Jump to content

Jonathan Walker (abolitionist): Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→Biography: added legacy divider
No edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile app edit iOS app edit App section source
 
(18 intermediate revisions by 12 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{More footnotes needed|date=March 2024}}{{Short description|American abolitionist (1799–1878)}}
⚫
[[File:JonathanWalkerPortrait.png|thumb|right|300px|Jonathan Walker in 1848 from an engraving in the book, ''Trial and imprisonment of Jonathan Walker: at Pensacola, Florida, for aiding slaves to escape from bondage'' published the [[Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society]] in [[Boston]].]]
{{For|other people named Jonathan Walker|Jonathan Walker (disambiguation){{!}}Jonathan Walker}}{{Infobox person
⚫
[[File:Jonathan Walker branded hand, 1845.png|thumb|right|300px|1845 [[daguerreotype]] of Walker's branded hand by photographers [[Southworth & Hawes]]. The image is reversed; it was his right hand that was branded.]]
| image = JonathanWalkerPortrait.png
⚫
| caption = Jonathan Walker in 1848 from an engraving in the book, ''Trial and imprisonment of Jonathan Walker: at Pensacola, Florida, for aiding slaves to escape from bondage'', published by the [[Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society]] in [[Boston]].
| other_names = The Man with the Branded Hand
| birth_date = 1799
| birth_place = [[Harwich, Massachusetts]], US
| death_date = May 1, 1878 (aged 77–78)
| occupation = Reformer, fisherman, railroad worker
| known_for = Arrested for helping runaway slaves
}}
⚫
[[File:Jonathan Walker branded hand, 1845.png|thumb|right|300px|1845 [[daguerreotype]] of Walker's branded hand by photographers [[Southworth & Hawes]].]]


'''Jonathan Walker''' (1799 – May 1, 1878), known as "The Man with the Branded Hand", was an American reformer who became a national hero in 1844 when he was tried and sentenced as a [[slavery|slave]] stealer following his attempt to help seven runaway slaves find freedom. He was branded on his hand by the [[United States Government]] with the markings "S S", for "Slave Stealer".
'''Jonathan Walker''' (1799 – May 1, 1878), known as "The Man with the Branded Hand", was an American [[fishing ship]] [[sea captain|captain]] and [[abolitionist]] who became a national hero in 1844 when he was tried and sentenced as a [[slavery|slave]] stealer following his attempt to help seven runaway slaves find freedom. He was branded on his hand by the [[United States Government]] with the markings "S S", for "Slave Stealer".


==Biography==
==Biography==


Jonathan Walker was born in [[Harwich, Massachusetts]]. During his youth in Massachusetts, Walker learned to sail and became captain of a fishing vessel. In early 1837, he went to [[Florida]] and became a railroad contractor. The condition of the slaves interested him, and in 1844 Walker aided several of them as they attempted to make escape in an open boat from the coast of Florida to the [[British West Indies]], where [[Slavery in the British and French Caribbean#Abolition|slavery had been abolished ten years before]]. After doubling the capes, Captain Walker fell seriously ill; the crew, being ignorant of navigation, would all have been drowned if a wrecking sloop had not rescued them and taken Walker to [[Key West]]. From there, he was sent in chains aboard {{USS|General Taylor}} to [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]], where he was put in prison, chained to the floor, and deprived of light and proper food. Walker later wrote about the degrading conditions inside the jailhouse and the brutality shown toward slaves there.
Jonathan Walker was born in [[Harwich, Massachusetts]] in 1799. During his youth in Massachusetts, Walker learned to sail and became captain of a fishing vessel. In early 1837, he went to [[Florida]] and became a railroad contractor. The condition of the slaves interested him, and in 1844 Walker aided several of them as they attempted to make escape in an open boat from the coast of Florida to the [[British West Indies]], where [[Slavery in the British and French Caribbean#Abolition|slavery had been abolished ten years before]]. After doubling the capes, Captain Walker fell seriously ill; the crew, being ignorant of navigation, would all have been drowned if a wrecking sloop had not rescued them and taken Walker to [[Key West]]. From there, he was sent in chains aboard {{USS|General Taylor}} to [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]], where he was put in prison, chained to the floor, and deprived of light and proper food. Walker later wrote about the degrading conditions inside the jailhouse and the brutality shown toward slaves there.

