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Coordinates: 40°52′40″N 29°05′30″E / 40.87778°N 29.09167°E / 40.87778; 29.09167
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{{Short description|Island in Turkey}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Halki (Greece)|Halki]] in the [[Dodecanese]]}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Halki (Greece)|Halki]] in the [[Dodecanese]]}}


{{Infobox Turkey place
⚫
[[File:P ost pirgos akad.jpg|thumb|[[Turkish Naval High School|Naval Cadet School]] in Heybeliada]]
| type = neighbourhood
⚫
[[File:Heybeliada.jpg|thumb|View from the [[Sea of Marmara]]]]
| province = Istanbul
| district = Adalar
| name = Heybeliada
| population_total = 4424
| population_as_of = 2022
⚫
| coordinates = {{coord|40|52|40|N|29|05|30|E|display=it}}
| image_skyline = P ost pirgos akad.jpg
⚫
| image_caption = [[Turkish Naval High School|Naval Cadet School]] in Heybeliada
}}
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[[File:Heybeliada.jpg|thumb|View from north–northeast]]


'''Heybeliada''' or '''Heybeli Ada''' ({{lang-el|Χάλκη}}, ''Halki'') is the second largest of the [[Prince Islands]] in the [[Sea of Marmara]], near [[Istanbul]]. It is officially a neighborhood in the [[Adalar]] district of [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]].
'''Heybeliada,''' or '''Heybeli Ada,''' is the second largest of the [[Princes' Islands]] in the [[Sea of Marmara]], near [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]. It is officially a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of [[Adalar]], [[Istanbul Province]], [[Turkey]].<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Mahalle], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.</ref> Its population is 4,424 (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |access-date=12 July 2023|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=en|format=XLS}}</ref> Its name, meaning 'with a saddlebag' in Turkish, in supposed reference to the valley between two hills.


⚫
The island was known as ''Halki'', ''Halkitis'' ({{langx|el|Χαλκίτις}}) and ''Demonesos'' ({{lang|el|Δημόνησος}}) in antiquity, the first two toponyms deriving from the Greek word ''halkos'' ({{langx|el|χαλκός}}), meaning [[copper]]. The island was famous for its copper and copper ores in antiquity.<ref>[http://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/php/pdf_pager.php?rec=/metadata/d/c/a/metadata-cebaf0c8426d3af9cabd1235e6d2709e_1266485006.tkl&do=245057.pdf&pageno=3&pagestart=1&width=1031&height=728&maxpage=107&lang=el Moges Xenophon, “The Greek School of Commerce in Halki”] (Μογές Δ. Ξενοφών, Η εν Χάλκη Ελληνεμπορική Σχολή). Constantinople, 1875, p. 5-8, citing [[Artemidorus of Ephesus]] Natural History, and (Pseudo)Aristotle, [[On Marvellous Things Heard]], vol. 16, p. 191</ref>
⚫
The large [[Turkish Navy|Naval Cadet School]] overlooks the jetty to the left as you get off the [[İDO|ferry or seabus]]. There are two interesting pieces of architecture on the grounds of the school. One is ''Kamariotissa'', the only remaining [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]] church on the island, and more importantly the last church to be built before the conquest of [[Constantinople]]. The other is the grave of [[Edward Barton (English diplomat)|Edward Barton]], the second English Ambassador to be sent to Constantinople by [[Elizabeth I of England]], who spent his last days in Heybeli in order to escape the plague raging through the city in 1598. His remains were later relocated to the British Cemetery in the Haydarpaşa quarter of the [[Üsküdar]] district.


In winter the island's population is only about 4,400, but in summer, the owners of summer houses return and the population swells to approximately 30,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freely |first=John |title=The Princes' Islands |publisher=Adalı Yayınları |year=2007 |isbn=978-9759119003 |edition=1st |location=Istanbul |pages=48–67 |language=English}}</ref>
[[File:Adalar 6954.jpg|thumb|left|Halki Theological School in Heybeliada]]


Launched in 2008, [[TCG Heybeliada|TCG ''Heybeliada'']], used by the [[Turkish Naval Forces|Turkish Navy]] is named after the island.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TCG Heybeliada (F-511) |url=https://www.militaryfactory.com/ships/detail.php?ship_id=TCG-Heybeliada-F511 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=www.militaryfactory.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
To the right of the jetty lies the town with its bars and cafés, a hotel that stays open all year round, and many lovely [[Ottoman architecture|Ottoman]] era wooden houses.


