Jump to content

ZPU: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
→External links: link to Commons is now defined on Wikidata
 
(28 intermediate revisions by 17 users not shown)
Line 2: Line 2:
{{For|the ZPU microprocessor|ZPU (microprocessor)}}
{{For|the ZPU microprocessor|ZPU (microprocessor)}}
{{Infobox weapon
{{Infobox weapon
|name= ZPU anti-aircraft gun
| name = ZPU anti-aircraft gun
|image= ZPU morrocan.jpg |caption=ZPU-2
| image = Moroccan ZPU-2 in Land Cruiser.jpg
| caption = ZPU-2
|origin= [[Soviet Union]]
| origin = [[Soviet Union]]
|type= [[Anti-aircraft gun]]<br>
| type = [[Anti-aircraft gun]]<br>[[Heavy machine gun]]
<!-- Type selection -->
|is_ranged=YES
<!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged = YES
|is_bladed=
| is_bladed =
|is_explosive=
| is_explosive =
|is_artillery=YES
| is_artillery = YES
|is_vehicle=
| is_vehicle = <!-- Service history -->
| service = 1949–present
<!-- Service history -->
| used_by = See ''[[ZPU#Operators|Operators]]'' for users
|service= 1949–present
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->| cartridge = [[14.5x114]]mm
|used_by=See Operators for users
| caliber = 14.5 mm
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
| barrels = 1-4
|cartridge= [[14.5x114]]
| action = Short recoil operation
|caliber=14.5 mm
| wars = See ''[[ZPU#Wars|Wars]]'' for wars
|barrels=1-4
<!-- Production history -->| designer =
|action= Short recoil operation
| design_date =
|wars= {{Plainlist|
| manufacturer = Zpu
* [[Korean War]]
| production_date =
* [[Invasion of Panama]]
| number =
* [[Vietnam War]]
| variants = ZPU-1, ZPU-2, ZPU-4
* [[Yom Kippur War]]
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->| rate =
* [[Rhodesian Bush War]]
| velocity =
* [[Western Sahara War]]
| range = {{convert|1.4|km|abbr=on}}
* [[Angolan Civil War]]
| max_range = {{convert|8|km|abbr=on}}
* [[Cambodian Civil War]]
| feed = 150 round belt each
* [[Lebanese Civil War]]
| sights =
* [[Soviet–Afghan War]]
* [[South African Border War]]
* [[Somali Civil War]]
* [[Gulf War]]
* [[Georgian Civil War]]
* [[South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)]]
* [[First Chechen War]]
* [[Second Congo War]]<ref name="Cooper">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uXZAwAAQBAJ|title=Great Lakes Conflagration: Second Congo War, 1998–2003|last=Cooper|first=Tom|publisher=Helion & Company Limited|year=2013|isbn=978-1-920143-84-8|location=UK|page=39}}</ref>
* [[Second Chechen War]]
* [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
* [[Iraq War (2003-2011)]]
* [[2006 Lebanon War]]
* [[Russo-Georgian War]]
* [[Libyan Civil War (2011)|First Libyan Civil War]]
* [[Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile]]<ref name="SAS Kordofan">{{cite journal|url=http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/facts-figures/arms-ammunition-tracing-desk/HSBA-Tracing-Desk-SPLA-N-SK-Feb-2013.pdf|journal=HSBA Arms and Ammunition Tracing Desk|title=SPLA-N weapons and equipment, South Kordofan, December 2012|publisher=Small Arms Survey|date=February 2013|page=8|access-date=2019-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322044524/http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/facts-figures/arms-ammunition-tracing-desk/HSBA-Tracing-Desk-SPLA-N-SK-Feb-2013.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-22|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Syrian Civil War]]
* [[Second Libyan Civil War]]
* [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|War in Donbass]]
* [[Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)]]
* [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]]
* [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
}}
<!-- Production history -->
|designer=
|design_date=
|manufacturer=Zpu
|production_date=
|number=
|variants= ZPU-1, ZPU-2, ZPU-4
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
|rate=
|velocity=
|range= 1.4 km
|max_range= 8 km
|feed= 150 round belt each
|sights=
}}
}}


The '''ZPU''' ({{Lang-ru|ЗПУ; зенитная пулемётная установка|translit=zenitnaya pulemotnaya ustanovka}}, meaning "anti-aircraft machine gun mount") is a family of towed [[anti-aircraft guns]] based on the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[14.5&nbsp;mm|14.5×114mm]] [[KPV heavy machine gun]]. It entered service with the [[Soviet Union]] in 1949 and is used by over 50 countries worldwide.
The '''ZPU''' ({{Langx|ru|ЗПУ; зенитная пулемётная установка|translit=zenitnaya pulemotnaya ustanovka}}, meaning "anti-aircraft machine gun mount") is a family of towed [[anti-aircraft guns]] based on the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[14.5&nbsp;mm|14.5×114mm]] [[KPV heavy machine gun]]. It entered service with the [[Soviet Union]] in 1949 and is used by over 50 countries worldwide.


Quadruple ('''ZPU-4'''), double- ('''ZPU-2''' and '''ZU-2''') and single-barreled ('''ZPU-1''') versions of the weapon exist.
Quadruple-barreled ('''ZPU-4'''), double-barreled ('''ZPU-2''' and '''ZU-2'''), and single-barreled ('''ZPU-1''') versions of the weapon exist.