[[File:Photius Fisk Jonathan Walker Monument.png|thumb|150 px|left|Jonathan Walker Monument]]
Put on trial in federal court in Pensacola, Walker was convicted, heavily fined, and sentenced to be tied to a pillory, and publicly branded on his right hand with the letters "S S" (for "slave stealer"). But to sympathizers{{who|date=June 2018}} it meant "Slave Savior".) [[United States Marshal]] Eben Dorr, who also traded slaves, executed the branding with a hot iron.<ref>{{cite web|author=Karen Jeffrey |url=http://captjonathanwalker.blogspot.com/ |title=Captain Jonathan Walker |publisher=Captjonathanwalker.blogspot.com |date=2009-03-05 |accessdate=2017-10-20}}</ref> Walker was then returned to jail, confined eleven months, and released only after northern [[abolitionism|abolitionists]] paid his fine.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} For five years after his release, Walker lectured on slavery in the northern and western states. For instance, in 1847/48 he was on a four-and-a-half-month lecture tour together with [[John S. Jacobs]].
Put on trial in federal court in Pensacola, Walker was convicted, heavily fined, and sentenced to be tied to a pillory, and publicly branded on his right hand with the letters "S S" (for "slave stealer"). But to sympathizers,{{who|date=June 2018}} it meant "Slave Savior". [[United States Marshal]] Eben Dorr, who also traded slaves, executed the branding with a hot iron.<ref>{{cite web|author=Karen Jeffrey |url=http://captjonathanwalker.blogspot.com/ |title=Captain Jonathan Walker |publisher=Captjonathanwalker.blogspot.com |date=2009-03-05 |accessdate=2017-10-20}}</ref> Walker was then returned to jail, confined eleven months, and released only after Northern [[abolitionism|abolitionists]] paid his fine.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} For five years after his release, Walker lectured on slavery in the Northern and Western states. For instance, in 1847/48, he was on a four-and-a-half-month lecture tour together with [[John S. Jacobs]].


Walker—along with [[Stephen Symonds Foster]] and [[Abby Kelley|Abby Kelley Foster]], [[Sojourner Truth]], [[Marius Robinson]], and [[Sallie Holley]]—reorganized the [[Michigan Anti-Slavery Society]] in 1853 in [[Adrian, Michigan]].<ref name="Coggan">{{Cite journal |last=Coggan |first=Blanche |date=1964 |title=The Underground Railroad In Michigan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44174961 |journal=Negro History Bulletin |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=125–126 |jstor=44174961 |issn=0028-2529 |via=Jstor}}</ref> The state society was founded in 1836 in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]].<ref name="Mull">{{Cite web |last=Mull |first=Carol E. |title=Signal of Liberty |url=https://aadl.org/signalofliberty |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Ann Arbor District Library}}</ref>
Walker—along with [[Stephen Symonds Foster]] and [[Abby Kelley|Abby Kelley Foster]], [[Sojourner Truth]], [[Marius Robinson]], and [[Sallie Holley]]—reorganized the [[Michigan Anti-Slavery Society]] in 1853 in [[Adrian, Michigan]].<ref name="Coggan">{{Cite journal |last=Coggan |first=Blanche |date=1964 |title=The Underground Railroad In Michigan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44174961 |journal=Negro History Bulletin |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=125–126 |jstor=44174961 |issn=0028-2529 |via=Jstor}}</ref> The state society was founded in 1836 in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]].<ref name="Mull">{{Cite web |last=Mull |first=Carol E. |title=Signal of Liberty |url=https://aadl.org/signalofliberty |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Ann Arbor District Library}}</ref>
Line 14: Line 24:
He lived in [[Wisconsin]] in 1855 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D83S-HL8?cc=1443825&wc=M6PB-8ZS%3A37192501%2C37192502 |title=Wisconsin State Census, 1855, town of Lyndon, Sheboygan County |website=[[FamilySearch]] |accessdate=2019-02-12}}</ref> and 1860 <ref>United States Census, 1860; State of Wisconsin, County of Sheboygan, Town of Lindon, page 51, lines 4-10</ref> near [[Winooski, Wisconsin]]. He moved to [[Michigan]] around 1866 and lived near [[Muskegon, Michigan|Muskegon]].
He lived in [[Wisconsin]] in 1855 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-D83S-HL8?cc=1443825&wc=M6PB-8ZS%3A37192501%2C37192502 |title=Wisconsin State Census, 1855, town of Lyndon, Sheboygan County |website=[[FamilySearch]] |accessdate=2019-02-12}}</ref> and 1860 <ref>United States Census, 1860; State of Wisconsin, County of Sheboygan, Town of Lindon, page 51, lines 4-10</ref> near [[Winooski, Wisconsin]]. He moved to [[Michigan]] around 1866 and lived near [[Muskegon, Michigan|Muskegon]].


