalition:

	Seats	Status
Centre-left coalition	25 / 41	Government
Centre-right coalition	14 / 41	Opposition
Five Star Movement	2 / 41	Opposition

Executive branch

The Regional Government (Giunta Regionale) is presided by the President of the Region (Presidente della Regione), who is elected for a five-year term, and is currently composed by nine members: the President and 8 regional ministers or assessors (Assessori), including a Vice President (Vice Presidente).^[6]

Current composition

The current Regional Government was sworn in on 21 October 2020.

		Members
Democratic Party	PD	President and 6 ministers
Italia Viva	IV	1 minister
Civic Ecologic Left	SCE	1 minister

Minister		Delegate for
Stefania Saccardi (vice president)	IV	Agriculture, food processing, hunt and fishing
Stefano Baccelli	PD	Transports, infrastructures and sustainable mobility
Simone Bezzini	PD	Healthcare
Monia Monni	PD	Environment, circular economy, soil protection
Serena Spinelli	SCE	Social policies and public houses
Leonardo Marras	PD	Economy and tourism
Alessandra Nardini	PD	Public education, university and scientific research
Stefano Ciuoffo	PD	Bureaucratic simplification and informatisation

List of presidents

The current President of Tuscany is Eugenio Giani, who is serving his first term after winning the 2020 regional election.

President		Term of office		Party	Administration	Administration coalition	Legislature
President		Duration in years, months and days		Party	Administration	Administration coalition	Legislature
1	Lelio Lagorio (1925–2017)	28 July 1970	26 September 1978	PSI	Lagorio I	PCI • PSI • PSIUP	I (1970)
		28 July 1970	26 September 1978		Lagorio II	PCI • PSI	II (1975)
		8 years, 1 month and 30 days			Lagorio II	PCI • PSI
2	Mario Leone (1922–2013)	26 September 1978	31 May 1983	PSI	Leone I	PCI • PSI
		26 September 1978	31 May 1983		Leone II	PCI • PSI	III (1980)
		4 years, 8 months and 6 days			Leone II	PCI • PSI
3	Gianfranco Bartolini (1927–1992)	31 May 1983	10 July 1990	PCI	Bartolini I	PCI • PDUP
		31 May 1983	10 July 1990		Bartolini II	PCI • PSI • PSDI	IV (1985)
		7 years, 1 month and 11 days			Bartolini II	PCI • PSI • PSDI	IV (1985)
4	Marco Marcucci (Born 1949)	10 July 1990	11 January 1992	PCI PDS	Marcucci	PCI • PSI • PSDI	V (1990)
4	Marco Marcucci (Born 1949)	1 year, 6 months and 2 days		PCI PDS	Marcucci	PCI • PSI • PSDI
5	Vannino Chiti (Born 1947)	11 January 1992	18 May 2000	PDS DS	Chiti I	PDS • PSI • PSDI • PLI^[7]
		11 January 1992	18 May 2000		Chiti II	Democratic Tuscany (PDS • PPI • FdV • FL)	VI (1995)
		8 years, 4 months and 8 days			Chiti II	Democratic Tuscany (PDS • PPI • FdV • FL)	VI (1995)
6	Claudio Martini (Born 1951)	18 May 2000	16 April 2010	DS PD	Martini I	Democratic Tuscany (DS • PPI • Dem • PdCI • FdV • SDI)	VII (2000)
		18 May 2000	16 April 2010		Martini II	Democratic Tuscany (DS • DL • PdCI • FdV)	VIII (2005)
		9 years, 10 months and 30 days			Martini II	Democratic Tuscany (DS • DL • PdCI • FdV)	VIII (2005)
7	Enrico Rossi (Born 1958)	16 April 2010	8 October 2020	PD	Rossi I	Democratic Tuscany (PD • IdV • FdS • FdV)	IX (2010)
		16 April 2010	8 October 2020		Rossi II	PD	X (2015)
		10 years, 5 months and 23 days			Rossi II	PD	X (2015)
8	Eugenio Giani (Born 1959)	8 October 2020	Incumbent	PD	Giani	PD • IV	XI (2020)
8	Eugenio Giani (Born 1959)	4 years, 3 months and 2 days		PD	Giani	PD • IV	XI (2020)

Local government

Provinces

Tuscany is divided in ten provinces, which are a traditional form of local administration in the region.