Until 2020, the only vehicles permitted on the island were ambulances, fire tenders, police cars etc.; the only official form of transport was by horse-drawn [[Phaeton (carriage)|phaeton]]. However, as tourism steadily increased animal-rights activists became increasingly concerned about the horses' welfare and so the phaetons were withdrawn in favour of electric vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-13 |title=Phaetons removed in Princes' Islands |url=https://www.kartal24.com/en/phaetons-removed-in-adalar |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Kartal 24 |language=en}}</ref>
At the top of the central mountain is an 11th-century [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] [[monastery]] which houses the currently defunct [[Halki seminary]], the main Greek Orthodox [[seminary]] in Turkey and Theological Seminary of the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]]. In 1971, parts of the Private University Law were ruled unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court of Turkey; subsequently all private institutions of higher education either became part of the state universities or closed down. Halki's Board of Trustees refused to have it become a part of the [[University of Istanbul]]. Consequently, the seminary section of the Halki Theological School was closed down. The high school section is still open, but no longer has students. The monastery attracts tourists from all over [[Greece]] and Turkey.


The island is served by [[Şehir Hatları|Şehir Hatları ferries]] from [[Kabataş, Beyoğlu|Kabataş]] and [[Eminönü]] on the European side of İstanbul and [[Kadıköy]] and [[Bostancı|Bostanci]] on the Asian side.
To prevent the island from becoming polluted, the only motorized vehicles permitted on the island are service vehicles (ambulance, fire, police, and the like), the only forms of transport are by [[walking|foot]], bicycle, [[horse and buggy]] and [[Transport|service transport]]. There is no airport; the only way of getting there is by boat. İsmet İnönü's house - second President of Turkey - is also located on Heybeliada and serves as a museum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ismetinonu.org.tr/index.php|website=Inonu Foundation}}</ref>


== Geography ==
⚫
The winter population of the island is around 3,000, but in the summer, the owners of the summer houses return and the population swells to approximately 10,000 people. The main attractions during the summer are small-scale open-air concerts laid on the local council, a swimming and fitness club next to the sea, and an annual Independence Day march which is commemorated by a resident naval band touring the island.
Heybeli only covers 2.35 sqm{{clarify|reason= Something is very wrong here - should it be sqkm?!|date=November 2023}} but has four hills - Ümit Tepesi (Hope Hill, 85m/278&nbsp;ft), Değirmen Tepesi (Mill Hill, 136m/446&nbsp;ft), Köy Tepesi (Village Hill, 128m/420&nbsp;ft) and Baltıcıoğlu Tepes (Woodcutter's Son Hill, 98m/322&nbsp;ft).


TCG ''Heybeliada'', the lead ship of the twelve [[Milgem]] class [[corvette]]s (first eight) and [[frigate]]s (last four) that are being built for the [[Turkish Navy]], is named after the island.


Climate Data
==Historical aspects==
⚫
The island was known as ''Halki'', ''Halkitis'' ({{lang-el|Χαλκίτις}}) and ''Demonesos'' (Δημόνησος) in antiquity. The first two toponyms derive from the Greek word ''halkos'' ({{lang-el|χαλκός}}) for [[copper]]. The island was a famous source of copper and copper ores in antiquity.<ref>[http://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/php/pdf_pager.php?rec=/metadata/d/c/a/metadata-cebaf0c8426d3af9cabd1235e6d2709e_1266485006.tkl&do=245057.pdf&pageno=3&pagestart=1&width=1031&height=728&maxpage=107&lang=el Moges Xenophon, “The Greek School of Commerce in Halki” (Μογές Δ. Ξενοφών, Η εν Χάλκη Ελληνεμπορική Σχολή). Constantinople, 1875, p. 5-8, citing [[Artemidorus of Ephesus]] Natural History, and (Pseudo)Aristotle, [[On Marvellous Things Heard]], vol. 16, p. 191]</ref>


