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{{Short description|Star in the constellation Virgo}}
{{Short description|Star in the constellation Virgo}}
{{Starbox begin
{{Starbox begin
| name=ε Virginis<br>(Vindemiatrix)
| name=ε Virginis<br />(Vindemiatrix)
}}
}}
{{Starbox image
{{Starbox image
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{{Starbox observe
{{Starbox observe
| epoch = [[J2000.0]]
| epoch = [[J2000.0]]
| equinox = [[J2000.0]] ([[International Celestial Reference System|ICRS]])
| constell = [[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]]
| constell = [[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]]
| ra = {{RA|13|02|10.59785}}<ref name=aaa474_2_653/>
| ra = {{RA|13|02|10.5970}}<ref name="DR3"/>
| dec = {{DEC|+10|57|32.9415}}<ref name=aaa474_2_653/>
| dec = {{DEC|+10|57|32.9359}}<ref name="DR3"/>
| appmag_v = +2.826<ref name=sps1966/>
| appmag_v = +2.826<ref name=sps1966/>
}}
}}
{{Starbox character ok
{{Starbox character
| type = [[Red clump]]<ref name="howes"/>
| class = G8&nbsp;III<ref name=araa11_29/>
| class = G8&nbsp;III<ref name=araa11_29/>
| b-v = +0.940<ref name=sps1966/>
| b-v = +0.940<ref name=sps1966/>
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}}
}}
{{Starbox astrometry
{{Starbox astrometry
| radial_v = -14.6<ref name=fk6_1999/>
| radial_v = {{val|-14.96|0.03}}<ref name=Deka-Szymankiewicz/>
| prop_mo_ra = -273.80<ref name=aaa474_2_653/>
| prop_mo_ra = -273.393
| prop_mo_dec = +19.96<ref name=aaa474_2_653/>
| prop_mo_dec = +19.804
| pm_footnote = <ref name="DR3"/>
| parallax = 29.76
| p_error = 0.14
| parallax = 30.221
| p_error = 0.1907
| parallax_footnote = <ref name=aaa474_2_653/>
| parallax_footnote = <ref name="DR3">{{Cite Gaia DR3|3736865265441207424}}</ref>
| dist_footnote = <ref name="DR3"/><!-- Distance automatically calculated from parallax by {{starbox astrometry}} -->
| absmag_v = {{nowrap|0.37 ± 0.06}}<ref name=aaa458_2_609/>
| absmag_v = {{nowrap|0.37 ± 0.06}}<ref name=aaa458_2_609/>
}}
}}
{{Starbox detail
{{Starbox detail
| mass = {{nowrap|2.64 ± 0.11}}<ref name=aaa458_2_609/>
| mass = {{val|2.72|0.12}}<ref name=Deka-Szymankiewicz/>
| radius = {{nowrap|10.6 ± 0.3}}<ref name=aj118_6_3032/>
| radius = 11.98<ref name="gray2019"/><ref name=Baines2018/>
| luminosity = 77<ref name=aaa352_495/>
| luminosity = 91.2<ref name=Deka-Szymankiewicz/>
| temperature = 5,086<ref name=aaa458_2_609/>
| temperature = 5,071<ref name="gray2019"/>
| gravity = {{nowrap|2.71 ± 0.04}}<ref name=aaa458_2_609/>
| gravity = {{val|2.72|0.02}}<ref name=soubiran/>
| metal_fe = +0.09<ref name=aaa458_2_609/>
| metal_fe = {{val|0.06|0.03}}<ref name=soubiran/>
| rotation = 173&nbsp;days<ref name=aaa421_241/>
| rotation = 173<ref name=aaa421_241/> days
| rotational_velocity = 2.3<ref name=aaa361_614/>
| rotational_velocity = {{val|2.37|0.41}}<ref name=Deka-Szymankiewicz/>
| age_myr = {{nowrap|560 ± 90}}<ref name=aaa458_2_609/>
| age_myr = 562,<ref name=Deka-Szymankiewicz/> 700<ref name="howes"/>
}}
}}
{{Starbox catalog
{{Starbox catalog
Line 54: Line 58:
{{Starbox end}}
{{Starbox end}}