The four main functions devolved to the provinces are:

local planning and zoning;
maintenance of public high school buildings;
provision of local police and fire services;
transportation regulation (car registration, maintenance of local roads, etc.).

From 1945 to 1995 presidents of the provinces were chosen by the members of the Provincial Councils, legislative bodies elected every five years by citizens. From 1995 to 2014, under provisions of the 1993 local administration reform, presidents of the provinces of Tuscany were chosen by popular election, originally every four, then every five years.

On 3 April 2014, the Italian Chamber of Deputies gave its final approval to the Law n.56/2014 which involved the transformation of the Italian provinces into "institutional bodies of second level". According to the 2014 reform, now each province is headed by a President (or Commissioner) assisted by a legislative body, the Provincial Council, and an executive body, the Provincial Executive. President (Commissioner) and members of Council are elected together by mayors and city councillors of each municipality of the province respectively every four and two years. The Executive is chaired by the President (Commissioner) who appoint others members, called assessori. Since 2015, the President (Commissioner) and other members of the Council do not receive a salary.

Socialist and communist ideas had an early diffusion in quite all the provinces around World War I. After the Fascist parenthesis, left-wing parties found their strongholds in eastern rural provinces, especially Siena and Arezzo, while Christian Democracy used to be strong in the north-western part of the Region.

The Province of Florence is now one of the major national strongholds of Democratic Party. The Province of Siena is also called the "red province of Italy", because the Italian Communist Party has always governed it with the 60% of the votes since 1945 to the dissolution of the party in 1991.

Province	Inhabitants		Party	As Mayor of	Election
Metropolitan City of Florence	991,862	Sara Funaro (metropolitan mayor)	Democratic Party	Florence	2024
Pisa	414,154	Massimiliano Angori	Democratic Party	Vecchiano	2018
Lucca	392,182	Marcello Pierucci	Democratic Party	Camaiore	2024
Arezzo	348,327	Alessandro Polcri	Independent (centre-right)	Anghiari	2022
Livorno	341,453	Sandra Scarpellini	Democratic Party	Castagneto Carducci	2022
Pistoia	292,108	Luca Marmo	Democratic Party	San Marcello Piteglio	2019
Siena	270,333	Agnese Carletti	Democratic Party	San Casciano dei Bagni	2024
Prato	248,174	Simone Calamai	Democratic Party	Montemurlo	2022
Grosseto	227,063	Francesco Limatola	Independent (centre-left)	Roccastrada	2021
Massa and Carrara	203,642	Gianni Lorenzetti	Democratic Party	Montignoso	2016

Municipalities

Tuscany is also divided in 287 comuni (municipalities), which have even more history, having been established in the Middle Ages when they were the main places of government. 18 comuni (10 provincial capitals) have more than 45,000 inhabitants, a large majority of which are ruled by the centre-left coalition.

Provincial capitals:

Municipality	Inhabitants		Party	Election
Florence	370,702	Sara Funaro	Democratic Party	2024
Prato	187,994	Ilaria Bugetti	Democratic Party	2024
Livorno	161,084	Luca Salvetti	Democratic Party	2024
Arezzo	100,140	Alessandro Ghinelli	Independent (centre-right)	2020
Pistoia	90,226	Alessandro Tomasi	Brothers of Italy	2022
Pisa	88,332	Michele Conti	Lega Nord	2023
Lucca	84,928	Matteo Pardini	Independent (centre-right)	2022
Grosseto	82,284	Antonfrancesco Vivarelli Colonna	Independent (centre-right)	2021
Massa	71,006	Francesco Persiani	Lega Nord	2023
Siena	54,561	Nicoletta Fabio	Independent (centre-right)	2023

Other municipalities with more than 45,000 inhabitants:

