Early onset dementia: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Cognitive disorder}} |
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'''Early onset dementia''' is [[dementia]] in which symptoms first appear before the age of 65.<ref name=Quach2014/> The term favored until about 2000 was ''presenile dementia''; ''young onset dementia'' is also used.<ref name=Rossor2010/> |
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[[File:A man diagnosed as suffering from acute dementia. Lithograph Wellcome L0026694.jpg|thumb|Lithograph of man diagnosed with acute dementia]] |
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'''Early onset dementia''' or '''young onset dementia''' refers to [[dementia]] with symptom onset prior to age 65. This condition is a significant public health concern, as the number of individuals with early onset dementia is increasing worldwide.<ref name="Hendriks_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hendriks S, Peetoom K, Bakker C, van der Flier WM, Papma JM, Koopmans R, Verhey FR, de Vugt M, Köhler S, Withall A, Parlevliet JL, Uysal-Bozkir Ö, Gibson RC, Neita SM, Nielsen TR, Salem LC, Nyberg J, Lopes MA, Dominguez JC, De Guzman MF, Egeberg A, Radford K, Broe T, Subramaniam M, Abdin E, Bruni AC, Di Lorenzo R, Smith K, Flicker L, Mol MO, Basta M, Yu D, Masika G, Petersen MS, Ruano L | title = Global Prevalence of Young-Onset Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | journal = JAMA Neurology | volume = 78 | issue = 9 | pages = 1080–1090 | date = September 2021 | pmid = 34279544 | pmc = 8290331 | doi = 10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.2161 | type = Review }}</ref> |
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== Overview == |
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Early onset dementia may be caused by [[Degenerative disease|degenerative]] or [[vascular disease]], or it may be due to other causes, such as [[alcohol-related dementia]] and other inflammatory or infectious processes.<ref name=Quach2014/> [[Early-onset Alzheimer's disease]], [[vascular dementia]] and [[frontotemporal lobar degeneration]] are the most common forms of early onset dementia, with Alzheimer's accounting for between 30 and 40%.<ref name=Quach2014>{{cite journal |vauthors=Quach C, Hommet C, Mondon K, Lauvin MA, Cazals X, Cottier JP |title=Early-onset dementias: Specific etiologies and contribution of MRI |journal=Diagn Interv Imaging |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=377–98 |date=April 2014 |pmid=24007775 |doi=10.1016/j.diii.2013.07.009 |type=Review|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211568413002350?via%3Dihub}}</ref> Early onset dementia may also occur, less frequently, in [[dementia with Lewy bodies]] and [[Parkinson's disease dementia]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[Huntington's disease]] and other conditions.<ref name=Rossor2010>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rossor MN, Fox NC, Mummery CJ, Schott JM, Warren JD |title=The diagnosis of young-onset dementia |journal=Lancet Neurol |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=793–806 |date=August 2010 |pmid=20650401 |pmc=2947856 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70159-9 |type=Review}}</ref> |
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Early onset dementia is a general term that describes a group of conditions featuring progressive cognitive decline, particularly in the domains of [[Executive functions|executive function]], learning, language, memory, or behavior. This condition may occur due to various different causes, including degenerative, autoimmune, or infectious processes. The most common form of early onset dementia is [[Early-onset Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's disease]], followed by [[frontotemporal dementia]], and [[vascular dementia]], with Alzheimer's disease accounting for between 40 and 50% of cases.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Quach C, Hommet C, Mondon K, Lauvin MA, Cazals X, Cottier JP | title = Early-onset dementias: Specific etiologies and contribution of MRI | journal = Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging | volume = 95 | issue = 4 | pages = 377–398 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24007775 | doi = 10.1016/j.diii.2013.07.009 | type = Review }}</ref><ref name="Krüger_2024">{{cite journal | vauthors = Krüger J, Aaltonen M, Aho K, Heikkinen S, Kivisild A, Lehtonen A, Leppänen L, Rinnankoski I, Soppela H, Tervonen L, Suhonen NM, Haapasalo A, Portaankorva AM, Mäki-Petäjä-Leinonen A, Hartikainen P, Katisko K, Solje E | title = Incidence and Prevalence of Early-Onset Dementia in Finland | journal = Neurology | volume = 103 | issue = 4 | pages = e209654 | date = August 2024 | pmid = 39047214 | pmc = 11314947 | doi = 10.1212/WNL.0000000000209654 | type = Primary }}</ref> Less common forms of early onset dementia include [[Lewy body dementias]] ([[dementia with Lewy bodies]] and [[Parkinson's disease dementia]]), [[Huntington's disease]], [[Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease]], [[multiple sclerosis]], alcohol-induced dementia, and other conditions. |