'''Epsilon Virginis''' ('''ε Virginis''', abbreviated '''Epsilon Vir''', '''ε Vir'''), formally named '''Vindemiatrix''' {{IPAc-en|v|I|n|d|iː|m|i|'|ei|t|r|I|k|s}},<ref>{{OED|Vindemiatrix}}</ref><ref name="IAU-CSN">{{cite web | url=http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/IAU-CSN.txt | title=IAU Catalog of Star Names |access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> is a [[star]] in the [[zodiac]] [[constellation]] of [[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]]. The [[apparent visual magnitude]] of this star is +2.8,<ref name=sps1966/> making it the [[List of stars in Virgo|third-brightest member of Virgo]]. Based upon [[parallax]] measurements made during the [[Hipparcos]] mission, Vindemiatrix lies at a distance of about {{Convert|109.6|ly|pc|abbr=off|lk=on}} from the [[Sun]], give or take a half light-year.<ref name=aaa474_2_653/>
'''Epsilon Virginis''' ('''ε Virginis''', abbreviated '''Epsilon Vir''', '''ε Vir'''), formally named '''Vindemiatrix''' {{IPAc-en|v|I|n|d|iː|m|i|'|ei|t|r|I|k|s}},<ref>{{OED|Vindemiatrix}}</ref><ref name="IAU-CSN">{{cite web | url=http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/IAU-CSN.txt | title=IAU Catalog of Star Names |access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> is a [[star]] in the [[zodiac]] [[constellation]] of [[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]]. The [[apparent visual magnitude]] of this star is +2.8,<ref name=sps1966/> making it the [[List of stars in Virgo|third-brightest member of Virgo]]. Based upon [[parallax]] measurements made by the [[Gaia (spacecraft)|Gaia]] spacecraft, Vindemiatrix lies at a distance of about {{Convert|108|ly|pc|abbr=off|lk=on}} from the [[Sun]], give or take 0.7{{nbsp}}light-years.<ref name="DR3"/>


==Stellar properties==
==Stellar properties==


Vindemiatrix is a [[giant star]] with a [[stellar classification]] of G8&nbsp;III.<ref name=araa11_29/> With 2.6<ref name=aaa458_2_609/> times the mass of the Sun, it has reached a stage in its [[stellar evolution|evolution]] where the hydrogen fuel in its core is exhausted. As a result, it has expanded to over ten<ref name=aj118_6_3032/> times the Sun's girth and is now radiating around 77<ref name=aaa352_495/> times as much luminosity as the Sun. This energy is being emitted from its [[stellar atmosphere|outer atmosphere]] at an [[effective temperature]] of 5,086&nbsp;K,<ref name=aaa458_2_609/> which gives it the yellow-hued glow of a [[G-type star]]. Since 1943, the [[stellar spectrum|spectrum]] of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified.<ref name=baas25_1319/>
Vindemiatrix is a [[giant star]] with a [[stellar classification]] of G8&nbsp;III.<ref name=araa11_29/> With 2.7<ref name=Deka-Szymankiewicz/> times the mass of the Sun and at an age of 700 million years,<ref name="howes">{{Cite journal |last1=Howes |first1=Louise M. |last2=Lindegren |first2=Lennart |last3=Feltzing |first3=Sofia |last4=Church |first4=Ross P. |last5=Bensby |first5=Thomas |date=2019-02-01 |title=Estimating stellar ages and metallicities from parallaxes and broadband photometry: successes and shortcomings |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2019/02/aa33280-18/aa33280-18.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=622 |pages=A27 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201833280 |issn=0004-6361|arxiv=1804.08321 |bibcode=2019A&A...622A..27H }}</ref> it has reached a stage in its [[stellar evolution|evolution]] where the hydrogen fuel in its core is exhausted. It is believed to be a [[red clump]] star; a [[red giant]] star fusing helium into carbon in its core surrounded by a shell fusing hydrogen into helium. As a result, it has expanded to 12<ref name="gray2019"/><ref name=Baines2018/> times the Sun's size and is now radiating around 91<ref name=Deka-Szymankiewicz/> times as much luminosity as the Sun. This energy is being emitted from its [[stellar atmosphere|outer atmosphere]] at an [[effective temperature]] of 5,071&nbsp;K,<ref name=gray2019/> which gives it the yellow-hued glow of a [[G-type star]]. Since 1943, the [[stellar spectrum|spectrum]] of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified.<ref name=baas25_1319/>


This star is a likely member of the [[thin disk population]] and the orbit departs by no more than {{Convert|60|pc|ly|abbr=on}} from the [[galactic plane]].<ref name=aaa480_1_91/>
This star is a likely member of the [[thin disk]] population and the orbit departs by no more than {{Convert|60|pc|ly|abbr=on}} from the [[galactic plane]].<ref name=aaa480_1_91/>