== Precursor ==
== Precursor ==
[[File:Quad Maxim AAMG 2.JPG|thumb|left|The 1931 ZPU for 7.62 mm machine guns]]


The first dedicated Soviet mount for anti-aircraft machine guns was developed around 1928 by [[Fedor Tokarev]] and was adopted for service in 1931. It was a base for mounting up to four 7.62&nbsp;mm [[PM M1910]] (Russian Maxim) guns. This was also called a ZPU, although the name М-4 was also assigned to it. It served the Soviet armed forces in all major conflicts until 1945.<ref name="Федосеев">{{cite book|title=Пулеметы России. Шквальный огонь | author = Семен Федосеев|pages=377–380|year=2009|publisher=Яуза / Коллекция / ЭКСМО|isbn=978-5-699-31622-9}}</ref> 12.7&nbsp;mm [[DShK]] 1938 was used an anti-aircraft weapon it was mounted on pintle and tripod mounts, and on a triple mount on the GAZ-AA truck. Late in the war, it was mounted on the cupolas of [[IS tank family|IS-2]] tanks and [[ISU-152]] self-propelled guns. As an infantry heavy support weapon it used a two-wheeled trolley which unfolded into a tripod for anti-aircraft use.
The first dedicated Soviet mount for anti-aircraft machine guns was developed around 1928 by [[Fedor Tokarev]] and was adopted for service in 1931. It was a base for mounting up to four 7.62&nbsp;mm [[PM M1910]] (Russian Maxim) guns. This was also called a ZPU, although the name М-4 was also assigned to it. It served the Soviet armed forces in all major conflicts until 1945.<ref name="Федосеев">{{cite book|title=Пулеметы России. Шквальный огонь | author = Семен Федосеев|pages=377–380|year=2009|publisher=Яуза / Коллекция / ЭКСМО|isbn=978-5-699-31622-9}}</ref> 12.7&nbsp;mm [[DShK]] 1938 was used an anti-aircraft weapon it was mounted on pintle and tripod mounts, and on a triple mount on the GAZ-AA truck. Late in the war, it was mounted on the cupolas of [[IS tank family|IS-2]] tanks and [[ISU-152]] self-propelled guns. As an infantry heavy support weapon it used a two-wheeled trolley which unfolded into a tripod for anti-aircraft use.


==Description==
==Description==

Development of the ZPU-2 and ZPU-4 began in 1945, with development of the ZPU-1 starting in 1947. All three were accepted into service in 1949. Improved optical predicting gunsights were developed for the system in the 1950s.
Development of the ZPU-2 and ZPU-4 began in 1945, with development of the ZPU-1 starting in 1947. All three were accepted into service in 1949. Improved optical predicting gunsights were developed for the system in the 1950s.


Line 86: Line 51:
The double-barrel ZPU-2 was built in two different versions; the early model has large mud guards and two wheels that are removed in the firing position, and the late model has wheels that fold and are raised from the ground in the firing position.
The double-barrel ZPU-2 was built in two different versions; the early model has large mud guards and two wheels that are removed in the firing position, and the late model has wheels that fold and are raised from the ground in the firing position.


ZPU-2 turned out to be too heavy for the [[Airborne Troops]], so a new UZPU-2 (later redesignated as ZU-2) was developed from ZPU-1.
ZPU-2 turned out to be too heavy for the [[airborne troops]], so a new UZPU-2 (later redesignated as ZU-2) was developed from ZPU-1.


The single-barrel ZPU-1 is carried on a two-wheeled carriage and can be broken down into several 80-kilogram pieces for transport over rough ground.
The single-barrel ZPU-1 is carried on a two-wheeled carriage and can be broken down into several 80-kilogram pieces for transport over rough ground.
Line 93: Line 58:


==History==
==History==
[[File:North-Korea spy-vessel 2.jpg|thumb|left|A North Korean ZPU-2, recovered from the [[naval trawler]] sunk by the [[Japan Coast Guard]] during the [[Battle of Amami-Ōshima]]]]
[[File:ZPU-1-batey-haosef-1.jpg|thumb|right|Israeli ZPU-1]]
[[File:ZPU-2-4658.jpg|thumb|ZPU-2 in Technical museum Togliatti]]
[[File:ZPU-2 Lutsk.jpg|thumbnail|Ukrainian ZPU-2]]


The series was used during the [[Korean War]] by Chinese and [[North Korea]]n forces, and was later considered to be the most dangerous opposition to U.S. [[helicopter]]s in [[Vietnam]]. Later it was used by [[Morocco]] and the [[Polisario Front]] in the [[Western Sahara War]]. It was also used by [[Iraq]]i forces during [[Operation Desert Storm]] and again in Operation Iraqi Freedom. In 1974 the Cyprus National Guard artillery batteries used their ZPU-2s against the Turkish air force.
The series was used during the [[Korean War]] by Chinese and [[North Korea]]n forces, and was later considered to be the most dangerous opposition to U.S. [[helicopter]]s in [[Vietnam]]. Later it was used by [[Morocco]] and the [[Polisario Front]] in the [[Western Sahara War]]. It was also used by [[Iraq]]i forces during [[Operation Desert Storm]] and again in Operation Iraqi Freedom. In 1974 the Cyprus National Guard artillery batteries used their ZPU-2s against the Turkish air force.
Line 102: Line 63:


During the [[Lebanese Civil War]], the [[List of militias in the Lebanese Civil War|Lebanese militias]] mounted the ZPU-2 and ZPU-4 on various vehicles, such as [[M113]] armored personnel carriers, to create self-propelled support vehicles.<ref>{{cite book|first= Steven J. |last=Zaloga|title=Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2): The wars of 1973 to the present|url= https://archive.org/details/tankbattlesmidea00zalo_900 |url-access= limited |publisher=Concord Publications|location= Hong Kong |year=2003|isbn=962-361-613-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/tankbattlesmidea00zalo_900/page/n6 7]}}</ref>
During the [[Lebanese Civil War]], the [[List of militias in the Lebanese Civil War|Lebanese militias]] mounted the ZPU-2 and ZPU-4 on various vehicles, such as [[M113]] armored personnel carriers, to create self-propelled support vehicles.<ref>{{cite book|first= Steven J. |last=Zaloga|title=Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2): The wars of 1973 to the present|url= https://archive.org/details/tankbattlesmidea00zalo_900 |url-access= limited |publisher=Concord Publications|location= Hong Kong |year=2003|isbn=962-361-613-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/tankbattlesmidea00zalo_900/page/n6 7]}}</ref>
[[File:Ajdabiya technical - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|A Libyan [[Technical (vehicle)|technical]] with ZU-2.]]


