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{{Short description|Container used to burn charcoal or other solid fuel}}
{{about|the container for fire}}
{{about|the container for fire}}
{{distinguish|Brassiere|Brasserie}}
{{distinguish|Brassiere|Brasserie}}
[[File:Runensteinkreis - Rune Stone Circle - 02.jpg|thumb|Brazier with burning fire in a [[Runes|rune]] stone circle at a [[summer solstice]]]]
[[File:Brazier with soap stone pot.jpg|thumb|Brazier carrying a stone pot]]
⚫
A '''brazier''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|r|eɪ|ʒ|ər}}) is a container used to burn [[charcoal]] or other [[solid fuel]] for cooking, heating or rituals. It often takes the form of a metal box or bowl with feet. Its elevation helps circulate air, feeding oxygen to the fire. Braziers have been used since ancient times; the Nimrud brazier dates to at least 824 BC.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.archaeological.org/pdfs/papers/J_Russell_recovery.pdf |title= The MPs Do It Again: Two More Antiquities from the Top 30 Are Back in the Iraq Museum |last= Russell |first= John M. |date= November 2003 |website= Archaeological Institute of America |access-date= 2014-08-10}}</ref>
⚫
[[File:Grillen - BBQ - Barbeque - Fleisch auf dem Grill.jpg|thumb|A brazier being used to grill chicken and steaks.]]
⚫
A '''brazier''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|r|eɪ|ʒ|ər}}) is a container for hot coals, generally taking the form of an upright standing or hanging metal bowl or box. Used for burning [[solid fuel]], usually [[charcoal]], braziers principally provide heat, but may also be used for cooking and cultural rituals. Braziers have been recovered from many early archaeological sites like the Nimrud brazier, recently excavated by the [[Iraqi National Museum]], which dates back to at least 824 BC.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.archaeological.org/pdfs/papers/J_Russell_recovery.pdf |title= The MPs Do It Again: Two More Antiquities from the Top 30 Are Back in the Iraq Museum |last= Russell |first= John M. |date= November 2003 |website= Archaeological Institute of America |accessdate= 2014-08-10}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
[[File:3238 - Athens - Casserole and brazier - Stoà of Attalus Museum - Photo by Giovanni Dall'Orto, Nov 9 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] brazier and [[casserole]], 6th/4th century BC, exhibited in the Ancient Agora Museum in [[Athens]], housed in the [[Stoa of Attalus]]]]
[[File:3238 - Athens - Casserole and brazier - Stoà of Attalus Museum - Photo by Giovanni Dall'Orto, Nov 9 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] brazier and [[casserole]], 6th/4th century BC, exhibited in the Ancient Agora Museum in [[Athens]], housed in the [[Stoa of Attalus]]]]
Braziers are mentioned in the [[Bible]]. The [[Hebrew]] word for brazier is of Egyptian origin, suggesting that it was imported from Egypt. There are two references to it in the Bible. The first is found in Genesis 15:17, whereby God Himself sent and provided a "smoking brazier" for the sacrifice which Abram prepared. The second is in Jeremiah 36:22–23, with braziers heating the winter palace of King [[Jehoiakim]].
The word brazier is mentioned in the [[Bible]]. The [[Hebrew]] word for brazier is believed to be of Egyptian origin, suggesting that it was imported from Egypt. The lone reference to it in the Bible being the following verse:


<blockquote>The king was sitting in the winter-house in the ninth month; and the brazier ({{Langx|he|אָח}}) was burning before him.<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|36:22|HE}}</ref></blockquote>
⚫
The Roman Emperor [[Jovian (emperor)|Jovian]] was [[carbon monoxide poisoning|poisoned by the fumes from a brazier]] in his tent in 364, ending the line of [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]].

⚫
Roman Emperor [[Jovian (emperor)|Jovian]] was [[carbon monoxide poisoning|poisoned by the fumes from a brazier]] in his tent in 364, ending the line of [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]].