Jonathan Walker died on May 1, 1878, in Lake Harbor near [[Norton Shores, Michigan]]. He is buried at Evergreen Cemetery in Muskegon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/544/000132148/ |title=Jonathan Walker |publisher=Nndb.com |date= |accessdate=2017-10-20}}</ref> His wife Jane Gage Walker 1803-1871 is buried at Norton Cemetery, Norton Shores, MI. Their two youngest sons (born in 1843 and 1848) predeceased their parents, but two sons and five daughters survived both parents.
Jonathan Walker died on May 1, 1878, in Lake Harbor near [[Norton Shores, Michigan]]. He is buried at Evergreen Cemetery in Muskegon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/544/000132148/ |title=Jonathan Walker |publisher=Nndb.com |date= |accessdate=2017-10-20}}</ref> His wife Jane Gage Walker (1803-1871) is buried at Norton Cemetery, Norton Shores, Michigan. Their two youngest sons (born in 1843 and 1848) predeceased their parents, but two sons and five daughters survived both parents.


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
A monument was erected to Captain Walker's memory on August 1, 1878. The monument was funded by abolitionist [[Photius Fisk]], who funded several monuments for abolitionists.
[[File:Branded Hand Monument 2013.jpg|thumb|Walker's memorial, with an engraving of his branded hand]]
A monument was erected to Captain Walker's memory on August 1, 1878. The monument was funded by abolitionist [[Photius Fisk]], who funded several monuments for abolitionists.

[[File:Branded Hand Monument 2013.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Jane Gage Walker.jpg|thumb]]


