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{{Short description|Extinct Athabascan language}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Tsetsaut
| name = Tsetsaut
|nativename=Wetaŀ
| nativename = {{lang|txc|Wetaŀ}}, {{lang|txc|Wetaɬ}}, {{lang|txc|Wetał}}
|states=[[Canada]]
| states = [[Canada]], [[United States]]
|region=Northern [[British Columbia]]
| region = Northern [[British Columbia]], [[Alaska]]
|ethnicity=[[Tsetsaut people|Tsetsaut]]
| ethnicity = [[Tsetsaut people|Tsetsaut]]
|extinct=mid 20th century
| extinct = early 1930s
| ref = <ref name="UNESCO">{{cite report |title=Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |publisher=UNESCO |edition=3rd |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026 |date=2010 |page=7}}</ref><ref>D. Roy Mitchell IV, "[https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=33&docid=14313 Alaska's 23 Indigenous Languages]", March 9, 2023.</ref>
|ref={{citation needed|date=March 2015}}
|familycolor=Dené-Yeniseian
| familycolor = Dené-Yeniseian
|fam2=[[Na-Dené languages|Na-Dené]]
| fam2 = [[Na-Dené languages|Na-Dené]]
|fam3=[[Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan]]
| fam3 = [[Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan]]
|fam4=[[Northern Athabaskan languages|Northern Athabaskan]]
| fam4 = [[Northern Athabaskan languages|Northern Athabaskan]]
|iso3=txc
| iso3 = txc
|glotto=tset1236
| glotto = tset1236
|glottorefname=Tsetsaut
| glottorefname = Tsetsaut
|linglist=txc
| linglist = txc
|notice=IPA
| notice = IPA
| map = Lang Status 01-EX.svg
| mapcaption = {{center|{{small|Tsetsaut is classified as Extinct by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}}<ref name="UNESCO" />
| altname = Tsʼetsaʼut
| pronunciation = {{IPA|[wetaɬ]}}
}}
}}
The '''Tsetsaut language''' is an extinct [[Athabascan]] language formerly spoken by the now-extinct [[Tsetsaut]] in the Behm and [[Portland Canal]] area of Southeast Alaska and northwestern [[British Columbia]]. Virtually everything known of the language comes from the limited material recorded by [[Franz Boas]] in 1894 from two Tsetsaut slaves of the [[Nisga'a]], which is enough to establish that Tsetsaut formed its own branch of Athabaskan. It is not known precisely when the language became extinct. One speaker was still alive in 1927.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} The [[Nisga'a language|Nisga'a name]] for the Tsetsaut people is "Jits'aawit"<ref>{{BCGNIS|53995|K'alii Xk'alaan}}</ref>
The '''Tsetsaut language''' is an extinct [[Athabascan]] language formerly spoken by the now-extinct [[Tsetsaut]] in the Behm and [[Portland Canal]] area of Southeast Alaska and northwestern [[British Columbia]]. Virtually everything known of the language comes from the limited material recorded by [[Franz Boas]] in 1894 from two Tsetsaut slaves of the [[Nisga'a]], which is enough to establish that Tsetsaut formed its own branch of Athabaskan. It is not known precisely when the language became extinct. One speaker was still alive in 1927.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} The [[Nisga'a language|Nisga'a name]] for the Tsetsaut people is "Jits'aawit"<ref>{{BCGNIS|53995|K'alii Xk'alaan}}</ref>


The Tsetsaut referred to themselves as the ''Wetaŀ''. The English name ''Tsetsaut'' is an anglicization of {{IPA|[tsʼətsʼaut]}}, "those of the interior", used by the [[Gitxsan]] and [[Nisga'a]] to refer to the Athabaskan-speaking people to the north and east of them, including not only the Tsetsaut but some [[Tahltan language|Tahltan]] and [[Sekani language|Sekani]].
The Tsetsaut referred to themselves as the {{lang|txc|Wetaŀ}}. The English name ''Tsetsaut'' is an anglicization of {{IPA|[tsʼətsʼaut]}}, "those of the interior", used by the [[Gitxsan]] and [[Nisga'a]] to refer to the Athabaskan-speaking people to the north and east of them, including not only the Tsetsaut but some [[Tahltan language|Tahltan]] and [[Sekani language|Sekani]].