Heybeliada is a place where winters are quite mild. In the coldest month, the day is 9 degrees and the night is 6 degrees, and there is almost no frost throughout the year. The lowest temperature in winter is 0 degrees. This climate supports many tropical plants. Therefore, species such as Bougainvillea, Duranta Erecta, Brugmansia and Canna Indica grow easily on the island.
On one of the hills of the island, the monastery of Holy Trinity ({{lang-el|ΜΟΝΗ ΑΓΙΑΣ ΤΡΙΑΔΟΣ}}) was founded by patriarch [[Photios I of Constantinople]] (9th c.). This was burned in the mid 16th century and again in 1831, and was finally reconstructed by patriarch [[Germanus IV of Constantinople]] in 1844.


== Attractions ==
In the south-east of the island, a monastery of Saint George was founded by emperor [[John VIII Palaiologos]] (ruling from 1425 to 1448), later dedicated to [[Theotokos]] (Virgin Mary). After many destructive events, the monastery was rebuilt by [[Alexander Ypsilantis (1725–1805)|Alexander Ypsilantis]] at the end of 18th century.<ref>[http://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/php/pdf_pager.php?rec=/metadata/d/c/a/metadata-cebaf0c8426d3af9cabd1235e6d2709e_1266485006.tkl&do=245057.pdf&pageno=12&pagestart=1&width=1031&height=728&maxpage=107&lang=el Moges Xenophon, “The Greek School of Commerce in Halki” (Μογές Δ. Ξενοφών, Η εν Χάλκη Ελληνεμπορική Σχολή). Constantinople, 1875, pp. 18-64]. In Greek.</ref> In 19th and early 20th centuries it housed Greek schools, most notably the [[Halki seminary]].
⚫
The island's main attractions in summer are small-scale open-air concerts and a swimming and fitness club beside the sea. The annual Independence Day march on 29 October is celebrated by the resident naval band touring the island.


⚫
A large [[Naval High School (Turkey)|Naval High School]], originally founded in 1773, overlooks the jetty. In its grounds is ''Kamariotissa'', the only remaining [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]] church on the island, and, more importantly, the last church to be built before the conquest of [[Constantinople]]. It is not open to the public. Also in the grounds is the grave of [[Edward Barton (diplomat)|Edward Barton]], the second English Ambassador sent to Constantinople by [[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth I of England]], who spent his last days on Heybeli to escape an outbreak of plague raging through the city in 1598. His gravestone was later relocated to the [[Haydarpaşa Cemetery|British War Graves Cemetery]] in the [[Haydarpaşa]] quarter of [[Üsküdar]].
⚫
==External links==

⚫
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFH1FJSaytM Heybeliada (Prince island) / istanbul / Turkey], published in youtube.com on Jan 21, 2014, by Aydın Şevik.
The '''monastery of Hagios Georgios tou Kremnou''' (St George on the Cliff) was founded in the late 16th century and was often used as a haven for the local Greek population when plague hit the mainland. Another monastery, built in the late 19th century and dedicated to '''Hagios Spyridon''', is in ruins.
⚫
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRR3bMJVmyI A tour of the island] photos, greek title and legends, published in youtube.com on Apr 10, 2015 by Sokratis Bahlas.

{{commons category|Heybeliada}}
'''Mavromatakis Köşkü''', a house belonging to [[İsmet İnönü]], the second President of Turkey who was a regular visitor to the island, is sometimes open as a museum.<ref>{{cite web |title=İnönü Vakfı, İsmet İnönü, İsmet İnönü Kimdir, İsmet İnönü Hayatı, İsmet İnönü Resimleri |url=http://www.ismetinonu.org.tr/index.php |website=Inonu Foundation}}</ref>
⚫
*[http://www.ibb.gov.tr/sites/ks/en-US/1-Places-To-Go/islands/Pages/heybeliada.aspx Heybeliada] at Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality website

In the centre of Halki Town is the '''Greek Orthodox church of Hagios Nikoloas''' (St Nicholas), built in 1857 on the site of an older Byzantine church. It contains a spring (''ayazma'') dedicated to Hagia Paraskevi. Nearby are the '''Ben Yazkor synagogue''' and '''Heybeliada Cami''', their proximity recalling more cosmopolitan times.