The monument became a national shrine for those working towards racial justice.<ref>{{cite book |last= Hodge |first= Lyman F. |author-link= |date= 1891 |title= Photius Fisk A Biography |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=X-l_AdfbROMC&dq=Photius+Fisk+A+Biography+jonathan+walker&pg=PA147 |location= Boston, Mass |publisher= Lyman F. Hodge|page= 136 |isbn= }}</ref>
The monument became a national shrine for those working towards racial justice.<ref>{{cite book |last= Hodge |first= Lyman F. |author-link= |date= 1891 |title= Photius Fisk A Biography |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=X-l_AdfbROMC&dq=Photius+Fisk+A+Biography+jonathan+walker&pg=PA147 |location= Boston, Mass |publisher= Lyman F. Hodge|page= 136 |isbn= }}</ref>
Line 26: Line 34:
Walker was the subject of [[John Greenleaf Whittier|John Greenleaf Whittier's]] poem "The Branded Hand".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://readbookonline.org/readOnLine/8076/ |title=John Greenleaf Whittier's poem: The Branded Hand |accessdate=2015-02-03 }}</ref> Whittier learned about Walker by reading a book about him called ''Trial and Imprisonment of Jonathan Walker'' (1850).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/ashortsketchlif00kittgoog/ashortsketchlif00kittgoog_djvu.txt |title=Full text of "A Short Sketch of the Life and Services of Jonathan Walker: The Man with a Branded Hand with a ..." |date=2016-10-23 |publisher=Chronicle Steam Printing House |accessdate=2017-10-20}}</ref> The poem praised Walker's actions.<ref name=Ehrlich209>Ehrlich, Eugene and Gorton Carruth. ''The Oxford Illustrated Literary Guide to the United States''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982: 264. {{ISBN|0195031865}}</ref>
Walker was the subject of [[John Greenleaf Whittier|John Greenleaf Whittier's]] poem "The Branded Hand".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://readbookonline.org/readOnLine/8076/ |title=John Greenleaf Whittier's poem: The Branded Hand |accessdate=2015-02-03 }}</ref> Whittier learned about Walker by reading a book about him called ''Trial and Imprisonment of Jonathan Walker'' (1850).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/ashortsketchlif00kittgoog/ashortsketchlif00kittgoog_djvu.txt |title=Full text of "A Short Sketch of the Life and Services of Jonathan Walker: The Man with a Branded Hand with a ..." |date=2016-10-23 |publisher=Chronicle Steam Printing House |accessdate=2017-10-20}}</ref> The poem praised Walker's actions.<ref name=Ehrlich209>Ehrlich, Eugene and Gorton Carruth. ''The Oxford Illustrated Literary Guide to the United States''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982: 264. {{ISBN|0195031865}}</ref>


A plaque commemorating Walker was erected on the lawn next to the Harwich, Massachusetts, Historical Society. Another Rev. [[John Walker (abolitionist)|John Walker]] (1786–1845) was a Presbyterian minister and abolitionist in Pennsylvania and Ohio who founded [[Franklin College (New Athens, Ohio)|Franklin College]] in Ohio.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.therestorationmovement.com/walker.htm |title=John Walker |accessdate=2015-01-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203030332/http://www.therestorationmovement.com/walker.htm |archivedate=2015-02-03 }}</ref>
A plaque commemorating Walker was erected on the lawn next to the Harwich, Massachusetts, Historical Society. Another Rev. [[John Walker (abolitionist)|John Walker]] (1786–1845) was a Presbyterian minister and abolitionist in Pennsylvania and Ohio who founded [[Franklin College (New Athens, Ohio)|Franklin College]] in Ohio.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.therestorationmovement.com/walker.htm |title=John Walker |accessdate=2015-01-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203030332/http://www.therestorationmovement.com/walker.htm |archivedate=2015-02-03 }}</ref>

In 2013, Walker was inducted into the [[National Abolition Hall of Fame]], in [[Peterboro, New York]].