== Examples ==
== Examples ==
Line 26: Line 31:
|- valign=top
|- valign=top
|
|
*'''ɬoʔ''' fish
*'''{{lang|txc|ɬoʔ}}''' fish
*'''xɔ''' grizzly bear
*'''{{lang|txc|xɔ}}''' grizzly bear
*'''xadzinε''' male deer
*'''{{lang|txc|xadzinε}}''' male deer
*'''qax''' rabbit
*'''{{lang|txc|qax}}''' rabbit
*'''goʔ''' snake
*'''{{lang|txc|goʔ}}''' snake
*'''ts’alε''' frog
*'''{{lang|txc|ts’alε}}''' frog
*'''ts’esdja''' mosquito
*'''{{lang|txc|ts’esdja}}''' mosquito
* '''le'mifaux '''what a day
|
|
*'''tsrāmaʔ''' wasp
*'''tsrāmaʔ''' wasp

Latest revision as of 07:33, 29 December 2024

Tsetsaut
Tsʼetsaʼut
Wetaŀ, Wetaɬ, Wetał
Pronunciation[wetaɬ]
Native toCanada, United States
RegionNorthern British Columbia, Alaska
EthnicityTsetsaut
Extinctearly 1930s[1][2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3txc
txc
Glottologtset1236
Tsetsaut is classified as Extinct by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
[1]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The Tsetsaut language is an extinct Athabascan language formerly spoken by the now-extinct Tsetsaut in the Behm and Portland Canal area of Southeast Alaska and northwestern British Columbia. Virtually everything known of the language comes from the limited material recorded by Franz Boas in 1894 from two Tsetsaut slaves of the Nisga'a, which is enough to establish that Tsetsaut formed its own branch of Athabaskan. It is not known precisely when the language became extinct. One speaker was still alive in 1927.[citation needed] The Nisga'a name for the Tsetsaut people is "Jits'aawit"[3]

The Tsetsaut referred to themselves as the Wetaŀ. The English name Tsetsaut is an anglicization of [tsʼətsʼaut], "those of the interior", used by the Gitxsan and Nisga'a to refer to the Athabaskan-speaking people to the north and east of them, including not only the Tsetsaut but some Tahltan and Sekani.

Examples

[edit]

The examples by Merritt Ruhlen:[4]

  • ɬoʔ fish
  • xɔ grizzly bear
  • xadzinε male deer
  • qax rabbit
  • goʔ snake
  • ts’alε frog
  • ts’esdja mosquito
  • tsrāmaʔ wasp
  • at’ɔ nest
  • εkyagɔ ankle
  • aɬʼɔqʼ liver
  • dlε dance
  • kwuɬʼ dirt
  • na mother
  • täʼ father
  • isča grandchild
  • axa hair
  • aɬa(ʔ) hand
  • txa kick
  • mmē lake
  • xutsʼedeʼ left

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Boas, Franz, and Pliny Earle Goddard (1924) "Ts'ets'aut, an Athapascan Language from Portland Canal, British Columbia." International Journal of American Linguistics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–35.
  • Collison, W. H. (1915) In the Wake of the War Canoe: A Stirring Record of Forty Years' Successful Labour, Peril and Adventure amongst the Savage Indian Tribes of the Pacific Coast, and the Piratical Head-Hunting Haida of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Toronto: Musson Book Company. Reprinted by Sono Nis Press, Victoria, B.C. (ed. by Charles Lillard), 1981.
  • Dangeli, Reginald (1999) "Tsetsaut History: The Forgotten Tribe of Southern Southeast Alaska." In: Alaska Native Writers, Storytellers & Orators: The Expanded Edition, ed. by Ronald Spatz, Jeane Breinig, and Patricia H. Partnow, pp. 48–54. Anchorage: University of Alaska.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (Report) (3rd ed.). UNESCO. 2010. p. 7.
  2. ^ D. Roy Mitchell IV, "Alaska's 23 Indigenous Languages", March 9, 2023.
  3. ^ "K'alii Xk'alaan". BC Geographical Names.
  4. ^ Merritt Ruhlen (1994) On the Origin of Languages (Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy)
[edit]
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