The ZPU has seen widespread use by both sides in the [[Libyan Civil War (2011)|Libyan Civil War]], [[Syrian Civil War]], and [[Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)|Yemeni Civil War]], being often mounted on [[Technical (vehicle)|technical]] pickup trucks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/rebels-down-libyan-aircraft-as-world-leaders-discuss-next-move-383784.html|title=Rebels down Libyan aircraft as world leaders discuss next move|website=arabianbusiness.com|access-date=6 May 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Neville|2018|p=34}} The weapon is credited for bringing down several [[Syrian Air Force]] helicopters.<ref name="Technicals 10">{{cite book|title=Technicals: Non-Standard Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces|series=New Vanguard 257|first= Leigh|last= Neville|date=19 Apr 2018 |isbn=9781472822512|publisher=Osprey Publishing|page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mGlPDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>
The ZPU has seen widespread use by both sides in the [[Libyan Civil War (2011)|Libyan Civil War]], [[Syrian Civil War]], and [[Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)|Yemeni Civil War]], being often mounted on [[Technical (vehicle)|technical]] pickup trucks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/rebels-down-libyan-aircraft-as-world-leaders-discuss-next-move-383784.html|title=Rebels down Libyan aircraft as world leaders discuss next move|newspaper=Arabian Business|date=28 February 2011 |access-date=6 May 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Neville|2018|p=34}} The weapon is credited for bringing down several [[Syrian Air Force]] helicopters.<ref name="Technicals 10">{{cite book|title=Technicals: Non-Standard Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces|series=New Vanguard 257|first= Leigh|last= Neville|date=19 Apr 2018 |isbn=9781472822512|publisher=Osprey Publishing|page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mGlPDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>


In North Korea, ZPU systems have been modified to be able to be directed by a MR-104 "Drum Tilt", where the guns are shown to be fired without personnel manning them.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Oryx|title=A Visual Guide to North Korea's Fighting Vehicles|url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2014/01/the-oryx-handbook-of-north-korean.html|access-date=2020-12-20|website=Oryx Blog}}</ref>
In North Korea, ZPU systems have been modified to be able to be directed by a MR-104 "Drum Tilt", where the guns are shown to be fired without personnel manning them.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Oryx|title=A Visual Guide to North Korea's Fighting Vehicles|url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2014/01/the-oryx-handbook-of-north-korean.html|access-date=2020-12-20|website=Oryx Blog}}</ref>


During the [[War in Donbas|Donbas War]], ZPUs were observed in use with Ukrainian and [[Russian people's militias in Ukraine|pro-Russian separatists]] forces.{{Sfn|Ferguson|Jenzen-Jones|2014|page=54}}
Czech company Excalibur Army developed the MR-2 Viktor mobile gun air defense system consisting of a ZPU-2 equipped with day/night sights mounted on a pickup truck chassis upgraded with a reinforced suspension and modified body. The Viktor was supplied to Ukraine in late 2022 during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] to combat low-altitude aerial targets, particularly [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s.<ref>[https://www.armyrecognition.com/ukraine_-_russia_conflict_war_2022/czech_company_excalibur_army_develops_for_ukraine_viktor_new_anti-aircraft_weapon_system.html Czech company Excalibur Army develops for Ukraine Viktor new anti-aircraft weapon system]. ''Army Recognition''. 15 November 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.armyrecognition.com/defense_news_march_2023_global_security_army_industry/excalibur_army_from_czech_republic_ready_to_deliver_ukraine_with_15_viktor_anti-aircraft_gun_systems.html Excalibur Army from Czech Republic ready to supply Ukraine with 15 Viktor anti-aircraft gun systems]. ''Army Recognition''. 10 March 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.armyrecognition.com/ukraine_-_russia_conflict_war_2022/czech-made_mr-2_viktor_anti-aircraft_vehicles_deployed_to_ukraine_combat_zone.html Czech-made MR-2 Viktor anti-aircraft vehicles deployed to Ukraine combat zone]. ''Army Recognition''. 4 May 2023.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=26 May 2023|title=IDET 2023: Excalibur Army Viktor light air-defence vehicles supplied to Ukraine|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/idet-2023-excalibur-army-viktor-light-air-defence-vehicles-supplied-to-ukraine|access-date=|website=[[Janes Information Services]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528191013/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/idet-2023-excalibur-army-viktor-light-air-defence-vehicles-supplied-to-ukraine|archive-date=28 May 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

Czech company Excalibur Army developed the MR-2 Viktor mobile gun air defense system consisting of a ZPU-2 equipped with day/night sights mounted on a pickup truck chassis upgraded with a reinforced suspension and modified body. The Viktor was supplied to Ukraine in late 2022 during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] to combat low-altitude aerial targets, particularly [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fiorenza|first=Nicholas|date=26 May 2023|title=IDET 2023: Excalibur Army Viktor light air-defence vehicles supplied to Ukraine|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/idet-2023-excalibur-army-viktor-light-air-defence-vehicles-supplied-to-ukraine|website=[[Janes Information Services]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528191013/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/idet-2023-excalibur-army-viktor-light-air-defence-vehicles-supplied-to-ukraine|archive-date=28 May 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>


==Ammunition==
==Ammunition==
Line 117: Line 81:


==Variants==
==Variants==
[[File:14,5-мм счетверенная зенитная пулеметная установка конструкции Лещинского ЗПУ-4 (4).jpg|thumb|Original ZPU-4.]]
[[File:ZU-2 anti-aircraft machine gun.jpg|thumb|Romanian ZU-2]]
[[File:Ajdabiya technical - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|A Libyan [[Technical (vehicle)|technical]] with ZU-2.]]