Like [[Büyükada]], Heybeliada has many fine 19th-century mansions especially on Lozan Zeferi and Refah Şehitler Streets. They are all listed in John Freely's book on the islands.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freely |first=John |title=The Princes' Islands |publisher=Adalı Yayınları |year=2007 |isbn=978-9759119003 |edition=1st |location=Istanbul |pages=52–53 |language=English}}</ref> Published in 2006 Mary Ann Whitten's book, ''An Island in Istanbul: At Home on Heybeliada'', recounts the story of an American couple who bought one of the old houses to live in.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Whitten |first=M A |title=An Island in Istanbul: At Home on Heybeliada |publisher=Adalı Yayınları |year=2006 |isbn=9759119056 |edition=1st |location=Istanbul |language=English}}</ref>

== The Halki Seminary ==
On Ümit Tepesi (Hope Hill) in the centre of the island is the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] [[monastery]] of Hagia Triada ({{langx|el|Μονή Αγίας Τριάδας}}; "Monastery of the Holy Trinity"). Its origins are shrouded in mystery but it was restored by patriarch [[Photios I of Constantinople]] who was buried there in the 9th century. The monastery was destroyed in 1453 but rebuilt and given an extensive library in 1550. It burned down again in 1821, and was finally reconstructed by patriarch [[Germanus IV of Constantinople]] in 1844 when it became home to the [[Halki seminary|Halki Theological Seminary]] ({{langx|el|Ιερά Θεολογική Σχολή της Χάλκης}}) of the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]], the main Greek Orthodox [[seminary]] in Turkey. In 1894 it was again destroyed, this time by an earthquake, only to be rebuilt two years later by Perikles Photiades.

The Seminary has had a very chequered history and in 1971, parts of Turkey's Private University Law were ruled unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court, forcing all private institutions of higher education to become parts of state universities or close down. Halki's Board of Trustees refused to let it become part of the [[Istanbul University|University of Istanbul]] so the seminary was shuttered. Its closure made it impossible to train any more Greek Orthodox clergy within Turkey and has proved very controversial, with [[President Erdoğan]] suggesting in 2021 that it might be reopened independently if Greece improved conditions for the Turkish Muslim population of Thrace.<ref>{{Cite web |title='For 50 years, Greek Orthodox Patriarchate has refused to open Halki Seminary under faculty of theology' |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/for-50-years-greek-orthodox-patriarchate-has-refused-to-open-halki-seminary-under-faculty-of-theology-/2318522 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref>

== Famous Residents of Heybeliada ==

* [[İsmet İnönü|İsmet Inönü]], second president of Turkey
* [[Edward Barton (diplomat)|Edward Barton]], second ambassador of Queen Elizabeth I to Constantinople
* [[Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar]], Turkish novelist and politician
* [[Nicodemus I of Jerusalem|Nicodemus I]], patriarch of Jerusalem
* Ahmet Rasım, Turkish writer and historian


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


⚫
== External links ==
⚫
{{coord|40|52|40|N|29|05|30|E|display=title}}
⚫
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFH1FJSaytM Heybeliada (Prince island) / istanbul / Turkey], published on YouTube.com on Jan 21, 2014, by Aydın Şevik.
⚫
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRR3bMJVmyI A tour of the island] photos, Greek title and legends, published on YouTube.com on Apr 10, 2015 by Sokratis Bahlas.
⚫
*[http://www.ibb.gov.tr/sites/ks/en-US/1-Places-To-Go/islands/Pages/heybeliada.aspx Heybeliada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708012346/http://www.ibb.gov.tr/sites/ks/en-US/1-Places-To-Go/islands/Pages/heybeliada.aspx |date=2017-07-08 }} at Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality website