==Uses==
==Uses==


===Heating===
===Heating===
Despite the risks associated with burning [[charcoal]] on open fires, braziers were widely adopted as a source of domestic heat, particularly in the Spanish-speaking world. [[Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxochitl]] noted that [[Tezozomoc]], the [[Tlatoani]] of the [[Tepanec]] city of [[Azcapotzalco]], slept between two braziers because he was so old that he produced no natural heat. Nineteenth century British travellers such as diplomat and scientist [[Woodbine Parish]] and the writer [[Richard Ford (writer)|Richard Ford]], author of ''[[A Handbook for Travellers in Spain]]'', state that in many areas braziers were considered healthier than fireplaces and chimneys.<ref>{{cite book |author= [[Woodbine Parish|Parish, Sir Woodbine]] |year= 1839 |title= Buenos Ayres and the Provinces of the Rio de La Plata; Their Present State, Trade and Debt |publisher= [[John Murray (publisher)|John Murray]] }}</ref><ref name="FordRichard">{{cite book |author= [[Richard Ford (writer)|Ford, Richard]] |year= 1845 |title= [[A Handbook for Travellers in Spain]] |publisher= [[John Murray (publisher)|John Murray]] }}</ref>
Despite risks in burning [[charcoal]] on open fires, braziers were widely adopted for domestic heating, particularly and somewhat more safely used (namely in unglazed, shuttered-only buildings) in the Spanish-speaking world. [[Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxochitl]] noted that [[Tezozomoc (Azcapotzalco)|Tezozomoc]], the [[Tlatoani]] of the [[Tepanec]] city of [[Azcapotzalco]], slept between two braziers because he was so old that he produced no natural heat. Nineteenth-century British travellers such as diplomat and scientist [[Woodbine Parish]] and the writer [[Richard Ford (writer)|Richard Ford]], author of ''[[A Handbook for Travellers in Spain]]'', state that widely braziers were considered healthier than fireplaces and chimneys.<ref>{{cite book |author= Parish, Sir Woodbine |author-link= Woodbine Parish |year= 1839 |title= Buenos Ayres and the Provinces of the Rio de La Plata; Their Present State, Trade and Debt |url= https://archive.org/details/buenosayresprovi00pari|publisher= [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] }}</ref><ref name="FordRichard">{{cite book |author= Ford, Richard |author-link= Richard Ford (writer) |year= 1845 |title= [[A Handbook for Travellers in Spain]] |publisher= [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] }}</ref>


The brazier did not just sit out in the open, in a room; often it was incorporated into furniture. Many cultures developed their own variants of a low table, with a heat source underneath and blankets to capture the warmth: the ''[[kotatsu]]'' in Japan, the ''[[korsi]]'' in Iran, the ''sandali'' in Afghanistan,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/feature/2009/afghanistan-feature-230109.htm |title=Afghanistan: Sandali stoves, a blessing and a curse |author=Jessica Barry |publisher=[[International Committee of the Red Cross|ICRC]] |url-status=live |accessdate=3 May 2016}}</ref> and the [[foot stove]] in northern Europe. In Spain the ''[[Brasero (heater)|brasero]]'' continued to be one of the primary means of heating houses until the early 20th century; [[Gerald Brenan]] described in his memoir ''[[South from Granada]]'' the widespread habit there in the 1920s of placing a brazier beneath a cloth-covered table to keep the legs and feet of the family warm on winter evenings.<ref>{{cite book |author= [[Gerald Brenan|Brenan, Gerald]] |year= 1957 |title= [[South from Granada (book)|South from Granada]] |publisher= Hamish Hamilton |isbn= 9780241890028 }}</ref>
The brazier could sit in the open in a large room; often it was incorporated into furniture. Many cultures developed their own variants of a low table, with a heat source underneath and blankets to capture the warmth: the ''[[kotatsu]]'' in Japan, the ''[[korsi]]'' in Iran, the ''sandali'' in Afghanistan,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/feature/2009/afghanistan-feature-230109.htm |title=Afghanistan: Sandali stoves, a blessing and a curse |author=Jessica Barry |date=23 January 2009 |publisher=[[International Committee of the Red Cross|ICRC]] |access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> and the [[foot stove]] in northern Europe. In Spain the ''[[Brasero (heater)|brasero]]'' continued to be one of the main means of heating until the early 20th century; [[Gerald Brenan]] described in his memoir ''[[South from Granada]]'' its widespread habit in the 1920s of placing dying embers of a brazier beneath a cloth-covered table to keep the legs and feet of the family warm on winter evenings.<ref>{{cite book |author= Brenan, Gerald |author-link= Gerald Brenan |year= 1957 |title= [[South from Granada (book)|South from Granada]] |publisher= Hamish Hamilton |isbn= 9780241890028 }}</ref>


===Scent===
===Scent===
When burned, moist rose and grapevine trimmings produce a pungent, sweet-smelling smoke, and make very good charcoal. When the charcoal fumes became overbearing, however, aromatics (lavender seeds, orange peel) were sometimes added to the embers in the brazier.<ref name="FordRichard" /> A brazier used exclusively for burning aromatics ([[incense]]) is known as a [[censer]] or [[thurible]].
Moist rose and grapevine trimmings produce a pungent, sweet-smelling smoke, and make charcoal, but unless fully pre-dried (seasoned or kilned) as with wood, do [[wood burner|produce carcinogenic particulates in the air]].
Aromatics (lavender seeds, orange peel) were sometimes added to the embers in the brazier.<ref name="FordRichard" />
A "brazier" for burning aromatics ([[incense]]) is known as a [[censer]] or [[thurible]].