* ZPU-4
* ZPU-4
** Type 56: Chinese-built version.<ref name="Janes 2002">{{cite encyclopedia|title=14.5 mm KPV heavy machine gun|encyclopedia=Jane's Infantry Weapons 2002-2003|url=https://archive.org/details/Janes_Infantry_Weapons/page/n3732|pages=3732–3734|date=4 May 2001|first1=Terry J.|last1=Gander}}</ref>
** Type 56: Chinese-built version.<ref name="Janes 2002">{{cite encyclopedia|title=14.5 mm KPV heavy machine gun|encyclopedia=Jane's Infantry Weapons 2002-2003|url=https://archive.org/details/Janes_Infantry_Weapons/page/n3732|pages=3732–3734|date=4 May 2001|first1=Terry J.|last1=Gander}}</ref>
** MR-4: Romanian-built version with a two-wheel carriage designed locally.<ref name="Janes 2002"/>
** MR-4: Romanian-built version with a two-wheel carriage designed locally.<ref name="Janes 2002"/>
** PKM-4: Polish designation for an imported Soviet ZPU-4
** PKM-4: Polish designation for an imported Soviet ZPU-4
Line 129: Line 91:
* ZU-2
* ZU-2
* ZPU-1
* ZPU-1
** Type 75 and Type 75-1: Chinese built-versions.<ref name="Janes 2002"/>
** Type 75 and Type 75-1: Chinese built-versions.<ref name="Janes 2002"/>
* BTR-40A SPAAG: A [[BTR-40]] APC with a ZPU-2 gun mounted in the rear. Entered service in 1950.
* BTR-40A SPAAG: A [[BTR-40]] APC with a ZPU-2 gun mounted in the rear. Entered service in 1950.
* BTR-152A SPAAG: A [[BTR-152]] with a ZPU-2 mounted in the rear. Entered service in 1952.
* BTR-152A SPAAG: A [[BTR-152]] with a ZPU-2 mounted in the rear. Entered service in 1952.


==Specifications==
==Specifications==
[[File:Army Artillery pointing towards BDR headquarters.jpg|thumb|Type-56/ZPU-4 14.5mm quad barrel anti aircraft gun of [[Bangladesh Army]].]]
[[File:14,5-мм счетверенная зенитная пулеметная установка конструкции Лещинского ЗПУ-4 (4).jpg|thumb|Original ZPU-4.]]
{|width=500 class="wikitable"
{|width=500 class="wikitable"
!|Model || ZPU-1 || ZPU-2 || ZU-2 || ZPU-4
!|Model || ZPU-1 || ZPU-2 || ZU-2 || ZPU-4
Line 183: Line 143:


==Operators==
==Operators==
[[File:ZPU Users.png|thumb|A map of nations that use the ZPU]]

