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m Finncle moved page Scandinavian Brazilians to Nordic Brazilians: The article includes Finns as well who are Nordic but not Scandinavians. Either the title should be changed or Finns should be removed.
→History: rm unsourced
 
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{{Short description|Scandinavian people in Brazil}}
{{Short description|Nordic people in Brazil}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Nordic Brazilians
| group = Scandinavian Brazilians<br>''Escandinavo Brasileiro''<br>''Skandinaviske Brasilianere''<br>''Skandinavískir Brasilíumenn''<br>''Skandinaaviset Brasilialaiset''<br>''Skandinaviska Brasilianare''
| flag =
|flag = {{flagicon|Brazil}} {{flagicon|Denmark}} {{flagicon|Finland}} {{flagicon|Iceland}} {{flagicon|Norway}} {{flagicon|Sweden}}
| population = '''52,000''' (Danes)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iom.int/world-migration|title=Danes in Brazil}}</ref>
| population = '''52,000''' (Danes)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iom.int/world-migration|title=Danes in Brazil|access-date=6 July 2023|archive-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501120652/https://www.iom.int/world-migration|url-status=dead}}</ref>


'''3,190''' (Finns)<ref>[https://www.nepo.unicamp.br/observatorio/bancointerativo/numeros-imigracao-internacional/sincre-sismigra/ Finns in Brazil]</ref>
'''3,190''' (Finns)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nepo.unicamp.br/observatorio/bancointerativo/numeros-imigracao-internacional/sincre-sismigra/ |title=Finns in Brazil |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819004608/https://www.nepo.unicamp.br/observatorio/bancointerativo/numeros-imigracao-internacional/sincre-sismigra/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


'''1,046''' (Icelanders)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iom.int/world-migration|title=Icelanders in Brazil}}</ref>
'''1,046''' (Icelanders)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iom.int/world-migration|title=Icelanders in Brazil|access-date=6 July 2023|archive-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501120652/https://www.iom.int/world-migration|url-status=dead}}</ref>
'''10,618''' (Norwegians)<ref>[https://www.nepo.unicamp.br/observatorio/bancointerativo/numeros-imigracao-internacional/sincre-sismigra/ Noregians in Brazil]</ref>
'''10,618''' (Norwegians)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nepo.unicamp.br/observatorio/bancointerativo/numeros-imigracao-internacional/sincre-sismigra/ |title=Noregians in Brazil |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819004608/https://www.nepo.unicamp.br/observatorio/bancointerativo/numeros-imigracao-internacional/sincre-sismigra/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


'''23,048''' (Swedes)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/projects/Imigrantes-Suecos-ao-Brasil/48858|title=Imigrantes Suecos ao Brasil genealogy project|website=geni_family_tree}}</ref>
'''23,048''' (Swedes)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/projects/Imigrantes-Suecos-ao-Brasil/48858|title=Imigrantes Suecos ao Brasil genealogy project|website=geni_family_tree|access-date=6 July 2023|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418224237/https://www.geni.com/projects/Imigrantes-Suecos-ao-Brasil/48858|url-status=live}}</ref>


'''89,902''' (Scandinavians) in [[Brazil]] (2020)
'''89,902''' (Scandinavians) in [[Brazil]] (2020)
| poptime =
| poptime =
| popplace = [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]], [[Curitiba]], [[São Paulo]], [[Ceará]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cearenses têm influência genética de povos nórdicos, revela pesquisa|url=https://g1.globo.com/ce/ceara/noticia/2020/07/27/cearenses-tem-maior-influencia-genetica-de-povos-nordicos-do-que-de-indios-e-negros-revela-pesquisa.ghtml|access-date=22 November 2020|website=G1|language=pt-br}}</ref>
| popplace = [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]], [[Curitiba]], [[São Paulo]], [[Ceará]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cearenses têm influência genética de povos nórdicos, revela pesquisa|url=https://g1.globo.com/ce/ceara/noticia/2020/07/27/cearenses-tem-maior-influencia-genetica-de-povos-nordicos-do-que-de-indios-e-negros-revela-pesquisa.ghtml|access-date=22 November 2020|website=G1|language=pt-br|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130003358/https://g1.globo.com/ce/ceara/noticia/2020/07/27/cearenses-tem-maior-influencia-genetica-de-povos-nordicos-do-que-de-indios-e-negros-revela-pesquisa.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
| langs = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[North Germanic languages|Scandinavian languages]]
| langs = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[North Germanic languages|Scandinavian languages]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
| rels = [[Protestantism]] (especially [[Lutheranism]]), [[Roman Catholicism]]
| rels = [[Protestantism]] (especially [[Lutheranism]]), [[Catholic Church in Brazil|Catholicism]]
| related = Other [[Brazilians]], [[Danes]], [[Finns]], [[Norwegians]], [[Swedes]], [[Icelanders]], [[Faroe Islanders]]
| related = Other [[Brazilians]], [[Danes]], [[Finns]], [[Norwegians]], [[Swedes]], [[Icelanders]], [[Faroe Islanders]]
| native_name =
| native_name =
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}}
}}