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=== Terminology === |
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The term ''young onset dementia'' is becoming more widely used to avoid the potential confusion between ''early onset dementia'' and ''early stage dementia'' This term is now used as ''presenile dementia'' which is a historical term of people diagnosed with dementia from a younger age of 51 years old. This is caused by an atypical arterioclerosis of the brain. Although these terms can be exchanged during the course of literature it can cause misunderstandings between the subgroups of a younger crowd living with dementia. Additionally terminology recent research has focussed on the different age groups of dementia and how they differ from one another. Studies have found there is a greater diversity within younger people who have dementia compared to older patients. Evidence have been found on Alzheimer's disease causes in the brains of young people which can result in phenotypic variants compared to older people. Which explains why younger people with Alzheimer's disease have more awareness than older individuals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van de Veen |first1=Dennis |title=An Integrative Literature Review on the Nomenclature and Definition of Dementia at a Young Age |journal=Journal of Alzheimer's Disease |date=September 2, 2021 |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=1891–1916 |doi=10.3233/JAD-210458 |pmid=34487041 |pmc=8609678 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = van de Veen D, Bakker C, Peetoom K, Pijnenburg Y, Papma J, de Vugt M, Koopmans R | title = Provisional consensus on the nomenclature and operational definition of dementia at a young age, a Delphi study | journal = International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry | volume = 37 | issue = 3 | pages = 10.1002/gps.5691 | date = March 2022 | pmid = 35156239 | pmc = 9305901 | doi = 10.1002/gps.5691 | type = Primary }}</ref> |
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=== Epidemiology === |
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Early onset dementia is less common than late onset dementia, the former accounting for approximately 10% of dementias globally.<ref name="Krüger_2024" /> Recent studies estimate the prevalence of early onset dementia to be approximately 3.55 million people aged 30–64 worldwide, and will triple by 2050.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Živanović |first1=Milica |title=The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and prognosis of dementia |journal=Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences |date=2023 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=209–224 |doi=10.17305/bjbms.2022.8085|pmid=36453893 |pmc=10113939 }}</ref> with an incidence of 119 per 100,000 individuals.<ref name="Hendriks_2021" /> Additionally, there is approximately a 1:1 ratio in prevalence of early onset dementia between males and females, with no significant difference between ethnic groups in gender distribution pattern.<ref name="Hendriks_2023">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hendriks S, Peetoom K, Bakker C, Koopmans R, van der Flier W, Papma J, Verhey F, de Vugt M, Köhler S | title = Global incidence of young-onset dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Alzheimer's & Dementia | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 831–843 | date = March 2023 | pmid = 35715891 | doi = 10.1002/alz.12695 | url = https://pure.eur.nl/en/publications/35186398-7c32-432e-a676-694314786457 | type = Meta-analysis }}</ref><ref name="Kelley_2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kelley BJ, Boeve BF, Josephs KA | title = Young-onset dementia: demographic and etiologic characteristics of 235 patients | journal = Archives of Neurology | volume = 65 | issue = 11 | pages = 1502–1508 | date = November 2008 | pmid = 19001170 | doi = 10.1001/archneur.65.11.1502 }}</ref> Similar to late onset dementia, the prevalence of early onset dementia increases exponentially with age, doubling every five years of age.<ref name="Hendriks_2023" /> The continuous increase in prevalence with age seen in Alzheimer's and frontotemporal dementia versions of early onset dementia is disproportionally led by the most common variant of each cause, namely amnestic Alzheimer's and behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia.<ref name="Zamboni_2024">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zamboni G, Maramotti R, Salemme S, Tondelli M, Adani G, Vinceti G, Carbone C, Filippini T, Vinceti M, Pagnoni G, Chiari A | title = Age-specific prevalence of the different clinical presentations of AD and FTD in young-onset dementia | journal = Journal of Neurology | volume = 271 | issue = 7 | pages = 4326–4335 | date = July 2024 | pmid = 38643445 | pmc = 11233291 | doi = 10.1007/s00415-024-12364-7 | type = Primary }}</ref> |