[[File:North-Korea spy-vessel 2.jpg|thumb|A North Korean ZPU-2, recovered from the [[naval trawler]] sunk by the [[Japan Coast Guard]] during the [[Battle of Amami-Ōshima]]]]
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* {{flag|Afghanistan}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Afghanistan, Arms and Conflict: Armed Groups, Disarmament and Security in a Post-War Society|first1=Michael Vinai|last1=Bhatia|first2=Mark|last2=Sedra|publisher=[[Routledge]]|editor=Small Arms Survey|editor-link=Small Arms Survey|isbn=978-0-415-45308-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P4N9AgAAQBAJ|page=66|date=May 2008|access-date=2018-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901145604/https://books.google.fr/books?id=P4N9AgAAQBAJ|archive-date=2018-09-01|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Afghanistan}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Afghanistan, Arms and Conflict: Armed Groups, Disarmament and Security in a Post-War Society|first1=Michael Vinai|last1=Bhatia|first2=Mark|last2=Sedra|publisher=[[Routledge]]|editor=Small Arms Survey|editor-link=Small Arms Survey|isbn=978-0-415-45308-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P4N9AgAAQBAJ|page=66|date=May 2008|access-date=2018-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901145604/https://books.google.fr/books?id=P4N9AgAAQBAJ|archive-date=2018-09-01|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Albania}} 336
* {{flag|Albania}} - 336
* {{flag|Algeria}} – 100 (40 ZPU-4 and 60 ZPU-2)<ref name="Military Balance 2017">Military Balance 2017</ref>
* {{flag|Algeria}} – 100 (40 ZPU-4 and 60 ZPU-2)<ref name="Military Balance 2017">Military Balance 2017</ref>
* {{flag|Angola}}<ref name="Military Balance 2017"/>
* {{flag|Angola}}<ref name="Military Balance 2017"/>
* {{flag|Bangladesh}} ''Type-56''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/doc/4769.pdf |title=TENDER NOTICE |website=dgdp.gov.bd |publisher=[[Directorate General of Defence Purchase]] |access-date=2 March 2021}}</ref>
* {{flag|Bangladesh}} ''Type-56''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/doc/4769.pdf |title=TENDER NOTICE |website=dgdp.gov.bd |publisher=[[Directorate General of Defence Purchase (Bangladesh)|Directorate General of Defence Purchase]] |access-date=2 March 2021}}</ref>
* {{flag|Benin}}
* {{flag|Benin}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Bulgaria}}
* {{flag|Bulgaria}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Burkina Faso}}<ref name="BFA-Mali">{{cite journal|journal=Revista Defensa |issue=495–496|date=July 2019|first=Erwan de |last=Cherisey|title=El batallón de infantería "Badenya" de Burkina Faso en Mali - Noticias Defensa En abierto|url=https://www.defensa.com/en-abierto/batallon-infanteria-badenya-burkina-faso-mali|language=es}}</ref>
* {{flag|Burkina Faso}}<ref name="BFA-Mali">{{cite journal|journal=Revista Defensa |issue=495–496|date=July 2019|first=Erwan de |last=Cherisey|title=El batallón de infantería "Badenya" de Burkina Faso en Mali - Noticias Defensa En abierto|url=https://www.defensa.com/en-abierto/batallon-infanteria-badenya-burkina-faso-mali|language=es}}</ref>
* {{flag|Burundi}} – 15<ref name="Military Balance 2017"/>
* {{flag|Burundi}} – 15<ref name="Military Balance 2017"/>
Line 198: Line 159:
* {{flag|Cape Verde}} - 18{{sfn|The Military Balance 2021|p=455|}}
* {{flag|Cape Verde}} - 18{{sfn|The Military Balance 2021|p=455|}}
* {{flag|Chad}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2021|p=457|}}
* {{flag|Chad}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2021|p=457|}}
* {{flag|China}}
* {{flag|China}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Congo-Brazzaville}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2021|p=458|}}
* {{flag|Congo-Brazzaville}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2021|p=458|}}
* {{flag|Congo-Kinshasa}} - 12{{sfn|The Military Balance 2021|p=461|}}
* {{flag|Congo-Kinshasa}} - 12{{sfn|The Military Balance 2021|p=461|}}
* {{flag|Croatia}}
* {{flag|Croatia}}
* {{flag|Cuba}}
* {{flag|Cuba}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Cyprus}}
* {{flag|Cyprus}}
* {{flag|Czechoslovakia}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Djibouti}}
* {{flag|Djibouti}}
* {{flag|East Germany}} − Used by the [[Combat Groups of the Working Class]]<ref>{{cite web |title=PKM-2 Polish 14.5mm Towed Anti-Aircraft Gun |url=https://odin.tradoc.army.mil/WEG/Asset/PKM-2_Polish_14.5mm_Towed_Anti-Aircraft_Gun |website=ODIN - OE Data Integration Network |access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref>
* {{flag|East Timor}}
* {{flag|East Timor}}
* {{flag|Egypt}}
* {{flag|Egypt}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Ethiopia}}
* {{flag|Ethiopia}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Gabon}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2021|p=467|}}
* {{flag|Gabon}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2021|p=467|}}
* {{flag|Ghana}} - 4+{{sfn|The Military Balance 2021|p=469|}}
* {{flag|Ghana}} - 4+{{sfn|The Military Balance 2021|p=469|}}
* {{flag|Guinea}}
* {{flag|Guinea}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}
* {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Hungary}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Iran}}
* {{flag|Iran}}
* {{flag|Iraq}}
* {{flag|Iraq}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Islamic State}}<ref name="ISIS">{{cite news|title=Syrie: l'EI inflige un revers aux FDS dans l'est, mais reste acculé|newspaper=[[France Soir]]|date=25 October 2018|language=fr|url=http://www.francesoir.fr/en-coop-matteo-puxton/syrie-ei-inflige-un-revers-aux-fds-dans-lest-mais-reste-accule|access-date=4 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025190327/http://www.francesoir.fr/en-coop-matteo-puxton/syrie-ei-inflige-un-revers-aux-fds-dans-lest-mais-reste-accule|archive-date=25 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Islamic State}}<ref name="ISIS">{{cite news|title=Syrie: l'EI inflige un revers aux FDS dans l'est, mais reste acculé|newspaper=[[France Soir]]|date=25 October 2018|language=fr|url=http://www.francesoir.fr/en-coop-matteo-puxton/syrie-ei-inflige-un-revers-aux-fds-dans-lest-mais-reste-accule|access-date=4 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025190327/http://www.francesoir.fr/en-coop-matteo-puxton/syrie-ei-inflige-un-revers-aux-fds-dans-lest-mais-reste-accule|archive-date=25 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Israel}}
* {{flag|Israel}}
* {{flag|Kenya}}
* {{flag|Kenya}}
* {{flag|Laos}}
* {{flag|Laos}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Latvia}} – 2<ref name="Military Balance 2017"/>
* {{flag|Latvia}} – 2<ref name="Military Balance 2017"/>
* {{flag|Lebanon}}
* {{flag|Lebanon}}
* {{flag|Libya}}
* {{flag|Libya}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Madagascar}} – 50{{sfn|The Military Balance 2021|p=473|}}
* {{flag|Madagascar}} – 50{{sfn|The Military Balance 2021|p=473|}}
* {{flag|Malawi}} – 40<ref name="Military Balance 2017"/>
* {{flag|Malawi}} – 40<ref name="Military Balance 2017"/>
* {{flag|Mali}}
* {{flag|Mali}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Malta}} – 50<ref name="Military Balance 2017"/>
* {{flag|Malta}} – 50<ref name="Military Balance 2017"/>
* {{flag|Mauritania}} – 12<ref name="Military Balance 2017"/>
* {{flag|Mauritania}} – 12<ref name="Military Balance 2017"/>
* {{flag|Mongolia}}
* {{flag|Mongolia}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Morocco}} – 19<ref name="Military Balance 2017"/>
* {{flag|Morocco}} – 19<ref name="Military Balance 2017"/>
* {{flag|Mozambique}}
* {{flag|Mozambique}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Myanmar}}
* {{flag|Myanmar}}
* {{flag|Namibia}}
* {{flag|Namibia}}
* {{flag|Nepal}} – 36<ref name="Military Balance 2017"/>
* {{flag|Nepal}} – 36<ref name="Military Balance 2017"/>
* {{flag|Nicaragua}}
* {{flag|Nicaragua}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|North Korea}}
* {{flag|North Korea}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Pakistan}}
* {{flag|Pakistan}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Panama}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* [[People's Defense Units]] (YPG): ZPU-4<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=Kurdish Armour: Inventorising YPG Equipment In Northern Syria |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/10/kurdish-armour-inventorising-ypg.html |website=Oryx Blog |date=29 October 2021}}</ref>
* [[People's Defense Units]] (YPG): ZPU-4<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=Kurdish Armour: Inventorising YPG Equipment In Northern Syria |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/10/kurdish-armour-inventorising-ypg.html |website=Oryx Blog |date=29 October 2021}}</ref>
* {{flag|Poland}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Qatar}} – ZPU-2<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=Qatar's Purchase of BP-12A SRBMs: A Guppy Sprouts Teeth |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/03/qatars-purchase-of-bp-12a-srbms-guppy.html |website=Oryx Blog |date=6 March 2021}}</ref>
* {{flag|Qatar}} – ZPU-2<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=Qatar's Purchase of BP-12A SRBMs: A Guppy Sprouts Teeth |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/03/qatars-purchase-of-bp-12a-srbms-guppy.html |website=Oryx Blog |date=6 March 2021}}</ref>
* {{flag|Romania}}
* {{flag|Romania}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Russia}}
* {{flag|Russia}}
* {{SADR}} – ZPU-2 and ZPU-4<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |last2=Grandolini |first2=Albert |last3=Fontanellaz |first3=Adrien |title=Showdown in Western Sahara, Volume 2: Air Warfare Over the Last African Colony, 1975-1991 |date=2019 |publisher=Helion & Company Publishing |location=Warwick, UK |isbn=978-1-912866-29-8 |page=43}}</ref>
* {{SADR}} – ZPU-2 and ZPU-4<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |last2=Grandolini |first2=Albert |last3=Fontanellaz |first3=Adrien |title=Showdown in Western Sahara, Volume 2: Air Warfare Over the Last African Colony, 1975-1991 |date=2019 |publisher=Helion & Company Publishing |location=Warwick, UK |isbn=978-1-912866-29-8 |page=43}}</ref>
* {{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}
* {{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Seychelles}}
* {{flag|Seychelles}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Somalia}}
* {{flag|Somalia}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|South Africa}}<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Richard D. |editor1-last=Jones |editor2-first=Leland S. |editor2-last=Ness |title=Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010 |date=January 27, 2009 |edition=35th |publisher=Jane's Information Group |location=Coulsdon |isbn=978-0-7106-2869-5}}</ref>
* {{flag|South Africa}}<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Richard D. |editor1-last=Jones |editor2-first=Leland S. |editor2-last=Ness |title=Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010 |date=January 27, 2009 |edition=35th |publisher=Jane's Information Group |location=Coulsdon |isbn=978-0-7106-2869-5}}</ref>
* {{URS}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
* {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
* {{flag|Sudan}}
* {{flag|Sudan}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Syria}}
* {{flag|Syria}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Tanzania}} – 21<ref name="Military Balance 2017"/>
* {{flag|Tanzania}} – 21<ref name="Military Balance 2017"/>
* {{flag|Togo}} – 38<ref name="Military Balance 2017"/>
* {{flag|Togo}} – 38<ref name="Military Balance 2017"/>
* {{Flagicon|Transnistria}} [[Transnistria]]
* {{Flagicon|Transnistria}} [[Transnistria]]
* {{flag|Uganda}}
* {{flag|Uganda}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{UKR}}{{Sfn|Ferguson|Jenzen-Jones|2014|page=54}}
* {{flag|Vietnam}}
* {{flag|Vietnam}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{YEM}} – ZPU-1, ZPU-2 and ZPU-4<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=The Oryx Handbook of Pre-war Yemeni Fighting Vehicles |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2015/09/pre-war-yemeni-fighting-vehicles_20.html |website=Oryx |date=20 September 2015}}</ref>
* {{YEM}} – ZPU-1, ZPU-2 and ZPU-4<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=The Oryx Handbook of Pre-war Yemeni Fighting Vehicles |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2015/09/pre-war-yemeni-fighting-vehicles_20.html |website=Oryx |date=20 September 2015}}</ref>
* {{flag|Yugoslavia}}
* {{flag|Yugoslavia}}
* {{flag|Zambia}}
* {{flag|Zambia}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=212}}
* {{flag|Zimbabwe}} – 36<ref name="Military Balance 2017"/>
* {{flag|Zimbabwe}} – 36<ref name="Military Balance 2017"/>
{{Div col end}}
{{Div col end}}