'''Scandinavian Brazilians''' ({{lang-pt|escandinavo-brasileiro}}) refers to [[Brazilians]] of full or partial [[Scandinavia]]n ancestry, or Scandinavian-born people residing in Brazil.
'''Nordic Brazilians''' refers to [[Brazilians]] of full or partial [[Nordic countries|Nordic]] ancestry, or Nordic-born people residing in Brazil.


The Scandinavian settlement in [[Brazil]] began in the mid to late 19th century and was predominant when around 3,640 Scandinavian peoples arrived in Brazil, mainly from [[Sweden]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Retsö|first=Dag|date=12 October 2016|title=Emigration from the Nordic countries to Brazil 1880–1914|journal=Iberoamericana – Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies|language=En|volume=45|issue=1|pages=6–18|doi=10.16993/iberoamericana.2|issn=2002-4509|doi-access=free}}</ref> Many Scandinavians came to Brazil for economic reasons and to start a new life.<ref>[http://www.fearg.com.br/site/?n_link=etnia_noruegueses Nossa Feira, Nossa Terra, Nossa Gente - FEARG/FECIS 2008<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
The Nordic settlement in [[Brazil]] began in the mid to late 19th century and was predominant when around 3,640 Nordic peoples arrived in Brazil, mainly from [[Sweden]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Retsö|first=Dag|date=12 October 2016|title=Emigration from the Nordic countries to Brazil 1880–1914|journal=Iberoamericana – Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies|language=En|volume=45|issue=1|pages=6–18|doi=10.16993/iberoamericana.2|issn=2002-4509|doi-access=free|url=https://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1034635/FULLTEXT01}}</ref> Many Nordic people came to Brazil for economic reasons and to start a new life.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fearg.com.br/site/?n_link=etnia_noruegueses |title=Nossa Feira, Nossa Terra, Nossa Gente - FEARG/FECIS 2008<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211310/http://www.fearg.com.br/site/?n_link=etnia_noruegueses |url-status=live }}</ref>


In recent years, a few [[Norwegians]] and [[Swedes]] have migrated to the [[littoral zone]] of the State of [[Rio Grande do Norte]] (mainly [[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]]) and [[Ceará]], attracted by the beaches and the tropical climate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imobiliariabrasil.com/por/noticias/rio_grande_dos_nordicos_dos_espanhois_portugueses_ate_islandeses_europeus_compram_casas_com_certificado_de_sol/97/|title=Rio Grande dos nórdicos – dos espanhóis, portugueses, até islandeses: europeus compram casas com certificado de sol<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 May 2019|title=O Reino da Noruega e o Rio Grande do Norte|url=https://dunapress.org/2019/05/05/o-reino-da-noruega-e-o-rio-grande-do-norte/|access-date=22 November 2020|website=Duna Press Jornal e Magazine|language=pt-BR}}</ref>
In recent years, a few [[Norwegians]] and [[Swedes]] have migrated to the [[littoral zone]] of the State of [[Rio Grande do Norte]] (mainly [[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]]) and [[Ceará]], attracted by the beaches and the tropical climate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imobiliariabrasil.com/por/noticias/rio_grande_dos_nordicos_dos_espanhois_portugueses_ate_islandeses_europeus_compram_casas_com_certificado_de_sol/97/|title=Rio Grande dos nórdicos – dos espanhóis, portugueses, até islandeses: europeus compram casas com certificado de sol<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=6 July 2023|archive-date=7 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307215101/http://www.imobiliariabrasil.com/por/noticias/rio_grande_dos_nordicos_dos_espanhois_portugueses_ate_islandeses_europeus_compram_casas_com_certificado_de_sol/97/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 May 2019|title=O Reino da Noruega e o Rio Grande do Norte|url=https://dunapress.org/2019/05/05/o-reino-da-noruega-e-o-rio-grande-do-norte/|access-date=22 November 2020|website=Duna Press Jornal e Magazine|language=pt-BR|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804170027/https://dunapress.org/2019/05/05/o-reino-da-noruega-e-o-rio-grande-do-norte/|url-status=live}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
[[Daniel Solander]] became the first Swedish person to ever visit Brazil when he came to the country in 1768.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brazilianembassy.se/english/BrazilSweden.asp|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20060513085155/http://www.brazilianembassy.se/english/BrazilSweden.asp|url-status=dead|title=Brazilian Embassy in Stockholm<!-- Bot generated title -->|archivedate=13 May 2006}}</ref>
[[Daniel Solander]] became the first Swedish person to ever visit Brazil when he came to the country in 1768.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brazilianembassy.se/english/BrazilSweden.asp|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20060513085155/http://www.brazilianembassy.se/english/BrazilSweden.asp|url-status=dead|title=Brazilian Embassy in Stockholm<!-- Bot generated title -->|archivedate=13 May 2006}}</ref>