==Nomenclature==
==Nomenclature==
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This star, along with [[Beta Virginis]] (Zavijava), [[Gamma Virginis]] (Porrima), [[Eta Virginis]] (Zaniah) and [[Delta Virginis]] (Minelauva), were ''Al ʽAwwāʼ'', which is [[Arabic]] for 'the Barker'.<ref name=sb0/>
This star, along with [[Beta Virginis]] (Zavijava), [[Gamma Virginis]] (Porrima), [[Eta Virginis]] (Zaniah) and [[Delta Virginis]] (Minelauva), were ''Al ʽAwwāʼ'', which is [[Arabic]] for 'the Barker'.<ref name=sb0/>


In [[Chinese astronomy|Chinese]], {{lang|zh|太微左垣}} ({{lang|zh-Latn|Tài Wēi Zuǒ Yuán}}), meaning ''[[Supreme Palace enclosure|Left Wall of Supreme Palace Enclosure]]'', refers to an asterism consisting of Epsilon Virginis, [[Eta Virginis]], [[Gamma Virginis]], [[Delta Virginis]] and [[Alpha Comae Berenices]].<ref>{{in lang|zh}} ''中國星座神話'', written by 陳久金. Published by 台灣書房出版有限公司, 2005, {{ISBN|978-986-7332-25-7}}.</ref> Consequently, the [[Chinese star names|Chinese name]] for Epsilon Virginis itself is {{lang|zh|太微左垣四}} ({{lang|zh-Latn|Tài Wēi Zuǒ Yuán sì}}, {{lang-en|the Fourth Star of Left Wall of Supreme Palace Enclosure}}.),<ref>{{in lang|zh}} [http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/Research/StarName/c_research_chinengstars_t_z.htm 香港太空館 - 研究資源 - 亮星中英對照表] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819122914/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/Research/StarName/c_research_chinengstars_t_z.htm |date=August 19, 2010 }}, Hong Kong Space Museum. Accessed on line November 23, 2010.</ref> representing {{lang|zh|東次將}} ({{lang|zh-Latn|Dōngcìjiāng}}), meaning ''The Second Eastern General''.<ref>{{in lang|zh}} [http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/Research/StarName/e_research_chinengstarzone_b.htm#SupremePalaceEnclosure English-Chinese Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Name] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810114313/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/Research/StarName/e_research_chinengstarzone_b.htm#SupremePalaceEnclosure |date=August 10, 2010 }}, Hong Kong Space Museum. Accessed on line November 23, 2010.</ref> 東次將 (Dōngcìjiāng), westernized into ''Tsze Tseang'' by R.H. Allen and the meaning is "the Second General".<ref name=allen>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Virgo*.html Richard Hinckley Allen: Star Names — Their Lore and Meaning: Virgo]</ref>
In [[Chinese astronomy|Chinese]], {{lang|zh|太微左垣}} ({{lang|zh-Latn|Tài Wēi Zuǒ Yuán}}), meaning ''[[Supreme Palace enclosure|Left Wall of Supreme Palace Enclosure]]'', refers to an asterism consisting of Epsilon Virginis, [[Eta Virginis]], [[Gamma Virginis]], [[Delta Virginis]] and [[Alpha Comae Berenices]].<ref>{{in lang|zh}} ''中國星座神話'', written by 陳久金. Published by 台灣書房出版有限公司, 2005, {{ISBN|978-986-7332-25-7}}.</ref> Consequently, the [[Chinese star names|Chinese name]] for Epsilon Virginis itself is {{lang|zh|太微左垣四}} ({{lang|zh-Latn|Tài Wēi Zuǒ Yuán sì}}, {{langx|en|the Fourth Star of Left Wall of Supreme Palace Enclosure}}.),<ref>{{in lang|zh}} [http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/Research/StarName/c_research_chinengstars_t_z.htm 香港太空館 - 研究資源 - 亮星中英對照表] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819122914/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/Research/StarName/c_research_chinengstars_t_z.htm |date=August 19, 2010 }}, Hong Kong Space Museum. Accessed on line November 23, 2010.</ref> representing {{lang|zh|東次將}} ({{lang|zh-Latn|Dōngcìjiāng}}), meaning ''The Second Eastern General''.<ref>{{in lang|zh}} [http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/Research/StarName/e_research_chinengstarzone_b.htm#SupremePalaceEnclosure English-Chinese Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Name] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810114313/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/Research/StarName/e_research_chinengstarzone_b.htm#SupremePalaceEnclosure |date=August 10, 2010 }}, Hong Kong Space Museum. Accessed on line November 23, 2010.</ref> 東次將 (Dōngcìjiāng), westernized into ''Tsze Tseang'' by R.H. Allen and the meaning is "the Second General".<ref name=allen>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Virgo*.html Richard Hinckley Allen: Star Names — Their Lore and Meaning: Virgo]</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|refs=
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name=aaa474_2_653>{{cite journal | first=F. | last=van Leeuwen |date=November 2007 | title=Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=474 | issue=2 | pages=653–664 | bibcode=2007A&A...474..653V | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078357 |arxiv = 0708.1752 | s2cid=18759600 }}</ref>