==See also==
==See also==
Line 45: Line 55:
|location=Boston
|location=Boston
|url=https://archive.org/details/trialimprisonmen00walkrich/page/n3/mode/2up}}
|url=https://archive.org/details/trialimprisonmen00walkrich/page/n3/mode/2up}}
*Jonathan Walker: The Man with the Branded Hand'' by Alvin F. Oickle. Westholme Publishing, 2011. {{ISBN|978-1-59416-136-0}}
*''Jonathan Walker: The Man with the Branded Hand'' by Alvin F. Oickle. Westholme Publishing, 2011. {{ISBN|978-1-59416-136-0}}
*''Branded Hand'' by Elmer Koppelmann{{ full citation needed}}
*''Branded Hand'' by Elmer Koppelmann{{full citation needed|date=November 2023}}
*Wilson, Henry, ''[[The History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America]]''. Boston, 1874.
*Wilson, Henry, ''[[The History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America]]''. Boston, 1874.
*"Trial and Imprisonment" by Jonathan Walker{{full citation needed}}
*"Trial and Imprisonment" by Jonathan Walker{{full citation needed|date=November 2023}}
* Jonathan Berger, "[http://www.mirrorofrace.org/show_interp.php?photo_id=18 White Suffering and the Branded Hand]", ''Mirror of Race''.
* Jonathan Berger, "[http://www.mirrorofrace.org/show_interp.php?photo_id=18 White Suffering and the Branded Hand]", ''Mirror of Race''.
* Kittredge, Frank Edward. 1899. ''The Man with the Branded Hand: An Authentic Sketch of the Life and Services of Capt. Jonathan Walker''. HL Wilson Printing Company.
* Kittredge, Frank Edward. 1899. ''The Man with the Branded Hand: An Authentic Sketch of the Life and Services of Capt. Jonathan Walker''. HL Wilson Printing Company.
Line 55: Line 65:
{{Appletons' poster|Walker, Jonathan|Jonathan Walker|year=1889}}
{{Appletons' poster|Walker, Jonathan|Jonathan Walker|year=1889}}
{{Commons category|Jonathan Walker (abolitionist)}}
{{Commons category|Jonathan Walker (abolitionist)}}
⚫
*[https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/african-american-odyssey/abolition.html#obj9 Woodcut of Walker's branded hand]
*[http://www.masshist.org/online/gallery/doc-viewer.php?pid=16&item_id=154 Massachusetts Historical Society]
⚫
*[https://www.mirrorofrace.org/infopage/082.php Portrait of Captain Walker {reference only}]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=fnQFAAAAQAAJ&q=%22jonathan+walker%22 Walker's personal account] of his ordeal.
*[https://archive.org/stream/trialimprisonmen00walk#page/n3/mode/2up Portrait & Signature]
⚫
*[http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart3.html Woodcut of Walker's branded hand]
⚫
*[http://www.mirrorofrace.org/infopage/082.php Portrait of Captain Walker {reference only}]
*[https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS312 Wisconsin Historical Society Essay-The Man with the Branded Hand]
*[https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS312 Wisconsin Historical Society Essay-The Man with the Branded Hand]
* {{ws|[[John Greenleaf Whittier]], "[[s:The Branded Hand|The Branded Hand]]," a poem}}
* {{ws|[[John Greenleaf Whittier]], "[[s:The Branded Hand|The Branded Hand]]," a poem}}

Latest revision as of 09:25, 31 December 2024

For other people named Jonathan Walker, see Jonathan Walker.
Jonathan Walker
Jonathan Walker in 1848 from an engraving in the book, Trial and imprisonment of Jonathan Walker: at Pensacola, Florida, for aiding slaves to escape from bondage, published by the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society in Boston.
Born1799
Harwich, Massachusetts, US
DiedMay 1, 1878 (aged 77–78)
Other namesThe Man with the Branded Hand
Occupation(s)Reformer, fisherman, railroad worker
Known forArrested for helping runaway slaves
1845 daguerreotype of Walker's branded hand by photographers Southworth & Hawes.

Jonathan Walker (1799 – May 1, 1878), known as "The Man with the Branded Hand", was an American fishing ship captain and abolitionist who became a national hero in 1844 when he was tried and sentenced as a slave stealer following his attempt to help seven runaway slaves find freedom. He was branded on his hand by the United States Government with the markings "S S", for "Slave Stealer".

Biography

[edit]

Jonathan Walker was born in Harwich, Massachusetts in 1799. During his youth in Massachusetts, Walker learned to sail and became captain of a fishing vessel. In early 1837, he went to Florida and became a railroad contractor. The condition of the slaves interested him, and in 1844 Walker aided several of them as they attempted to make escape in an open boat from the coast of Florida to the British West Indies, where slavery had been abolished ten years before. After doubling the capes, Captain Walker fell seriously ill; the crew, being ignorant of navigation, would all have been drowned if a wrecking sloop had not rescued them and taken Walker to Key West. From there, he was sent in chains aboard USS General Taylor to Pensacola, where he was put in prison, chained to the floor, and deprived of light and proper food. Walker later wrote about the degrading conditions inside the jailhouse and the brutality shown toward slaves there.