Municipality	Inhabitants		Party	Election
Carrara	65,612	Serena Arrighi	Democratic Party	2022
Viareggio	64,564	Giorgio Del Ghingaro	Democratic Party	2020
Scandicci	50,304	Claudia Sereni	Democratic Party	2024
Sesto Fiorentino	48,780	Lorenzo Falchi	Italian Left	2021
Empoli	47,997	Alessio Mantellassi	Democratic Party	2024
Capannori	46,355	Giordano Del Chiaro	Democratic Party	2024
Campi Bisenzio	45,325	Andrea Tagliaferri	Italian Left	2023
Cascina	45,143	Michelangelo Betti	Democratic Party	2020

Parties and elections

Latest regional election

In the latest regional election, which took place on 20–21 September 2020, Eugenio Giani of the Democratic Party (PD) was elected President, by beating Susanna Ceccardi of Lega Nord 48.6% to 40.5%. The PD was by far the largest party with 34% of the vote.

20–21 September 2020 Tuscan regional election results
Candidates		Votes	%	Seats	Parties		Votes	%	Seats

	Eugenio Giani	864,310	48.62	1		Democratic Party	563,116	34.69	22
						Italia Viva – More Europe	72,649	4.48	2
						Civic Ecologist Left	48,410	2.98	–
						Proud Tuscany for Giani	47,778	2.94	–
						Green Europe	26,924	1.66	–
						Svolta!	5,246	0.32	–
					Total		764,123	47.08	24
	Susanna Ceccardi	719,266	40.46	2		League	353,514	21.78	7
						Brothers of Italy	219,165	13.50	4
						Forza Italia – UDC	69,456	4.28	1
						Civic Tuscany for Change	16,923	1.04	–
					Total		659,058	40.60	12
	Irene Galletti	113,796	6.40	1		Five Star Movement	113,836	7.01	1
	Tommaso Fattori	39,684	2.23	–		Tuscany to the Left	46,514	2.87	–
	Salvatore Catello	17,007	0.96	–		Communist Party	17,032	1.05	–
	Marco Barzanti	16,078	0.90	–		Italian Communist Party	15,617	0.96	–
	Tiziana Vigni	7,668	0.43	–		3V Movement	6,974	0.43	–

Total candidates		1,777,809	100.00	4	Total parties		1,623,154	100.00	37
Source: Tuscany Region – Electoral Services

References

^ Piergiorgio Corbetta; Maria Serena Piretti, Atlante storico-elettorale d'Italia, Zanichelli, Bologna 2009
^ Ceccarini, Luigi; Newell, James L. (2019). The Italian General Election of 2018: Italy in Uncharted Territory. Springer. p. 252. ISBN 9783030136178. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
^ Newell, James L. (2010). The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country. Cambridge University Press. p. 229. ISBN 9781139788892. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
^ Barbieri, Giovanni (2012). "The Northern League in the 'Red Belt' of Italy" (PDF). Bulletin of Italian Politics. 4 (2). University of Glasgow: 277–294. ISSN 1759-3077. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
^ "Articolo » Raccolta Normativa Regione Toscana".
^ "La Giunta - Regione Toscana".
^ "Toscana, liberali nella giunta di sinistra". la Repubblica. 1 August 1992.

External links

[Corbetta-1] Piergiorgio Corbetta; Maria Serena Piretti, Atlante storico-elettorale d'Italia, Zanichelli, Bologna 2009

[2] Ceccarini, Luigi; Newell, James L. (2019). The Italian General Election of 2018: Italy in Uncharted Territory. Springer. p. 252. ISBN 9783030136178. Retrieved 15 October 2019.

[3] Newell, James L. (2010). The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country. Cambridge University Press. p. 229. ISBN 9781139788892. Retrieved 15 October 2019.

[4] Barbieri, Giovanni (2012). "The Northern League in the 'Red Belt' of Italy" (PDF). Bulletin of Italian Politics. 4 (2). University of Glasgow: 277–294. ISSN 1759-3077. Retrieved 15 October 2019.

[5] "Articolo » Raccolta Normativa Regione Toscana".

[6] "La Giunta - Regione Toscana".

[7] "Toscana, liberali nella giunta di sinistra". la Repubblica. 1 August 1992.

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