<ref name=aaa480_1_91>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Soubiran | first1=C. | last2=Bienaymé | first2=O. | last3=Mishenina | first3=T. V. | last4=Kovtyukh | first4=V. V. | title=Vertical distribution of Galactic disk stars. IV. AMR and AVR from clump giants | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | date=2008 | volume=480 | issue=1 | pages=91–101 | bibcode=2008A&A...480...91S | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078788 |arxiv = 0712.1370 | s2cid=16602121 }}</ref>
<ref name=aaa480_1_91>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Soubiran | first1=C. | last2=Bienaymé | first2=O. | last3=Mishenina | first3=T. V. | last4=Kovtyukh | first4=V. V. | title=Vertical distribution of Galactic disk stars. IV. AMR and AVR from clump giants | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | date=2008 | volume=480 | issue=1 | pages=91–101 | bibcode=2008A&A...480...91S | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078788 |arxiv = 0712.1370 | s2cid=16602121 }}</ref>


<ref name=aj118_6_3032>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Nordgren | first1=Tyler E. | last2=Germain | first2=M. E. | last3=Benson | first3=J. A. | last4=Mozurkewich | first4=D. | last5=Sudol | first5=J. J. | last6=Elias | first6=N. M., II | last7=Hajian | first7=Arsen R. | last8=White | first8=N. M. | last9=Hutter | first9=D. J. | title=Stellar Angular Diameters of Late-Type Giants and Supergiants Measured with the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer | journal=The Astronomical Journal | volume=118 | issue=6 | pages=3032–3038 |date=December 1999 | doi=10.1086/301114 | bibcode=1999AJ....118.3032N | url=http://digitalcommons.wcupa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=phys_facpub | doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="soubiran">{{Citation |last1=Soubiran |first1=C. |last2=Creevey |first2=O. L. |last3=Lagarde |first3=N. |last4=Brouillet |first4=N. |last5=Jofré |first5=P. |last6=Casamiquela |first6=L. |last7=Heiter |first7=U. |last8=Aguilera-Gómez |first8=C. |last9=Vitali |first9=S. |last10=Worley |first10=C. |last11=de Brito Silva |first11=D. |date=2024-02-01 |title=Gaia FGK benchmark stars: Fundamental Teff and log g of the third version |bibcode=2024A&A...682A.145S |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=682 |pages=A145 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202347136 |arxiv=2310.11302 |issn=0004-6361}} [https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=J/A%2BA/682/A145&HIP=HIP63608 Epsilon Virginis' database entry] at [[VizieR]].</ref>


<ref name=aaa361_614>{{citation | last1=Pizzolato | first1=N. | last2=Maggio | first2=A. | last3=Sciortino | first3=S. | title=Evolution of X-ray activity of 1-3 Msun late-type stars in early post-main-sequence phases | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=361 | pages=614–628 |date=September 2000 | bibcode=2000A&A...361..614P }}</ref>
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<!-- <ref name=aaa361_614>{{citation | last1=Pizzolato | first1=N. | last2=Maggio | first2=A. | last3=Sciortino | first3=S. | title=Evolution of X-ray activity of 1-3 Msun late-type stars in early post-main-sequence phases | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=361 | pages=614–628 |date=September 2000 | bibcode=2000A&A...361..614P }}</ref> -->