Mass emigration from [[Norway]] started circa 1865–1866, after the civil war was over. Several ship-owners saw the opportunity to earn good money by transporting migrants to the [[New World]]. United States, Canada and Brazil received many [[Norwegians]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.iberoamericana.se/articles/10.16993/iberoamericana.2/|title=Emigration from the Nordic countries to Brazil 1880–1914|first=Dag|last=Retsö|date=12 October 2016|journal=Iberoamericana – Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies|volume=45|issue=1|pages=6–18|via=www.iberoamericana.se|doi=10.16993/iberoamericana.2}}</ref>
Mass emigration from [[Norway]] started circa 1865–1866, after the civil war was over. Several ship-owners saw the opportunity to earn good money by transporting migrants to the [[New World]]. United States, Canada and Brazil received many [[Norwegians]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1034635/FULLTEXT01|title=Emigration from the Nordic countries to Brazil 1880–1914|first=Dag|last=Retsö|date=12 October 2016|journal=Iberoamericana – Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies|volume=45|issue=1|pages=6–18|via=www.iberoamericana.se|doi=10.16993/iberoamericana.2|access-date=6 July 2023|archive-date=|archive-url=|url-status=|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.swedcham.com.br/magazine_article.asp?id=207|title=Publicações – Scandinavian culture in Curitiba: 365 hands – one for every day of the year<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=6 July 2023|archive-date=13 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213102127/http://www.swedcham.com.br/magazine_article.asp?id=207|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Curitiba]], one of the first Scandinavians of note to arrive was [[Alfredo Andersen]], an artist who arrived towards the end of the 19th century and painted well into the 1930s. The Museu Alfredo Andersen contains much of his work, located in [[Paraná (state)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.swedcham.com.br/magazine_article.asp?id=207|title=Publicações – Scandinavian culture in Curitiba: 365 hands – one for every day of the year<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> In addition, Icelandic immigrants settled there in 1863 and again in 1873.

Probably the largest concentration of Swedish immigrants in Brazil is located in the area of [[Missões]] in the southern state of [[Rio Grande do Sul]], where in the late 1800s 200 Swedish families moved to the city of [[Guarani das Missões]].{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}
Examples of this immigration are the Karlson House (Casa Sueca) in Guarani das Missões, the Svenska Kulturhuset in the district of Linha Jansen (Farroupilha, RS), the Mission of Örebro in Venancio Aires, RS. Swedish cultural groups include the Ovenska Danser ballet of [[Ijuí]], RS and the Ballet Patrícia Johnson of Bento Gonçalves, RS.
Examples of this immigration are the Karlson House (Casa Sueca) in Guarani das Missões, the Svenska Kulturhuset in the district of Linha Jansen (Farroupilha, RS), the Mission of Örebro in Venancio Aires, RS. Swedish cultural groups include the Ovenska Danser ballet of [[Ijuí]], RS and the Ballet Patrícia Johnson of Bento Gonçalves, RS.
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There was also significant immigration of Swedish and [[Danish people|Danish]] citizens to [[São João da Boa Vista]], in the state of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]].<ref>SPLETTSTOSER JR., Jaime – ''Alemães, suecos, dinamarqueses e austríacos em São João da Boa Vista''. Graph Company Editora, São João da Boa Vista, 2003.</ref>
There was also significant immigration of Swedish and [[Danish people|Danish]] citizens to [[São João da Boa Vista]], in the state of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]].<ref>SPLETTSTOSER JR., Jaime – ''Alemães, suecos, dinamarqueses e austríacos em São João da Boa Vista''. Graph Company Editora, São João da Boa Vista, 2003.</ref>