===Other===
===Other===
In some churches a brazier is used to create a small fire, called new fire, which is then used to light the [[Paschal candle]] during the [[Easter Vigil]].
In some churches a brazier is used to host a small fire, called new fire, which is then used to light the [[Paschal candle]] during the [[Easter Vigil]].


Braziers used to be a commonplace sight on industrial [[Picketing|picket lines]], although as strikes in the UK have become increasingly [[white-collar worker|white collar]], they are seen less and less.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/Columnists/Column/0,5673,849402,00.html |title= Every strike needs a brazier |first= Catherine |last= Bennett |newspaper= [[The Guardian]] |date= 2001-11-28 |accessdate= 2014-08-10 }}</ref>
Braziers were common on industrial [[Picketing|picket lines]], largely replaced by protest marches and rallies, and a newspaper casts strikes as more [[white-collar worker|white collar]] as a further reason for their decline.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/Columnists/Column/0,5673,849402,00.html |title= Every strike needs a brazier |first= Catherine |last= Bennett |newspaper= [[The Guardian]] |date= 2001-11-28 |access-date= 2014-08-10 }}</ref>


In Japanese, a brazier is called a ''[[hibachi]]''. They are used principally for cooking and in cultural rituals such as the [[Japanese tea ceremony]].
The Japanese translation is ''[[hibachi]]'' - principally for cooking and in cultural rituals such as the [[Japanese tea ceremony]].

Since 1957 [[Dairy Queen]] has used the word "brazier" on their signage to indicate the particular locations that serve hot food like hot dogs and hamburgers, etc..


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Runensteinkreis - Rune Stone Circle - 02.jpg|Brazier with burning fire in a [[Runes|rune]] stone circle at a [[summer solstice]]
File:Brazier.JPG|Simple Brazier
⚫
File:Grillen - BBQ - Barbeque - Fleisch auf dem Grill.jpg|A brazier being used to grill chicken and steaks
File:Incense burner in brazier.jpg|Smoking incense burner inside a brazier
File:Brazier.JPG|Simple box-style brazier, with broad grill, intended as a metal container (e.g. kettle/tray) heater/cooker
File:S03 06 01 024 image 3159.jpg|Pompeii, Italy. Table and small brazier to keep food warm. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection
File:S03 06 01 024 image 3159.jpg|Pompeii, Italy. Table and small brazier to keep food warm. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection
<!--File:Manghal.JPG|Brazier-->
<!--File:Manghal.JPG|Brazier-->
File:NewFireBrazier.JPG|Brazier used for lighting the [[Paschal candle]] during [[Easter Vigil]].
File:NewFireBrazier.JPG|Brazier used for lighting the [[Paschal candle]] during [[Easter Vigil]].
File:Tortillas savadorenas hechas a mano al carbon en El Salvador.jpg|This is a small one used for cooking tortillas.
</gallery>
</gallery>


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{{Commons category|Braziers (fire container)}}
{{Commons category|Braziers (fire container)}}
{{EB1911 poster|Brazier}}
{{EB1911 poster|Brazier}}
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Asado]]
* [[Angithi]], a traditional Indian brazier
* [[Angithi]], a traditional Indian brazier
* [[Barbecue grill]]
* [[Barbecue grill]]
* [[Chafing dish]], a cooking implement
* [[Chafing dish]], a cooking implement
⚫
* [[Cresset]], a cup for burning oil
* [[Crucible]]
* [[Fire basket]]
* [[Hibachi]], a Japanese brazier
* [[Hibachi]], a Japanese brazier
* [[List of cooking appliances]]
* [[List of cooking appliances]]
⚫
* [[Kanger]], a traditional Kashmiri personal heating device
* [[Mangal (barbecue)]]
* [[Torch]]
* [[Torch]]
{{div col end}}
⚫
* [[Cresset]], a cup for burning oil
⚫
* [[Kanger]], a traditional Kashmiri personal heating device


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 14:03, 30 December 2024

This article is about the container for fire. For other uses, see Brazier (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Brassiere or Brasserie.
Brazier carrying a stone pot

A brazier (/ˈbreɪʒər/) is a container used to burn charcoal or other solid fuel for cooking, heating or rituals. It often takes the form of a metal box or bowl with feet. Its elevation helps circulate air, feeding oxygen to the fire. Braziers have been used since ancient times; the Nimrud brazier dates to at least 824 BC.[1]