<ref name=aaa458_2_609>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=da Silva | first1=L. | last2=Girardi | first2=L. | last3=Pasquini | first3=L. | last4=Setiawan | first4=J. | last5=von der Lühe | first5=O. | last6=de Medeiros | first6=J. R. | last7=Hatzes | first7=A. | last8=Döllinger | first8=M. P. | last9=Weiss | first9=A. | title=Basic physical parameters of a selected sample of evolved stars | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=458 | issue=2 | pages=609–623 |date=November 2006 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20065105 | bibcode=2006A&A...458..609D |arxiv = astro-ph/0608160 | s2cid=9341088 }}</ref>
<ref name=aaa458_2_609>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=da Silva | first1=L. | last2=Girardi | first2=L. | last3=Pasquini | first3=L. | last4=Setiawan | first4=J. | last5=von der Lühe | first5=O. | last6=de Medeiros | first6=J. R. | last7=Hatzes | first7=A. | last8=Döllinger | first8=M. P. | last9=Weiss | first9=A. | title=Basic physical parameters of a selected sample of evolved stars | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=458 | issue=2 | pages=609–623 |date=November 2006 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20065105 | bibcode=2006A&A...458..609D |arxiv = astro-ph/0608160 | s2cid=9341088 }}</ref>


<ref name=aaa352_495>{{citation | last1=Mallik | first1=Sushma V. | title=Lithium abundance and mass | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=352 | pages=495–507 |date=December 1999 | bibcode=1999A&A...352..495M }}</ref>
<!-- <ref name=aaa352_495>{{citation | last1=Mallik | first1=Sushma V. | title=Lithium abundance and mass | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=352 | pages=495–507 |date=December 1999 | bibcode=1999A&A...352..495M }}</ref> -->


<ref name=simbada>{{cite simbad | title=eps Vir | access-date=May 10, 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name=simbada>{{cite simbad | title=eps Vir | access-date=May 10, 2010 }}</ref>
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<ref name=sb0>{{citation | last=Allen | first=R. H. | date=1963 | author-link=Richard Hinckley Allen | title=Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning | url=https://archive.org/details/starnamestheirlo00alle/page/469 | access-date=2010-12-12 | edition=Reprint | publisher=Dover Publications Inc | location=New York, NY | isbn=0-486-21079-0 | page=[https://archive.org/details/starnamestheirlo00alle/page/469 469] | url-access=registration }}</ref>
<ref name=sb0>{{citation | last=Allen | first=R. H. | date=1963 | author-link=Richard Hinckley Allen | title=Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning | url=https://archive.org/details/starnamestheirlo00alle/page/469 | access-date=2010-12-12 | edition=Reprint | publisher=Dover Publications Inc | location=New York, NY | isbn=0-486-21079-0 | page=[https://archive.org/details/starnamestheirlo00alle/page/469 469] | url-access=registration }}</ref>


<ref name=baas25_1319>{{citation | last1=Garrison | first1=R. F. | title=Anchor Points for the MK System of Spectral Classification | journal=Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society | volume=25 | page=1319 |date=December 1993 | bibcode=1993AAS...183.1710G | url=http://www.astro.utoronto.ca/~garrison/mkstds.html | access-date=2012-02-04 }}</ref>
<ref name=baas25_1319>{{citation | last1=Garrison | first1=R. F. | title=Anchor Points for the MK System of Spectral Classification | journal=Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society | volume=25 | page=1319 | date=December 1993 | bibcode=1993AAS...183.1710G | url=http://www.astro.utoronto.ca/~garrison/mkstds.html | access-date=2012-02-04 | archive-date=2019-06-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625094716/http://www.astro.utoronto.ca/~garrison/mkstds.html }}</ref>