In the 1920s, Danish immigrants in rural parts of [[Aiuruoca]] laid the foundation for the modern Brazilian [[cheese]] production.<ref>See [[:Category:Brazilian cheeses]].</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://revistagloborural.globo.com/GloboRural/0,6993,EEC1708312-1641-1,00.html|title=Globo Rural &#124; A palavra do campo}}</ref>
In the 1920s, Danish immigrants in rural parts of [[Aiuruoca]] laid the foundation for the modern Brazilian [[cheese]] production.<ref>See [[:Category:Brazilian cheeses]].</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://revistagloborural.globo.com/GloboRural/0,6993,EEC1708312-1641-1,00.html|title=Globo Rural &#124; A palavra do campo|access-date=6 July 2023|archive-date=31 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531170422/http://revistagloborural.globo.com/GloboRural/0,6993,EEC1708312-1641-1,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Religion and culture==
==Religion and culture==
The Scandinavian Church in [[Brazil]] is a part of ''The Swedish Church Abroad'' (SKUT) – which belongs to the [[Church of Sweden]]. They offer services for Scandinavians or persons with Scandinavian related interests. They have [[National church|church]]es in [[Rio de Janeiro]] and [[São Paulo]].<ref>[http://www.scandinavianchurch.com.br/ Scandinavian Church in São Paulo, Brazil<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
The Scandinavian Church in [[Brazil]] is a part of ''The Swedish Church Abroad'' (SKUT) – which belongs to the [[Church of Sweden]]. They offer services for Scandinavians or persons with Scandinavian related interests. They have [[National church|church]]es in [[Rio de Janeiro]] and [[São Paulo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scandinavianchurch.com.br/ |title=Scandinavian Church in São Paulo, Brazil<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-date=5 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705061022/http://www.scandinavianchurch.com.br/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Also, over time, many of the Scandinavians have converted to [[Catholicism]], or more recently, other forms of [[Protestantism]].

The [[Norwegian Church Abroad]] or The Norwegian Seamen's Church is located in Rio de Janeiro. The Norwegian Church Abroad or The Norwegian Seamen's Church (Norwegian: Sjømannskirken) is a religious organisation serving Norwegians and other Scandinavians travelling abroad. Founded in 1864, The Norwegian Seamen's Mission – Sjømannsmisjonen – was established to secure the moral and religious education of Scandinavian seafarers, but also to give them "breathing room" where a fellow countryman was available to lend an ear and give some attention. Today, the churches and their staff together with travelling pastors around the globe represent a "resource center" for all Norwegians travelling internationally.

Also, over time, many of the Scandinavians have converted to [[Roman Catholicism]], or more recently, other forms of [[Protestantism]].


==Notable Scandinavian Brazilians==
==Notable Nordic Brazilians==
[[File:Map_of_Scandinavia.svg|thumb|right|Map of [[Scandinavia]].]]
[[File:Penedo - RJ (3460397484).jpg|thumb|right|[[Itatiaia]] had Finnish colonization.]]
[[File:Penedo - RJ (3460397484).jpg|thumb|right|[[Itatiaia]] had Finnish colonization.]]
* [[Peter Wilhelm Lund]], palaeontologist and zoologist
* [[Peter Wilhelm Lund]], palaeontologist and zoologist
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* [[Princess Ragnhild of Norway]]
* [[Princess Ragnhild of Norway]]
* [[Peter Dolving]], musician and songwriter
* [[Peter Dolving]], musician and songwriter
* [[Jonathan Haagensen]], actor and model
* [[Jonathan Haagensen]], actor
* [[Phellipe Haagensen]], actor
* [[Phellipe Haagensen]], actor


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* [[Brazil–Sweden relations]]
* [[Brazil–Sweden relations]]
* [[Immigration to Brazil]]
* [[Immigration to Brazil]]
* [[Danish diaspora]]
* [[Danish diaspora]]
* [[Finnish diaspora]]
* [[Icelandic diaspora]]
* [[Norwegian diaspora]]
* [[Norwegian diaspora]]
* [[Swedish diaspora]]
* [[Swedish diaspora]]
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[[Category:Brazilian people of Scandinavian descent|*]]
[[Category:Brazilian people of Scandinavian descent|*]]
[[Category:European Brazilian]]
[[Category:European diaspora in Brazil]]
[[Category:Swedish diaspora|Brazil]]
[[Category:Brazilian people of Swedish descent|*]]
[[Category:Norwegian diaspora|Brazilian]]
[[Category:Brazilian people of Norwegian descent|*]]
[[Category:Scandinavian diaspora|Brazilian]]
[[Category:Brazilian people of Danish descent|*]]
[[Category:Finnish diaspora]]
[[Category:Brazil–Finland relations]]

Latest revision as of 02:06, 31 December 2024

Nordic Brazilians
Total population
52,000 (Danes)[1]

3,190 (Finns)[2]

1,046 (Icelanders)[3]

10,618 (Norwegians)[4]

23,048 (Swedes)[5]

89,902 (Scandinavians) in Brazil (2020)
Regions with significant populations
Rio de Janeiro, Natal, Curitiba, São Paulo, Ceará[6]
Languages
Portuguese, Scandinavian languages, Finnish
Religion
Protestantism (especially Lutheranism), Catholicism
Related ethnic groups
Other Brazilians, Danes, Finns, Norwegians, Swedes, Icelanders, Faroe Islanders

Nordic Brazilians refers to Brazilians of full or partial Nordic ancestry, or Nordic-born people residing in Brazil.