==Wars==
[[File:На одній із баз зберігання боєприпасів Повітряних Сил Збройних Сил України.jpg|thumb|A Ukrainian ZPU-1]]
The ZPU served in several conflicts:

* [[Korean War]]
* [[Invasion of Panama]]
* [[Vietnam War]]
* [[Yom Kippur War]]
* [[Rhodesian Bush War]]
* [[Western Sahara War]]
* [[Angolan Civil War]]
* [[Cambodian Civil War]]
* [[Lebanese Civil War]]
* [[Soviet–Afghan War]]
* [[South African Border War]]
* [[Somali Civil War]]
* [[Gulf War]]
* [[Georgian Civil War]]
* [[South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)]]
* [[First Chechen War]]
* [[Second Congo War]]<ref name="Cooper">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uXZAwAAQBAJ|title=Great Lakes Conflagration: Second Congo War, 1998–2003|last=Cooper|first=Tom|publisher=Helion & Company Limited|year=2013|isbn=978-1-920143-84-8|location=UK|page=39}}</ref>
* [[Second Chechen War]]
* [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
* [[Iraq War (2003-2011)]]
* [[2006 Lebanon War]]
* [[Russo-Georgian War]]
* [[Libyan Civil War (2011)|First Libyan Civil War]]
* [[Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile]]<ref name="SAS Kordofan">{{cite journal|url=http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/facts-figures/arms-ammunition-tracing-desk/HSBA-Tracing-Desk-SPLA-N-SK-Feb-2013.pdf|journal=HSBA Arms and Ammunition Tracing Desk|title=SPLA-N weapons and equipment, South Kordofan, December 2012|publisher=Small Arms Survey|date=February 2013|page=8|access-date=2019-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322044524/http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/facts-figures/arms-ammunition-tracing-desk/HSBA-Tracing-Desk-SPLA-N-SK-Feb-2013.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-22|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Syrian Civil War]]
* [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]
** [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|War in Donbas]]
** [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
* [[Second Libyan Civil War]]
* [[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)]]
* [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]]