<ref name=aaa421_241>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Setiawan | first1=J. | last2=Pasquini | first2=L. | last3=da Silva | first3=L. | last4=Hatzes | first4=A. P. | last5=von der Lühe | first5=O. | last6=Girardi | first6=L. | last7=de Medeiros | first7=J. R. | last8=Guenther | first8=E. | title=Precise radial velocity measurements of G and K giants. Multiple systems and variability trend along the Red Giant Branch | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=421 | pages=241–254 |date=July 2004 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20041042-1 | bibcode=2004A&A...421..241S | doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name=aaa421_241>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Setiawan | first1=J. | last2=Pasquini | first2=L. | last3=da Silva | first3=L. | last4=Hatzes | first4=A. P. | last5=von der Lühe | first5=O. | last6=Girardi | first6=L. | last7=de Medeiros | first7=J. R. | last8=Guenther | first8=E. | title=Precise radial velocity measurements of G and K giants. Multiple systems and variability trend along the Red Giant Branch | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=421 | pages=241–254 |date=July 2004 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20041042-1 | bibcode=2004A&A...421..241S | doi-access=free }}</ref>
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<ref name=sps1966>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Gutierrez-Moreno | first1=Adelina | last2=Moreno | first2=H. | last3=Stock | first3=J. | last4=Torres | first4=C. | last5=Wroblewski | first5=H. | title=A System of photometric standards | journal=Publications of the Department of Astronomy University of Chile | publisher=Publicaciones Universidad de Chile, Department de Astronomy | volume=1 | pages=1–17 | date=1966 | bibcode=1966PDAUC...1....1G }}</ref>
<ref name=sps1966>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Gutierrez-Moreno | first1=Adelina | last2=Moreno | first2=H. | last3=Stock | first3=J. | last4=Torres | first4=C. | last5=Wroblewski | first5=H. | title=A System of photometric standards | journal=Publications of the Department of Astronomy University of Chile | publisher=Publicaciones Universidad de Chile, Department de Astronomy | volume=1 | pages=1–17 | date=1966 | bibcode=1966PDAUC...1....1G }}</ref>


<ref name=fk6_1999>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Wielen | first1=R. | last2=Schwan | first2=H. | last3=Dettbarn | first3=C. | last4=Lenhardt | first4=H. | last5=Jahreiß | first5=H. | last6=Jährling | first6=R. | title=Sixth Catalogue of Fundamental Stars (FK6). Part I. Basic fundamental stars with direct solutions | journal=Veroeffentlichungen des Astronomischen Rechen-Instituts Heidelberg | publisher=Veröffentlichungen des Astronomisches Rechen-Institut Heidelberg | volume=35 | date=1999 | page=1 | bibcode=1999VeARI..35....1W }}</ref>
<!-- <ref name=fk6_1999>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Wielen | first1=R. | last2=Schwan | first2=H. | last3=Dettbarn | first3=C. | last4=Lenhardt | first4=H. | last5=Jahreiß | first5=H. | last6=Jährling | first6=R. | title=Sixth Catalogue of Fundamental Stars (FK6). Part I. Basic fundamental stars with direct solutions | journal=Veroeffentlichungen des Astronomischen Rechen-Instituts Heidelberg | publisher=Veröffentlichungen des Astronomisches Rechen-Institut Heidelberg | volume=35 | date=1999 | page=1 | bibcode=1999VeARI..35....1W }}</ref> -->


<ref name=araa11_29>{{citation | last1=Morgan | first1=W. W. | last2=Keenan | first2=P. C. | title=Spectral Classification | journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=11 | page=29 | date=1973 | doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.11.090173.000333 | bibcode=1973ARA&A..11...29M }}</ref>
<ref name=araa11_29>{{citation | last1=Morgan | first1=W. W. | last2=Keenan | first2=P. C. | title=Spectral Classification | journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=11 | page=29 | date=1973 | doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.11.090173.000333 | bibcode=1973ARA&A..11...29M }}</ref>

<ref name=Deka-Szymankiewicz>{{Cite journal |last1=Deka-Szymankiewicz |first1=B. |last2=Niedzielski |first2=A. |last3=Adamczyk |first3=M. |last4=Adamów |first4=M. |last5=Nowak |first5=G. |last6=Wolszczan |first6=A. |date=2018-07-01 |title=The Penn State - Toruń Centre for Astronomy Planet Search stars. IV. Dwarfs and the complete sample |bibcode=2018A&A...615A..31D |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=615 |pages=A31 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201731696 |issn=0004-6361|arxiv=1801.02899 }} [https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=J/A%2BA/615/A31&Tycho=0886-01326-1 Epsilon Virginis' database entry] at [[VizieR]].</ref>


}}
}}
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[[Category:Flamsteed objects|Virginis, 047]]
[[Category:Flamsteed objects|Virginis, 047]]
[[Category:Hipparcos objects|063608]]
[[Category:Hipparcos objects|063608]]
[[Category:HR objects|4932]]
[[Category:Bright Star Catalogue objects|4932]]
[[Category:Henry Draper Catalogue objects|113226]]
[[Category:Henry Draper Catalogue objects|113226]]
[[Category:Durchmusterung objects]]
[[Category:Durchmusterung objects]]