The Nordic settlement in Brazil began in the mid to late 19th century and was predominant when around 3,640 Nordic peoples arrived in Brazil, mainly from Sweden.[7] Many Nordic people came to Brazil for economic reasons and to start a new life.[8]

In recent years, a few Norwegians and Swedes have migrated to the littoral zone of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (mainly Natal) and Ceará, attracted by the beaches and the tropical climate.[9][10]

History

[edit]

Daniel Solander became the first Swedish person to ever visit Brazil when he came to the country in 1768.[11]

Mass emigration from Norway started circa 1865–1866, after the civil war was over. Several ship-owners saw the opportunity to earn good money by transporting migrants to the New World. United States, Canada and Brazil received many Norwegians.[12][13]

Examples of this immigration are the Karlson House (Casa Sueca) in Guarani das Missões, the Svenska Kulturhuset in the district of Linha Jansen (Farroupilha, RS), the Mission of Örebro in Venancio Aires, RS. Swedish cultural groups include the Ovenska Danser ballet of Ijuí, RS and the Ballet Patrícia Johnson of Bento Gonçalves, RS.

In April 2010, the City of Nova Roma, RS celebrated the 120th anniversary of the Swedish immigration to the city. Earlier, in 1991, the city of Ijui, RS celebrated the immigration of the Scandinavians to their city (mainly Swedes) with the opening of a Swedish Cultural Center in the city.

There was also significant immigration of Swedish and Danish citizens to São João da Boa Vista, in the state of São Paulo.[14]

In the 1920s, Danish immigrants in rural parts of Aiuruoca laid the foundation for the modern Brazilian cheese production.[15][16]

Religion and culture

[edit]

The Scandinavian Church in Brazil is a part of The Swedish Church Abroad (SKUT) – which belongs to the Church of Sweden. They offer services for Scandinavians or persons with Scandinavian related interests. They have churches in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.[17] Also, over time, many of the Scandinavians have converted to Catholicism, or more recently, other forms of Protestantism.

Notable Nordic Brazilians

[edit]
Itatiaia had Finnish colonization.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Danes in Brazil". Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  2. ^ "Finns in Brazil". Archived from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  3. ^ "Icelanders in Brazil". Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  4. ^ "Noregians in Brazil". Archived from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  5. ^ "Imigrantes Suecos ao Brasil genealogy project". geni_family_tree. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  6. ^ "Cearenses têm influência genética de povos nórdicos, revela pesquisa". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  7. ^ Retsö, Dag (12 October 2016). "Emigration from the Nordic countries to Brazil 1880–1914". Iberoamericana – Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies. 45 (1): 6–18. doi:10.16993/iberoamericana.2. ISSN 2002-4509.
  8. ^ "Nossa Feira, Nossa Terra, Nossa Gente - FEARG/FECIS 2008". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  9. ^ "Rio Grande dos nórdicos – dos espanhóis, portugueses, até islandeses: europeus compram casas com certificado de sol". Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  10. ^ "O Reino da Noruega e o Rio Grande do Norte". Duna Press Jornal e Magazine (in Brazilian Portuguese). 5 May 2019. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  11. ^ "Brazilian Embassy in Stockholm". Archived from the original on 13 May 2006.
  12. ^ Retsö, Dag (12 October 2016). "Emigration from the Nordic countries to Brazil 1880–1914". Iberoamericana – Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies. 45 (1): 6–18. doi:10.16993/iberoamericana.2. Retrieved 6 July 2023 – via www.iberoamericana.se.
  13. ^ "Publicações – Scandinavian culture in Curitiba: 365 hands – one for every day of the year". Archived from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  14. ^ SPLETTSTOSER JR., Jaime – Alemães, suecos, dinamarqueses e austríacos em São João da Boa Vista. Graph Company Editora, São João da Boa Vista, 2003.
  15. ^ See Category:Brazilian cheeses.
  16. ^ "Globo Rural | A palavra do campo". Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  17. ^ "Scandinavian Church in São Paulo, Brazil". Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
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