== Gallery ==
{|style="margin: 0 auto;"
| [[File:Quad Maxim AAMG 2.JPG|thumb|left|The 1931 ZPU for 7.62 mm machine guns]]
| [[File:Soviet-built ZPU-4 anti-aircraft machine gun.JPEG|thumb|Iraqi ZPU-4 captured during Operation Desert Storm]]
| [[File:ZPU-1-batey-haosef-1.jpg|thumb|upright|ZPU-1 gun in Batey ha-Osef Museum, Tel Aviv, Israel]]
|}


==See also==
==See also==
Line 274: Line 285:
| url = http://www.russianammo.org
| url = http://www.russianammo.org
| isbn = 978-3-200-01445-9
| isbn = 978-3-200-01445-9
| page = 98 }}
| page = 98}}
* {{cite book|title=The Military Balance 2021|date=February 2021|volume=121|isbn=9781032012278|publisher=Routledge|ref={{harvid|The Military Balance 2021}}|author=International Institute for Strategic Studies|author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}
* {{cite book|title=The Military Balance 2021|date=February 2021|volume=121|isbn=9781032012278|publisher=Routledge|ref={{harvid|The Military Balance 2021}}|author=International Institute for Strategic Studies|author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}
*{{cite report |last1=Ferguson |first1=Jonathan |last2=Jenzen-Jones |first2=N.R. |title=Raising Red Flags: An Examination of Arms & Munitions in the Ongoing Conflict in Ukraine, 2014 |date=November 2014 |publisher=Armament Research Services (ARES) |location=Australia |isbn=978-0-9924624-3-7 |url=https://armamentresearch.com/Uploads/Research%20Report%20No.%203%20-%20Raising%20Red%20Flags.pdf |access-date=17 June 2023}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Cullen |editor1-first=Tony |editor2-last=Foss |editor2-first=Christopher F. |editor2-link=Christopher F Foss |title=Jane's land-based air defence: 1992-93 |date=1992 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |isbn=978-0-7106-0979-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/janes-land-based-air-defence-1992-93-pdfdrive |access-date=26 November 2023 |language=en}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons|ZPU series}}
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.armyrecognition.com/russia_russian_army_light_heavy_weapons_uk/zpu-1_14.5_mm_anti-aircraft_single_gun_technical_data_sheet_specifications_information_description.html ZPU-1 single barrel anti-aircraft gun data sheet]
* [http://www.armyrecognition.com/russia_russian_army_light_heavy_weapons_uk/zpu-1_14.5_mm_anti-aircraft_single_gun_technical_data_sheet_specifications_information_description.html ZPU-1 single barrel anti-aircraft gun data sheet]
* [http://www.armyrecognition.com/russia_russian_army_light_heavy_weapons_uk/zpu-2_14.5_mm_anti-aircraft_twin_guns_technical_data_sheet_specifications_information_description.html ZPU-2 anti-aircraft 14.5 mm twin guns data sheet]
* [http://www.armyrecognition.com/russia_russian_army_light_heavy_weapons_uk/zpu-2_14.5_mm_anti-aircraft_twin_guns_technical_data_sheet_specifications_information_description.html ZPU-2 anti-aircraft 14.5 mm twin guns data sheet]
* http://en.rcamuseum.com/our-collection/zpu-4-anti-aircraft-gun-14-yugo
* http://en.rcamuseum.com/our-collection/zpu-4-anti-aircraft-gun-14-yugo
* [http://www.armyrecognition.com/russia_russian_army_light_heavy_weapons_uk/zpu-4_14.5_mm_quadruple_guns_anti-aircraft_technical_data_sheet_specifications_information_uk.html ZPU-4 anti-aircraft 14.5 mm quadruple guns data sheet]
* [http://www.armyrecognition.com/russia_russian_army_light_heavy_weapons_uk/zpu-4_14.5_mm_quadruple_guns_anti-aircraft_technical_data_sheet_specifications_information_uk.html ZPU-4 anti-aircraft 14.5 mm quadruple guns data sheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012123115/http://www.armyrecognition.com/russia_russian_army_light_heavy_weapons_uk/zpu-4_14.5_mm_quadruple_guns_anti-aircraft_technical_data_sheet_specifications_information_uk.html |date=2011-10-12 }}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E4ou0OiTEzs Video: ZPU-1 (single-barreled 14.5) being fired in Afghanistan]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E4ou0OiTEzs Video: ZPU-1 (single-barreled 14.5) being fired in Afghanistan]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4UMSWFUVVw Video: ZPU-2 (14.5) being fired in Syria] from a [[technical (vehicle)|technical]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4UMSWFUVVw Video: ZPU-2 (14.5) being fired in Syria] from a [[technical (vehicle)|technical]]

Latest revision as of 10:27, 2 January 2025

For the ZPU microprocessor, see ZPU (microprocessor).
ZPU anti-aircraft gun
ZPU-2
TypeAnti-aircraft gun
Heavy machine gun
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
In service1949–present
Used bySee Operators for users
WarsSee Wars for wars
Production history
ManufacturerZpu
VariantsZPU-1, ZPU-2, ZPU-4
Specifications
Shell14.5x114mm
Caliber14.5 mm
Barrels1-4
ActionShort recoil operation
Effective firing range1.4 km (0.87 mi)
Maximum firing range8 km (5.0 mi)
Feed system150 round belt each

The ZPU (Russian: ЗПУ; зенитная пулемётная установка, romanized: zenitnaya pulemotnaya ustanovka, meaning "anti-aircraft machine gun mount") is a family of towed anti-aircraft guns based on the Soviet 14.5×114mm KPV heavy machine gun. It entered service with the Soviet Union in 1949 and is used by over 50 countries worldwide.