Latest revision as of 05:14, 31 December 2024

ε Virginis
(Vindemiatrix)
Location of ε Virginis (circled)
Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 (ICRS)
Constellation Virgo
Right ascension 13h 02m 10.5970s[1]
Declination +10° 57′ 32.9359″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V) +2.826[2]
Characteristics
Evolutionary stage Red clump[3]
Spectral type G8 III[4]
U−B color index +0.718[2]
B−V color index +0.940[2]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)−14.96±0.03[5] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: -273.393 mas/yr[1]
Dec.: +19.804 mas/yr[1]
Parallax (π)30.221 ± 0.1907 mas[1]
Distance107.9 ± 0.7 ly
(33.1 ± 0.2 pc)[1]
Absolute magnitude (MV)0.37 ± 0.06[6]
Details
Mass2.72±0.12[5] M☉
Radius11.98[7][8] R☉
Luminosity91.2[5] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)2.72±0.02[9] cgs
Temperature5,071[7] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]0.06±0.03[9] dex
Rotation173[10] days
Rotational velocity (v sin i)2.37±0.41[5] km/s
Age562,[5] 700[3] Myr
Other designations
Vindemiatrix, Vindemiator, Almuredin, Provindemiator, Protrigetrix, Protrygetor, Alaraph, 47 Virginis, BD+11°2529, FK5 488, HD 113226, HIP 63608, HR 4932, SAO 100384[11]
Database references
SIMBADdata

Epsilon Virginis (ε Virginis, abbreviated Epsilon Vir, ε Vir), formally named Vindemiatrix /vɪndiːmiˈeɪtrɪks/,[12][13] is a star in the zodiac constellation of Virgo. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is +2.8,[2] making it the third-brightest member of Virgo. Based upon parallax measurements made by the Gaia spacecraft, Vindemiatrix lies at a distance of about 108 light-years (33 parsecs) from the Sun, give or take 0.7 light-years.[1]

Stellar properties

[edit]

Vindemiatrix is a giant star with a stellar classification of G8 III.[4] With 2.7[5] times the mass of the Sun and at an age of 700 million years,[3] it has reached a stage in its evolution where the hydrogen fuel in its core is exhausted. It is believed to be a red clump star; a red giant star fusing helium into carbon in its core surrounded by a shell fusing hydrogen into helium. As a result, it has expanded to 12[7][8] times the Sun's size and is now radiating around 91[5] times as much luminosity as the Sun. This energy is being emitted from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 5,071 K,[7] which gives it the yellow-hued glow of a G-type star. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified.[14]

This star is a likely member of the thin disk population and the orbit departs by no more than 60 pc (200 ly) from the galactic plane.[15]

Nomenclature

[edit]

ε Virginis (Latinised to Epsilon Virginis) is the star's Bayer designation.

It bore the traditional names Vindemiatrix and Vindemiator, which come from Greek through the Latin vindēmiātrix, vindēmiātor meaning 'the grape-harvestress'. Additional medieval names are Almuredin /ælˈmjʊərədɪn/,[16] Alaraph, Provindemiator, Protrigetrix and Protrygetor.[17] In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)[18] to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016[19] included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Vindemiatrix for this star.

This star, along with Beta Virginis (Zavijava), Gamma Virginis (Porrima), Eta Virginis (Zaniah) and Delta Virginis (Minelauva), were Al ʽAwwāʼ, which is Arabic for 'the Barker'.[20]