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal|url=https://archives.saltresearch.org/bitstream/123456789/129156/358/PFSIF9170524B001.jpg|title=Autour de Halki|journal=[[Servet-i Fünun|Servet-i-Funoun Partie Française]]|date=1917-05-24|issue=1349|volume=LII|language=fr}} - [https://archives.saltresearch.org/bitstream/123456789/129156/359/PFSIF9170524B002.jpg Page 2] - [https://archives.saltresearch.org/bitstream/123456789/129156/360/PFSIF9170524B003.jpg Page 3]

{{Islands of Turkey}}
{{Islands of Turkey}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Islands of the Sea of Marmara]]
[[Category:Islands of the Sea of Marmara]]

Latest revision as of 10:13, 2 January 2025

Not to be confused with Halki in the Dodecanese.
Heybeliada
Neighbourhood
Naval Cadet School in Heybeliada
Naval Cadet School in Heybeliada
Heybeliada is located in Turkey
Heybeliada
Heybeliada
Location in Turkey
Heybeliada is located in Istanbul
Heybeliada
Heybeliada
Heybeliada (Istanbul)
Coordinates: 40°52′40″N 29°05′30″E / 40.87778°N 29.09167°E / 40.87778; 29.09167
CountryTurkey
ProvinceIstanbul
DistrictAdalar
Population
 (2022)
4,424
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
View from north–northeast

Heybeliada, or Heybeli Ada, is the second largest of the Princes' Islands in the Sea of Marmara, near Istanbul, Turkey. It is officially a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Adalar, Istanbul Province, Turkey.[1] Its population is 4,424 (2022).[2] Its name, meaning 'with a saddlebag' in Turkish, in supposed reference to the valley between two hills.

The island was known as Halki, Halkitis (Greek: Χαλκίτις) and Demonesos (Δημόνησος) in antiquity, the first two toponyms deriving from the Greek word halkos (Greek: χαλκός), meaning copper. The island was famous for its copper and copper ores in antiquity.[3]

In winter the island's population is only about 4,400, but in summer, the owners of summer houses return and the population swells to approximately 30,000.[4]

Launched in 2008, TCG Heybeliada, used by the Turkish Navy is named after the island.[5]

Until 2020, the only vehicles permitted on the island were ambulances, fire tenders, police cars etc.; the only official form of transport was by horse-drawn phaeton. However, as tourism steadily increased animal-rights activists became increasingly concerned about the horses' welfare and so the phaetons were withdrawn in favour of electric vehicles.[6]

The island is served by Şehir Hatları ferries from Kabataş and Eminönü on the European side of İstanbul and Kadıköy and Bostanci on the Asian side.

Geography

[edit]

Heybeli only covers 2.35 sqm[clarification needed] but has four hills - Ümit Tepesi (Hope Hill, 85m/278 ft), Değirmen Tepesi (Mill Hill, 136m/446 ft), Köy Tepesi (Village Hill, 128m/420 ft) and Baltıcıoğlu Tepes (Woodcutter's Son Hill, 98m/322 ft).


Climate Data

Heybeliada is a place where winters are quite mild. In the coldest month, the day is 9 degrees and the night is 6 degrees, and there is almost no frost throughout the year. The lowest temperature in winter is 0 degrees. This climate supports many tropical plants. Therefore, species such as Bougainvillea, Duranta Erecta, Brugmansia and Canna Indica grow easily on the island.

Attractions

[edit]

The island's main attractions in summer are small-scale open-air concerts and a swimming and fitness club beside the sea. The annual Independence Day march on 29 October is celebrated by the resident naval band touring the island.

A large Naval High School, originally founded in 1773, overlooks the jetty. In its grounds is Kamariotissa, the only remaining Byzantine church on the island, and, more importantly, the last church to be built before the conquest of Constantinople. It is not open to the public. Also in the grounds is the grave of Edward Barton, the second English Ambassador sent to Constantinople by Elizabeth I of England, who spent his last days on Heybeli to escape an outbreak of plague raging through the city in 1598. His gravestone was later relocated to the British War Graves Cemetery in the Haydarpaşa quarter of Üsküdar.