History

[edit]
Ancient Greek brazier and casserole, 6th/4th century BC, exhibited in the Ancient Agora Museum in Athens, housed in the Stoa of Attalus

The word brazier is mentioned in the Bible. The Hebrew word for brazier is believed to be of Egyptian origin, suggesting that it was imported from Egypt. The lone reference to it in the Bible being the following verse:

The king was sitting in the winter-house in the ninth month; and the brazier (Hebrew: אָח) was burning before him.[2]

Roman Emperor Jovian was poisoned by the fumes from a brazier in his tent in 364, ending the line of Constantine.

Uses

[edit]

Heating

[edit]

Despite risks in burning charcoal on open fires, braziers were widely adopted for domestic heating, particularly and somewhat more safely used (namely in unglazed, shuttered-only buildings) in the Spanish-speaking world. Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxochitl noted that Tezozomoc, the Tlatoani of the Tepanec city of Azcapotzalco, slept between two braziers because he was so old that he produced no natural heat. Nineteenth-century British travellers such as diplomat and scientist Woodbine Parish and the writer Richard Ford, author of A Handbook for Travellers in Spain, state that widely braziers were considered healthier than fireplaces and chimneys.[3][4]

The brazier could sit in the open in a large room; often it was incorporated into furniture. Many cultures developed their own variants of a low table, with a heat source underneath and blankets to capture the warmth: the kotatsu in Japan, the korsi in Iran, the sandali in Afghanistan,[5] and the foot stove in northern Europe. In Spain the brasero continued to be one of the main means of heating until the early 20th century; Gerald Brenan described in his memoir South from Granada its widespread habit in the 1920s of placing dying embers of a brazier beneath a cloth-covered table to keep the legs and feet of the family warm on winter evenings.[6]

Scent

[edit]

Moist rose and grapevine trimmings produce a pungent, sweet-smelling smoke, and make charcoal, but unless fully pre-dried (seasoned or kilned) as with wood, do produce carcinogenic particulates in the air.

Aromatics (lavender seeds, orange peel) were sometimes added to the embers in the brazier.[4]

A "brazier" for burning aromatics (incense) is known as a censer or thurible.

Other

[edit]

In some churches a brazier is used to host a small fire, called new fire, which is then used to light the Paschal candle during the Easter Vigil.

Braziers were common on industrial picket lines, largely replaced by protest marches and rallies, and a newspaper casts strikes as more white collar as a further reason for their decline.[7]

The Japanese translation is hibachi - principally for cooking and in cultural rituals such as the Japanese tea ceremony.

Since 1957 Dairy Queen has used the word "brazier" on their signage to indicate the particular locations that serve hot food like hot dogs and hamburgers, etc..

[edit]
  • Brazier with burning fire in a rune stone circle at a summer solstice
    Brazier with burning fire in a rune stone circle at a summer solstice
  • A brazier being used to grill chicken and steaks
    A brazier being used to grill chicken and steaks
  • Smoking incense burner inside a brazier
    Smoking incense burner inside a brazier
  • Simple box-style brazier, with broad grill, intended as a metal container (e.g. kettle/tray) heater/cooker
    Simple box-style brazier, with broad grill, intended as a metal container (e.g. kettle/tray) heater/cooker
  • Pompeii, Italy. Table and small brazier to keep food warm. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection
    Pompeii, Italy. Table and small brazier to keep food warm. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection
  • Brazier used for lighting the Paschal candle during Easter Vigil.
    Brazier used for lighting the Paschal candle during Easter Vigil.
  • This is a small one used for cooking tortillas.
    This is a small one used for cooking tortillas.

See also

[edit]
Look up brazier in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Braziers (fire container).
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Brazier".

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Russell, John M. (November 2003). "The MPs Do It Again: Two More Antiquities from the Top 30 Are Back in the Iraq Museum" (PDF). Archaeological Institute of America. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  2. ^ Jeremiah 36:22
  3. ^ Parish, Sir Woodbine (1839). Buenos Ayres and the Provinces of the Rio de La Plata; Their Present State, Trade and Debt. John Murray.
  4. ^ a b Ford, Richard (1845). A Handbook for Travellers in Spain. John Murray.
  5. ^ Jessica Barry (23 January 2009). "Afghanistan: Sandali stoves, a blessing and a curse". ICRC. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  6. ^ Brenan, Gerald (1957). South from Granada. Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 9780241890028.
  7. ^ Bennett, Catherine (2001-11-28). "Every strike needs a brazier". The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
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