In Chinese, 太微左垣 (Tài Wēi Zuǒ Yuán), meaning Left Wall of Supreme Palace Enclosure, refers to an asterism consisting of Epsilon Virginis, Eta Virginis, Gamma Virginis, Delta Virginis and Alpha Comae Berenices.[21] Consequently, the Chinese name for Epsilon Virginis itself is 太微左垣四 (Tài Wēi Zuǒ Yuán sì, English: the Fourth Star of Left Wall of Supreme Palace Enclosure.),[22] representing 東次將 (Dōngcìjiāng), meaning The Second Eastern General.[23] 東次將 (Dōngcìjiāng), westernized into Tsze Tseang by R.H. Allen and the meaning is "the Second General".[17]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv:2208.00211. Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. S2CID 244398875. Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
  2. ^ a b c d Gutierrez-Moreno, Adelina; et al. (1966), "A System of photometric standards", Publications of the Department of Astronomy University of Chile, 1, Publicaciones Universidad de Chile, Department de Astronomy: 1–17, Bibcode:1966PDAUC...1....1G
  3. ^ a b c Howes, Louise M.; Lindegren, Lennart; Feltzing, Sofia; Church, Ross P.; Bensby, Thomas (2019-02-01). "Estimating stellar ages and metallicities from parallaxes and broadband photometry: successes and shortcomings". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 622: A27. arXiv:1804.08321. Bibcode:2019A&A...622A..27H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833280. ISSN 0004-6361.
  4. ^ a b Morgan, W. W.; Keenan, P. C. (1973), "Spectral Classification", Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 11: 29, Bibcode:1973ARA&A..11...29M, doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.11.090173.000333
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Deka-Szymankiewicz, B.; Niedzielski, A.; Adamczyk, M.; Adamów, M.; Nowak, G.; Wolszczan, A. (2018-07-01). "The Penn State - Toruń Centre for Astronomy Planet Search stars. IV. Dwarfs and the complete sample". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 615: A31. arXiv:1801.02899. Bibcode:2018A&A...615A..31D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731696. ISSN 0004-6361. Epsilon Virginis' database entry at VizieR.
  6. ^ da Silva, L.; et al. (November 2006), "Basic physical parameters of a selected sample of evolved stars", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 458 (2): 609–623, arXiv:astro-ph/0608160, Bibcode:2006A&A...458..609D, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065105, S2CID 9341088
  7. ^ a b c d Gray, David F.; Kaur, Taranpreet (2019-09-01), "A Recipe for Finding Stellar Radii, Temperatures, Surface Gravities, Metallicities, and Masses Using Spectral Lines", The Astrophysical Journal, 882 (2): 148, Bibcode:2019ApJ...882..148G, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab2fce, ISSN 0004-637X
  8. ^ a b Baines, Ellyn K.; et al. (2018), "Fundamental Parameters of 87 Stars from the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer", The Astronomical Journal, 155 (1), 30, arXiv:1712.08109, Bibcode:2018AJ....155...30B, doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa9d8b, S2CID 119427037.
  9. ^ a b Soubiran, C.; Creevey, O. L.; Lagarde, N.; Brouillet, N.; Jofré, P.; Casamiquela, L.; Heiter, U.; Aguilera-Gómez, C.; Vitali, S.; Worley, C.; de Brito Silva, D. (2024-02-01), "Gaia FGK benchmark stars: Fundamental Teff and log g of the third version", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 682: A145, arXiv:2310.11302, Bibcode:2024A&A...682A.145S, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347136, ISSN 0004-6361 Epsilon Virginis' database entry at VizieR.
  10. ^ Setiawan, J.; et al. (July 2004), "Precise radial velocity measurements of G and K giants. Multiple systems and variability trend along the Red Giant Branch", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 421: 241–254, Bibcode:2004A&A...421..241S, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041042-1
  11. ^ "eps Vir". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved May 10, 2010.
  12. ^ "Vindemiatrix". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  13. ^ "IAU Catalog of Star Names". Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  14. ^ Garrison, R. F. (December 1993), "Anchor Points for the MK System of Spectral Classification", Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 25: 1319, Bibcode:1993AAS...183.1710G, archived from the original on 2019-06-25, retrieved 2012-02-04
  15. ^ Soubiran, C.; et al. (2008), "Vertical distribution of Galactic disk stars. IV. AMR and AVR from clump giants", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 480 (1): 91–101, arXiv:0712.1370, Bibcode:2008A&A...480...91S, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078788, S2CID 16602121
  16. ^ Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub. ISBN 978-1-931559-44-7.
  17. ^ a b Richard Hinckley Allen: Star Names — Their Lore and Meaning: Virgo
  18. ^ "IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)". Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  19. ^ "Bulletin of the IAU Working Group on Star Names, No. 1" (PDF). Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  20. ^ Allen, R. H. (1963), Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning (Reprint ed.), New York, NY: Dover Publications Inc, p. 469, ISBN 0-486-21079-0, retrieved 2010-12-12
  21. ^ (in Chinese) 中國星座神話, written by 陳久金. Published by 台灣書房出版有限公司, 2005, ISBN 978-986-7332-25-7.
  22. ^ (in Chinese) 香港太空館 - 研究資源 - 亮星中英對照表 Archived August 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Hong Kong Space Museum. Accessed on line November 23, 2010.
  23. ^ (in Chinese) English-Chinese Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Name Archived August 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Hong Kong Space Museum. Accessed on line November 23, 2010.
[edit]
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