Epiglottal plosive: Difference between revisions

Epiglottal plosive
(pharyngeal plosive)
Epiglottal plosive; (pharyngeal plosive)
ʡ
IPA number	173
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ʡ
Unicode (hex)	U+02A1
X-SAMPA	>\
Braille
Image

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The epiglottal or pharyngeal plosive (or stop) is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʡ⟩.

Epiglottal and pharyngeal consonants occur at the same place of articulation. Esling (2010) describes the sound covered by the term "epiglottal plosive" as an "active closure by the aryepiglottic pharyngeal stricture mechanism" – that is, a stop produced by the aryepiglottic folds within the pharynx.^[1]

Features

Features of the epiglottal stop:

Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
Its place of articulation is epiglottal, which means it is articulated with the aryepiglottic folds against the epiglottis.
It has no defined phonation, although it is typically voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. Voiced epiglottal "stops" tend toward being epiglottal flaps.^{[citation needed]}
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Amis		'u'ul	[ʡuʡuɺ̠ᵊ]	'fog'	May have a trilled release, [ʡ^ʢ].
Archi^[2]		гӀарз/g'arz	[ʡarz]	'complaint'
Dahalo^[3]		[tɬʼaːʡa]^ⓘ		'lake'
Haida	Northern dialects	g̱antl	[ʡʌntɬ]	'water'	Corresponds to /q/ in southern dialects.
Ingush^[4]		Ӏам/wam	[ʡam]	'lake, pond'	Also represented with "Ӏ" in the Cyrillic orthography.

Notes

^ John Esling (2010) "Phonetic Notation", in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds) The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 2nd ed., p 695.
^ "The Archi Language Tutorial" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
^ Maddieson et al. (1993:27, 30, 33)
^ Nichols, Johanna (2011). Ingush grammar (1st ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-09877-0. OCLC 468975855.

References

Maddieson, Ian; Spajić, Siniša; Sands, Bonny; Ladefoged, Peter (June 1993). Maddieson, Ian (ed.). "Phonetic structures of Dahalo". UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics. 84: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages. Los Angeles: UCLA: 25–65.

External links

List of languages with [ʡ] on PHOIBLE

[1] John Esling (2010) "Phonetic Notation", in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds) The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 2nd ed., p 695.

[2] "The Archi Language Tutorial" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2021-05-03.

[3] Maddieson et al. (1993:27, 30, 33)

[4] Nichols, Johanna (2011). Ingush grammar (1st ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-09877-0. OCLC 468975855.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʡ⟩ in IPA}}
 {{Infobox IPA
 |above=Epiglottal plosive<br>(pharyngeal plosive)
@@ Line 8: / Line 9: @@
 |braille=236
 |braille2=23
-|imagefile=Epiglottal stop (vector).svg
+|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x02A1.svg
 |imagesize=150px
 }}
@@ Line 17: / Line 18: @@
 ==Features==
+[[File:Voiceless epiglottal plosive.svg|150px]]
 [[Image:Places of articulation.svg|thumb|left|150px|The epiglottis is labelled as "12" in this diagram.]]
 Features of the epiglottal stop:
@@ Line 22: / Line 24: @@
 {{plosive}}
 {{epiglottal}}
-*It has no defined [[phonation]], although it is typically voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. Voiced epiglottal "stops" tend toward being [[epiglottal flap]]s.
+*It has no defined [[phonation]], although it is typically voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. Voiced epiglottal "stops" tend toward being [[epiglottal flap]]s.{{cn|date=September 2023}}
 {{oral}}
 {{central articulation}}
@@ Line 32: / Line 34: @@
 ! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
 |-
-| colspan="2" | [[Alyutor language|Alyutor]] || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[ʡujamtawilʔ]}}||'people'||
+| colspan=2|[[Amis language|Amis]] || {{lang|ami|'''{{`}}'''u'''{{`}}'''ul}}
+|{{IPA|[ʡuʡuɺ̠ᵊ]}} ||'fog'||May have a trilled release, {{IPA|[ʡ<sup>ʢ</sup>]}}.
 |-
+| colspan="2" | [[Archi language|Archi]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Archi Language Tutorial|url=http://www.archi.surrey.ac.uk/handout.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121902/http://www.archi.surrey.ac.uk/handout.pdf|archive-date=2015-04-02|access-date=2021-05-03}}</ref>|| {{lang|aqc|[[Cyrillic script|'''гӀ'''арз]]}}/{{transl|aqc|g'arz}} ||{{IPA|[ʡarz]}}||'complaint'||
-| colspan=2|[[Amis language|Amis]] || || {{IPA|[ʡuʡuɺ̠ᵊ]}} ||'fog'||May have a trilled release, {{IPA|[ʡ<sup>ʢ</sup>]}}.
 |-
-| colspan="2" | [[Archi language|Archi]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''гӀ'''арз]]}} || {{IPA|[ʡarz]}}||'complaint'||
+| colspan="2" | [[Dahalo language|Dahalo]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Maddieson|Spajić|Sands|Ladefoged|1993|pp=27, 30, 33}}</ref> ||colspan="2" align="center" | {{Audio-IPA| tɬʼaːʡa.wav|[tɬʼaːʡa]}}||'lake'||
 |-
+| [[Haida language|Haida]] || Northern dialects || {{lang|hdn|'''g̱'''antl}} || {{IPA|[ʡʌntɬ]}}||'water'|| Corresponds to /q/ in southern dialects.
-| colspan="2" | [[Dahalo language|Dahalo]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Maddieson|Spajić|Sands|Ladefoged|1993|pp=27, 30, 33}}</ref> ||colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[ndoːʡo]}}||'floor'||
 |-
+| colspan="2" |[[Ingush language|Ingush]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nichols|first=Johanna|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/468975855|title=Ingush grammar|date=2011|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-09877-0|edition=1st|location=Berkeley, CA|oclc=468975855}}</ref>
-| [[Haida language|Haida]] || Northern dialects || '''g̱'''antl || {{IPA|[ʡʌntɬ]}}||'water'|| Corresponds to /q/ in southern dialects.
+|{{lang|inh|'''Ӏ'''ам}}/{{transl|inh|'''w'''am}}
-|-
+|{{IPA|[ʡam]}}
-| colspan="2" | [[Jah Hut language|Jah Hut]] || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[ɲɔˑhɔˑʡ]}}||'tree'||
+|'lake, pond'
+|Also represented with "[[Ӏ]]" in the Cyrillic orthography.
 |}
@@ Line 53: / Line 58: @@
 ==References==
 {{refbegin}}
-* {{citation
+* {{cite journal
-|last=Maddieson
+|last1=Maddieson
-|first=Ian
+|first1=Ian
-|authorlink=Ian Maddieson
+|author-link=Ian Maddieson
 |last2=Spajić
 |first2=Siniša
@@ Line 63: / Line 68: @@
 |last4=Ladefoged
 |first4=Peter
-|authorlink4=Peter Ladefoged
+|author-link4=Peter Ladefoged
-|year=1993
+|date=June 1993
-|chapter=Phonetic structures of Dahalo
+|title=Phonetic structures of Dahalo
 |editor-last=Maddieson
 |editor-first=Ian
+|journal=UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics
-|title=UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages
+|volume=84: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages
-|volume=84
 |pages=25–65
 |place=Los Angeles
-|publisher=The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group
+|publisher=UCLA
+|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8k45g432
 }}
 {{refend}}
@@ Line 82: / Line 88: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Epiglottal stop}}
 [[Category:Plosives]]
 [[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]