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== Risk factors == |
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Traditional risk factors for the development of late onset dementia, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity, have also been identified as risk factors for early onset dementia. Several other chronic conditions have recently been identified that are also associated with the development of early onset dementia, including cardiovascular, respiratory, or gastrointestinal disease.<ref name="Shang_2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shang X, Zhu Z, Zhang X, Huang Y, Zhang X, Liu J, Wang W, Tang S, Yu H, Ge Z, Yang X, He M | title = Association of a wide range of chronic diseases and apolipoprotein E4 genotype with subsequent risk of dementia in community-dwelling adults: A retrospective cohort study | journal = eClinicalMedicine | volume = 45 | pages = 101335 | date = March 2022 | pmid = 35299656 | pmc = 8921546 | doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101335 | type = Primary }}</ref> The presence of one or multiple of these chronic conditions is more predictive of early onset dementia compared to late onset dementia.<ref name="Shang_2022" /> Furthermore, the association between low [[socioeconomic status]] and the development of dementia is also more pronounced in early onset dementia compared to late onset dementia.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Li R, Li R, Xie J, Chen J, Liu S, Pan A, Liu G | title = Associations of socioeconomic status and healthy lifestyle with incident early-onset and late-onset dementia: a prospective cohort study | journal = The Lancet. Healthy Longevity | volume = 4 | issue = 12 | pages = e693–e702 | date = December 2023 | pmid = 38042162 | doi = 10.1016/S2666-7568(23)00211-8 | type = Primary | doi-access = free }}</ref> Additionally, depending on the etiology of early onset dementia, family history may be a significant risk factor, especially for Alzheimer's early onset dementia.<ref name="Kelley_2008" /> Additionally it is more common for women to be diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease compared to men, for men it is more common to conduct vascular dementia. Studies have shown men will less likely develop Alzheimer's disease.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1192/apt.7.1.24 |title=Risk factors for dementia |date=2001 |journal=Advances in Psychiatric Treatment |volume=7 |pages=24–31 | vauthors = McCullagh CD, Craig D, McIlroy SP, Passmore AP }}</ref> |
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== Diagnosis == |
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Though widely accepted, the definition of early onset dementia as less than 65 years of age continues to be an artificial cut-off based on the traditional retirement age in most countries.<ref name="Vieira_2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vieira RT, Caixeta L, Machado S, Silva AC, Nardi AE, Arias-Carrión O, Carta MG | title = Epidemiology of early-onset dementia: a review of the literature | journal = Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health | volume = 9 | pages = 88–95 | date = 2013-06-14 | pmid = 23878613 | pmc = 3715758 | doi = 10.2174/1745017901309010088 | type = Review }}</ref> Nevertheless, the purpose of having a specific age cut-off is evidenced in the significant differences in the etiology and prognosis of dementia depending on the age category of the patient. Furthermore, the diagnosis of early onset dementia continues to be challenging due to the wide range of symptoms at presentation and increased likelihood of not considering neurodegenerative causes in this population. Recent studies indicate an average of 4.4 years time to diagnosis for early onset dementia, compared to 2.8 years for late onset dementia.<ref name="Hendriks_2023" /> Indications for the work-up of early onset dementia in this patient population include progressive, unexplained neurological symptoms; new-onset behavioral changes inconsistent with previous personality, especially in patients without significant psychiatric history; or cognitive changes in patients with significant family history of early onset dementia.