Put on trial in federal court in Pensacola, Walker was convicted, heavily fined, and sentenced to be tied to a pillory, and publicly branded on his right hand with the letters "S S" (for "slave stealer"). But to sympathizers,[who?] it meant "Slave Savior". United States Marshal Eben Dorr, who also traded slaves, executed the branding with a hot iron.[1] Walker was then returned to jail, confined eleven months, and released only after Northern abolitionists paid his fine.[citation needed] For five years after his release, Walker lectured on slavery in the Northern and Western states. For instance, in 1847/48, he was on a four-and-a-half-month lecture tour together with John S. Jacobs.

Walker—along with Stephen Symonds Foster and Abby Kelley Foster, Sojourner Truth, Marius Robinson, and Sallie Holley—reorganized the Michigan Anti-Slavery Society in 1853 in Adrian, Michigan.[2] The state society was founded in 1836 in Ann Arbor, Michigan.[3]

He lived in Wisconsin in 1855 [4] and 1860 [5] near Winooski, Wisconsin. He moved to Michigan around 1866 and lived near Muskegon.

Jonathan Walker died on May 1, 1878, in Lake Harbor near Norton Shores, Michigan. He is buried at Evergreen Cemetery in Muskegon.[6] His wife Jane Gage Walker (1803-1871) is buried at Norton Cemetery, Norton Shores, Michigan. Their two youngest sons (born in 1843 and 1848) predeceased their parents, but two sons and five daughters survived both parents.

Legacy

[edit]
Walker's memorial, with an engraving of his branded hand

A monument was erected to Captain Walker's memory on August 1, 1878. The monument was funded by abolitionist Photius Fisk, who funded several monuments for abolitionists.

The monument became a national shrine for those working towards racial justice.[7]

Walker was the subject of John Greenleaf Whittier's poem "The Branded Hand".[8] Whittier learned about Walker by reading a book about him called Trial and Imprisonment of Jonathan Walker (1850).[9] The poem praised Walker's actions.[10]

A plaque commemorating Walker was erected on the lawn next to the Harwich, Massachusetts, Historical Society. Another Rev. John Walker (1786–1845) was a Presbyterian minister and abolitionist in Pennsylvania and Ohio who founded Franklin College in Ohio.[11]

In 2013, Walker was inducted into the National Abolition Hall of Fame, in Peterboro, New York.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Karen Jeffrey (2009-03-05). "Captain Jonathan Walker". Captjonathanwalker.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2017-10-20.
  2. ^ Coggan, Blanche (1964). "The Underground Railroad In Michigan". Negro History Bulletin. 27 (5): 125–126. ISSN 0028-2529. JSTOR 44174961 – via Jstor.
  3. ^ Mull, Carol E. "Signal of Liberty". Ann Arbor District Library. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
  4. ^ "Wisconsin State Census, 1855, town of Lyndon, Sheboygan County". FamilySearch. Retrieved 2019-02-12.
  5. ^ United States Census, 1860; State of Wisconsin, County of Sheboygan, Town of Lindon, page 51, lines 4-10
  6. ^ "Jonathan Walker". Nndb.com. Retrieved 2017-10-20.
  7. ^ Hodge, Lyman F. (1891). Photius Fisk A Biography. Boston, Mass: Lyman F. Hodge. p. 136.
  8. ^ "John Greenleaf Whittier's poem: The Branded Hand". Retrieved 2015-02-03.
  9. ^ "Full text of "A Short Sketch of the Life and Services of Jonathan Walker: The Man with a Branded Hand with a ..."". Chronicle Steam Printing House. 2016-10-23. Retrieved 2017-10-20.
  10. ^ Ehrlich, Eugene and Gorton Carruth. The Oxford Illustrated Literary Guide to the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982: 264. ISBN 0195031865
  11. ^ "John Walker". Archived from the original on 2015-02-03. Retrieved 2015-01-26.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Wikisource has the text of a 1889 Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography article about Jonathan Walker.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jonathan Walker (abolitionist).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Walker_(abolitionist)&oldid=1266381710"