The monastery of Hagios Georgios tou Kremnou (St George on the Cliff) was founded in the late 16th century and was often used as a haven for the local Greek population when plague hit the mainland. Another monastery, built in the late 19th century and dedicated to Hagios Spyridon, is in ruins.

Mavromatakis Köşkü, a house belonging to İsmet İnönü, the second President of Turkey who was a regular visitor to the island, is sometimes open as a museum.[7]

In the centre of Halki Town is the Greek Orthodox church of Hagios Nikoloas (St Nicholas), built in 1857 on the site of an older Byzantine church. It contains a spring (ayazma) dedicated to Hagia Paraskevi. Nearby are the Ben Yazkor synagogue and Heybeliada Cami, their proximity recalling more cosmopolitan times.

Like Büyükada, Heybeliada has many fine 19th-century mansions especially on Lozan Zeferi and Refah Şehitler Streets. They are all listed in John Freely's book on the islands.[8] Published in 2006 Mary Ann Whitten's book, An Island in Istanbul: At Home on Heybeliada, recounts the story of an American couple who bought one of the old houses to live in.[9]

The Halki Seminary

[edit]

On Ümit Tepesi (Hope Hill) in the centre of the island is the Greek Orthodox monastery of Hagia Triada (Greek: Μονή Αγίας Τριάδας; "Monastery of the Holy Trinity"). Its origins are shrouded in mystery but it was restored by patriarch Photios I of Constantinople who was buried there in the 9th century. The monastery was destroyed in 1453 but rebuilt and given an extensive library in 1550. It burned down again in 1821, and was finally reconstructed by patriarch Germanus IV of Constantinople in 1844 when it became home to the Halki Theological Seminary (Greek: Ιερά Θεολογική Σχολή της Χάλκης) of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, the main Greek Orthodox seminary in Turkey. In 1894 it was again destroyed, this time by an earthquake, only to be rebuilt two years later by Perikles Photiades.

The Seminary has had a very chequered history and in 1971, parts of Turkey's Private University Law were ruled unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court, forcing all private institutions of higher education to become parts of state universities or close down. Halki's Board of Trustees refused to let it become part of the University of Istanbul so the seminary was shuttered. Its closure made it impossible to train any more Greek Orthodox clergy within Turkey and has proved very controversial, with President Erdoğan suggesting in 2021 that it might be reopened independently if Greece improved conditions for the Turkish Muslim population of Thrace.[10]

Famous Residents of Heybeliada

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  2. ^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  3. ^ Moges Xenophon, “The Greek School of Commerce in Halki” (Μογές Δ. Ξενοφών, Η εν Χάλκη Ελληνεμπορική Σχολή). Constantinople, 1875, p. 5-8, citing Artemidorus of Ephesus Natural History, and (Pseudo)Aristotle, On Marvellous Things Heard, vol. 16, p. 191
  4. ^ Freely, John (2007). The Princes' Islands (1st ed.). Istanbul: Adalı Yayınları. pp. 48–67. ISBN 978-9759119003.
  5. ^ "TCG Heybeliada (F-511)". www.militaryfactory.com. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
  6. ^ "Phaetons removed in Princes' Islands". Kartal 24. 2020-08-13. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
  7. ^ "İnönü Vakfı, İsmet İnönü, İsmet İnönü Kimdir, İsmet İnönü Hayatı, İsmet İnönü Resimleri". Inonu Foundation.
  8. ^ Freely, John (2007). The Princes' Islands (1st ed.). Istanbul: Adalı Yayınları. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-9759119003.
  9. ^ Whitten, M A (2006). An Island in Istanbul: At Home on Heybeliada (1st ed.). Istanbul: Adalı Yayınları. ISBN 9759119056.
  10. ^ "'For 50 years, Greek Orthodox Patriarchate has refused to open Halki Seminary under faculty of theology'". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
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