<ref name="Loi_2023">{{cite journal | vauthors = Loi SM, Cations M, Velakoulis D | title = Young-onset dementia diagnosis, management and care: a narrative review | journal = The Medical Journal of Australia | volume = 218 | issue = 4 | pages = 182–189 | date = March 2023 | pmid = 36807325 | pmc = 10952480 | doi = 10.5694/mja2.51849 | type = Review }}</ref> The diagnostic work-up of early onset dementia includes combinations of detailed history taking, neuroimaging, behavioral testing, and genetic testing.<ref name="Loi_2023" /> Special considerations for interdisciplinary support should be pursued for younger patients, such as behavioral counseling, social services, or home modifications. The [[World Health Organization]] promotes the importance of rehabilitation services (including cognitive, psychological, physical and social support) to improve the quality of life of those with dementia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Package of interventions for rehabilitation: module 3: neurological conditions |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240071131 |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Despite this specific services for those with early onset dementia are rare.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Suárez-González |first1=Aida |last2=Savage |first2=Sharon A. |last3=Alladi |first3=Suvarna |last4=Amaral-Carvalho |first4=Viviane |last5=Arshad |first5=Faheem |last6=Camino |first6=Julieta |last7=Caramelli |first7=Paulo |last8=Comas-Herrera |first8=Adelina |last9=Cook |first9=Julia |last10=Cooper |first10=Claudia |last11=García Díaz |first11=Laura |last12=Grasso |first12=Stephanie M. |last13=Jokel |first13=Regina |last14=Lavoie |first14=Monica |last15=León |first15=Tomás |date=2024-06-17 |title=Rehabilitation Services for Young-Onset Dementia: Examples from High- and Low–Middle-Income Countries |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=790 |doi=10.3390/ijerph21060790 |doi-access=free |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=11203756 |pmid=38929036}}</ref> The integration of age-appropriate services into existing dementia care, and the use of telehealth have both been explored as options for reducing cognitive disability, and improving quality of life, in early onset dementia.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Disease course == |
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=== Presentation === |
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Compared to late onset dementia, patients with early onset dementia are more likely to have dementias other than Alzheimer's disease, although Alzheimer's is the most common etiology in either case.<ref name="Vieira_2013" /> In general, early onset dementia has a faster progression and features more extensive neurological damage when compared to late onset dementia. It is hypothesized that this may be due to decreased [[cognitive reserve]] seen in late onset dementias, causing more significant complications relative to pathological damage.<ref name="Vieira_2013" /> Furthermore, studies have shown differences in the areas of cognition that are likely to be affected when comparing early onset to late onset dementia. In terms of behavioral symptoms, early onset dementia is more likely to affect attention, but less likely to cause confusion, delusions, hallucinations, agitation, or disinhibition. In terms of motor symptoms, early onset dementia is less likely to affect verbal fluency and motor executive function compared to late onset dementia.<ref name="Vieira_2013" /> |
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=== Prognosis === |
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Estimation of survival rate in early onset dementias is a component patient prognosis, management, and treatment. In general, a better prognosis is positively correlated with earlier age of onset.<ref name="Vieira_2013" /> Average survival time is approximately 6–10 years following diagnosis for both men and women, with variability depending on specific type of dementia.<ref name="Hendriks_2023" /> The most common cause of immediate death in early onset dementia is respiratory disease (e.g. pneumonia); other causes include cardiovascular events and cerebrovascular disease.<ref name="Vieira_2013" /> |
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==See also== |
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*[[Childhood dementia]] |
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*[[Early-onset Alzheimer's disease]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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{{refbegin}} |
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* {{cite journal |vauthors=Collins JD, Henley SMD, Suárez-González A |title=A systematic review of the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and apathy in frontotemporal dementia, atypical and young-onset Alzheimer's disease, and inherited dementia |journal=Int Psychogeriatr |volume= |issue= |pages=1–20 |date=July 2020 |pmid=32684177 |doi=10.1017/S1041610220001118 |type=Review}} |
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* {{cite journal |vauthors= |
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Collins JD, Henley SM, Suárez-González A | title = A systematic review of the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and apathy in frontotemporal dementia, atypical and young-onset Alzheimer's disease, and inherited dementia | journal = International Psychogeriatrics | volume = 35 | issue = 9 | pages = 457–476 | date = September 2023 | pmid = 32684177 | doi = 10.1017/S1041610220001118 | type = Review | s2cid = 220653830 | url = https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10112879/ }} |
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* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ducharme S, Dols A, Laforce R, Devenney E, Kumfor F, van den Stock J, Dallaire-Théroux C, Seelaar H, Gossink F, Vijverberg E, Huey E, Vandenbulcke M, Masellis M, Trieu C, Onyike C, Caramelli P, de Souza LC, Santillo A, Waldö ML, Landin-Romero R, Piguet O, Kelso W, Eratne D, Velakoulis D, Ikeda M, Perry D, Pressman P, Boeve B, Vandenberghe R, Mendez M, Azuar C, Levy R, Le Ber I, Baez S, Lerner A, Ellajosyula R, Pasquier F, Galimberti D, Scarpini E, van Swieten J, Hornberger M, Rosen H, Hodges J, Diehl-Schmid J, Pijnenburg Y | title = Recommendations to distinguish behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia from psychiatric disorders | journal = Brain | volume = 143 | issue = 6 | pages = 1632–1650 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32129844 | pmc = 7849953 | doi = 10.1093/brain/awaa018 | type = Review }} |
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* {{cite journal |vauthors=Joy Mathew C, Jose MT, Elshaikh AO, Shah L, Lee R, Cancarevic I |title=Is Hyperthyroidism a Possible Etiology of Early Onset Dementia? |journal=Cureus |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=e10603 |date=September 2020 |pmid=33133806 |pmc=7586400 |doi=10.7759/cureus.10603 |type=Review}} |
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* {{cite journal |vauthors=Nwadiugwu M |title=Early-onset dementia: key issues using a relationship-centred care approach |journal= |
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Nwadiugwu M | title = Early-onset dementia: key issues using a relationship-centred care approach | journal = Postgraduate Medical Journal | volume = 97 | issue = 1151 | pages = 598–604 | date = September 2021 | pmid = 32883770 | pmc = 8408578 | doi = 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138517 | type = Review }} |
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* {{cite journal |vauthors=Roman de Mettelinge T, Calders P, Cambier D |title=The Effects of Aerobic Exercise in Patients with Early-Onset Dementia: A Scoping Review |journal= |
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Roman de Mettelinge T, Calders P, Cambier D | title = The Effects of Aerobic Exercise in Patients with Early-Onset Dementia: A Scoping Review | journal = Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders | volume = 50 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–16 | date = 2021 | pmid = 33957623 | doi = 10.1159/000516231 | type = Review | s2cid = 233983643 | doi-access = free }} |
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{{refend}} |
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{{Nervoussystem-disease-stub|}} |
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[[Category:Cognitive disorders]] |
[[Category:Cognitive disorders]] |
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Latest revision as of 20:36, 30 December 2024
Early onset dementia or young onset dementia refers to dementia with symptom onset prior to age 65. This condition is a significant public health concern, as the number of individuals with early onset dementia is increasing worldwide.[1]
Overview
[edit]Early onset dementia is a general term that describes a group of conditions featuring progressive cognitive decline, particularly in the domains of executive function, learning, language, memory, or behavior. This condition may occur due to various different causes, including degenerative, autoimmune, or infectious processes. The most common form of early onset dementia is Alzheimer's disease, followed by frontotemporal dementia, and vascular dementia, with Alzheimer's disease accounting for between 40 and 50% of cases.[2][3] Less common forms of early onset dementia include Lewy body dementias (dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia), Huntington's disease, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, multiple sclerosis, alcohol-induced dementia, and other conditions.
Terminology
[edit]The term young onset dementia is becoming more widely used to avoid the potential confusion between early onset dementia and early stage dementia This term is now used as presenile dementia which is a historical term of people diagnosed with dementia from a younger age of 51 years old. This is caused by an atypical arterioclerosis of the brain. Although these terms can be exchanged during the course of literature it can cause misunderstandings between the subgroups of a younger crowd living with dementia. Additionally terminology recent research has focussed on the different age groups of dementia and how they differ from one another. Studies have found there is a greater diversity within younger people who have dementia compared to older patients. Evidence have been found on Alzheimer's disease causes in the brains of young people which can result in phenotypic variants compared to older people. Which explains why younger people with Alzheimer's disease have more awareness than older individuals.[4][5]
Epidemiology
[edit]Early onset dementia is less common than late onset dementia, the former accounting for approximately 10% of dementias globally.[3] Recent studies estimate the prevalence of early onset dementia to be approximately 3.55 million people aged 30–64 worldwide, and will triple by 2050.[6] with an incidence of 119 per 100,000 individuals.[1] Additionally, there is approximately a 1:1 ratio in prevalence of early onset dementia between males and females, with no significant difference between ethnic groups in gender distribution pattern.[7][8] Similar to late onset dementia, the prevalence of early onset dementia increases exponentially with age, doubling every five years of age.[7] The continuous increase in prevalence with age seen in Alzheimer's and frontotemporal dementia versions of early onset dementia is disproportionally led by the most common variant of each cause, namely amnestic Alzheimer's and behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia.[9]
Risk factors
[edit]Traditional risk factors for the development of late onset dementia, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity, have also been identified as risk factors for early onset dementia. Several other chronic conditions have recently been identified that are also associated with the development of early onset dementia, including cardiovascular, respiratory, or gastrointestinal disease.[10] The presence of one or multiple of these chronic conditions is more predictive of early onset dementia compared to late onset dementia.[10] Furthermore, the association between low socioeconomic status and the development of dementia is also more pronounced in early onset dementia compared to late onset dementia.[11] Additionally, depending on the etiology of early onset dementia, family history may be a significant risk factor, especially for Alzheimer's early onset dementia.[8] Additionally it is more common for women to be diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease compared to men, for men it is more common to conduct vascular dementia. Studies have shown men will less likely develop Alzheimer's disease.[12]
Diagnosis
[edit]Though widely accepted, the definition of early onset dementia as less than 65 years of age continues to be an artificial cut-off based on the traditional retirement age in most countries.[13] Nevertheless, the purpose of having a specific age cut-off is evidenced in the significant differences in the etiology and prognosis of dementia depending on the age category of the patient. Furthermore, the diagnosis of early onset dementia continues to be challenging due to the wide range of symptoms at presentation and increased likelihood of not considering neurodegenerative causes in this population. Recent studies indicate an average of 4.4 years time to diagnosis for early onset dementia, compared to 2.8 years for late onset dementia.[7] Indications for the work-up of early onset dementia in this patient population include progressive, unexplained neurological symptoms; new-onset behavioral changes inconsistent with previous personality, especially in patients without significant psychiatric history; or cognitive changes in patients with significant family history of early onset dementia.[14] The diagnostic work-up of early onset dementia includes combinations of detailed history taking, neuroimaging, behavioral testing, and genetic testing.[14] Special considerations for interdisciplinary support should be pursued for younger patients, such as behavioral counseling, social services, or home modifications. The World Health Organization promotes the importance of rehabilitation services (including cognitive, psychological, physical and social support) to improve the quality of life of those with dementia.[15] Despite this specific services for those with early onset dementia are rare.[16] The integration of age-appropriate services into existing dementia care, and the use of telehealth have both been explored as options for reducing cognitive disability, and improving quality of life, in early onset dementia.[16]
Disease course
[edit]Presentation
[edit]Compared to late onset dementia, patients with early onset dementia are more likely to have dementias other than Alzheimer's disease, although Alzheimer's is the most common etiology in either case.[13] In general, early onset dementia has a faster progression and features more extensive neurological damage when compared to late onset dementia. It is hypothesized that this may be due to decreased cognitive reserve seen in late onset dementias, causing more significant complications relative to pathological damage.[13] Furthermore, studies have shown differences in the areas of cognition that are likely to be affected when comparing early onset to late onset dementia. In terms of behavioral symptoms, early onset dementia is more likely to affect attention, but less likely to cause confusion, delusions, hallucinations, agitation, or disinhibition. In terms of motor symptoms, early onset dementia is less likely to affect verbal fluency and motor executive function compared to late onset dementia.[13]
Prognosis
[edit]Estimation of survival rate in early onset dementias is a component patient prognosis, management, and treatment. In general, a better prognosis is positively correlated with earlier age of onset.[13] Average survival time is approximately 6–10 years following diagnosis for both men and women, with variability depending on specific type of dementia.[7] The most common cause of immediate death in early onset dementia is respiratory disease (e.g. pneumonia); other causes include cardiovascular events and cerebrovascular disease.[13]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Hendriks S, Peetoom K, Bakker C, van der Flier WM, Papma JM, Koopmans R, et al. (September 2021). "Global Prevalence of Young-Onset Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA Neurology (Review). 78 (9): 1080–1090. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.2161. PMC 8290331. PMID 34279544.
- ^ Quach C, Hommet C, Mondon K, Lauvin MA, Cazals X, Cottier JP (April 2014). "Early-onset dementias: Specific etiologies and contribution of MRI". Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging (Review). 95 (4): 377–398. doi:10.1016/j.diii.2013.07.009. PMID 24007775.
- ^ a b Krüger J, Aaltonen M, Aho K, Heikkinen S, Kivisild A, Lehtonen A, et al. (August 2024). "Incidence and Prevalence of Early-Onset Dementia in Finland". Neurology (Primary). 103 (4): e209654. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000209654. PMC 11314947. PMID 39047214.
- ^ van de Veen D (September 2, 2021). "An Integrative Literature Review on the Nomenclature and Definition of Dementia at a Young Age". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 83 (4): 1891–1916. doi:10.3233/JAD-210458. PMC 8609678. PMID 34487041.
- ^ van de Veen D, Bakker C, Peetoom K, Pijnenburg Y, Papma J, de Vugt M, et al. (March 2022). "Provisional consensus on the nomenclature and operational definition of dementia at a young age, a Delphi study". International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry (Primary). 37 (3): 10.1002/gps.5691. doi:10.1002/gps.5691. PMC 9305901. PMID 35156239.
- ^ Živanović M (2023). "The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and prognosis of dementia". Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 23 (2): 209–224. doi:10.17305/bjbms.2022.8085. PMC 10113939. PMID 36453893.
- ^ a b c d Hendriks S, Peetoom K, Bakker C, Koopmans R, van der Flier W, Papma J, et al. (March 2023). "Global incidence of young-onset dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Alzheimer's & Dementia (Meta-analysis). 19 (3): 831–843. doi:10.1002/alz.12695. PMID 35715891.
- ^ a b Kelley BJ, Boeve BF, Josephs KA (November 2008). "Young-onset dementia: demographic and etiologic characteristics of 235 patients". Archives of Neurology. 65 (11): 1502–1508. doi:10.1001/archneur.65.11.1502. PMID 19001170.
- ^ Zamboni G, Maramotti R, Salemme S, Tondelli M, Adani G, Vinceti G, et al. (July 2024). "Age-specific prevalence of the different clinical presentations of AD and FTD in young-onset dementia". Journal of Neurology (Primary). 271 (7): 4326–4335. doi:10.1007/s00415-024-12364-7. PMC 11233291. PMID 38643445.
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Further reading
[edit]- Collins JD, Henley SM, Suárez-González A (September 2023). "A systematic review of the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and apathy in frontotemporal dementia, atypical and young-onset Alzheimer's disease, and inherited dementia". International Psychogeriatrics (Review). 35 (9): 457–476. doi:10.1017/S1041610220001118. PMID 32684177. S2CID 220653830.
- Ducharme S, Dols A, Laforce R, Devenney E, Kumfor F, van den Stock J, et al. (June 2020). "Recommendations to distinguish behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia from psychiatric disorders". Brain (Review). 143 (6): 1632–1650. doi:10.1093/brain/awaa018. PMC 7849953. PMID 32129844.
- Nwadiugwu M (September 2021). "Early-onset dementia: key issues using a relationship-centred care approach". Postgraduate Medical Journal (Review). 97 (1151): 598–604. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138517. PMC 8408578. PMID 32883770.
- Roman de Mettelinge T, Calders P, Cambier D (2021). "The Effects of Aerobic Exercise in Patients with Early-Onset Dementia: A Scoping Review". Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders (Review). 50 (1): 9–16. doi:10.1159/000516231. PMID 33957623. S2CID 233983643.
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