Quadruple-barreled (ZPU-4), double-barreled (ZPU-2 and ZU-2), and single-barreled (ZPU-1) versions of the weapon exist.

Precursor

[edit]

The first dedicated Soviet mount for anti-aircraft machine guns was developed around 1928 by Fedor Tokarev and was adopted for service in 1931. It was a base for mounting up to four 7.62 mm PM M1910 (Russian Maxim) guns. This was also called a ZPU, although the name М-4 was also assigned to it. It served the Soviet armed forces in all major conflicts until 1945.[1] 12.7 mm DShK 1938 was used an anti-aircraft weapon it was mounted on pintle and tripod mounts, and on a triple mount on the GAZ-AA truck. Late in the war, it was mounted on the cupolas of IS-2 tanks and ISU-152 self-propelled guns. As an infantry heavy support weapon it used a two-wheeled trolley which unfolded into a tripod for anti-aircraft use.

Description

[edit]

Development of the ZPU-2 and ZPU-4 began in 1945, with development of the ZPU-1 starting in 1947. All three were accepted into service in 1949. Improved optical predicting gunsights were developed for the system in the 1950s.

All weapons in the ZPU series have air-cooled quick-change barrels and can fire a variety of ammunition including API (B32), API (BS41), API-T (BZT) and I-T (ZP) projectiles. Each barrel has a maximum rate of fire of around 600 rounds per minute, though this is practically limited to about 150 rounds per minute.

The quad-barrel ZPU-4 uses a four-wheel carriage similar to that once used by the obsolete 25 mm automatic anti-aircraft gun M1940. In firing position, the weapon is lowered onto firing jacks. It can be brought in and out of action in about 15 to 20 seconds, and can be fired with the wheels in the traveling position if needed.

The double-barrel ZPU-2 was built in two different versions; the early model has large mud guards and two wheels that are removed in the firing position, and the late model has wheels that fold and are raised from the ground in the firing position.

ZPU-2 turned out to be too heavy for the airborne troops, so a new UZPU-2 (later redesignated as ZU-2) was developed from ZPU-1.

The single-barrel ZPU-1 is carried on a two-wheeled carriage and can be broken down into several 80-kilogram pieces for transport over rough ground.

Versions of the weapon are built in China, North Korea and Romania.

History

[edit]

The series was used during the Korean War by Chinese and North Korean forces, and was later considered to be the most dangerous opposition to U.S. helicopters in Vietnam. Later it was used by Morocco and the Polisario Front in the Western Sahara War. It was also used by Iraqi forces during Operation Desert Storm and again in Operation Iraqi Freedom. In 1974 the Cyprus National Guard artillery batteries used their ZPU-2s against the Turkish air force. In the Russian military, it was replaced by the newer and more powerful ZU-23 23 mm twin automatic anti-aircraft gun.

During the Lebanese Civil War, the Lebanese militias mounted the ZPU-2 and ZPU-4 on various vehicles, such as M113 armored personnel carriers, to create self-propelled support vehicles.[2]

A Libyan technical with ZU-2.

The ZPU has seen widespread use by both sides in the Libyan Civil War, Syrian Civil War, and Yemeni Civil War, being often mounted on technical pickup trucks.[3][4] The weapon is credited for bringing down several Syrian Air Force helicopters.[5]

In North Korea, ZPU systems have been modified to be able to be directed by a MR-104 "Drum Tilt", where the guns are shown to be fired without personnel manning them.[6]

During the Donbas War, ZPUs were observed in use with Ukrainian and pro-Russian separatists forces.[7]

Czech company Excalibur Army developed the MR-2 Viktor mobile gun air defense system consisting of a ZPU-2 equipped with day/night sights mounted on a pickup truck chassis upgraded with a reinforced suspension and modified body. The Viktor was supplied to Ukraine in late 2022 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine to combat low-altitude aerial targets, particularly unmanned aerial vehicles.[8]

Ammunition

[edit]
  • API (BS.41): Full metal jacket bullet round with a tungsten carbide core. Projectile weight is 64.4 g (2.27 oz) and muzzle velocity is 1000 metres per second (3,281 ft/s). Armor-penetration at 500 m (550 yd) is 32 mm (1.3 in) of RHA at 90 degrees.[9]
  • API-T (BZT): Full metal jacket round with a steel core. Projectile weight is 59.56 g (2.101 oz) and muzzle velocity is 1,005 m/s (3,297 ft/s). Tracer burns to at least 2,000 m (2,200 yd).
  • I-T (ZP): "Instantaneous Incendiary" bullet with internal fuze, incendiary in tip, tracer container in base. Projectile weight is 60.0 g (2.12 oz).

Rounds are also produced by Bulgaria, China, Egypt, Poland, and Romania.

Variants

[edit]
Original ZPU-4.
  • ZPU-4
    • Type 56: Chinese-built version.[10]
    • MR-4: Romanian-built version with a two-wheel carriage designed locally.[10]
    • PKM-4: Polish designation for an imported Soviet ZPU-4
  • ZPU-2
    • Type 58: Chinese-built version.[10]
    • PKM-2: Polish-built version.
  • ZU-2
  • ZPU-1
    • Type 75 and Type 75-1: Chinese built-versions.[10]
  • BTR-40A SPAAG: A BTR-40 APC with a ZPU-2 gun mounted in the rear. Entered service in 1950.
  • BTR-152A SPAAG: A BTR-152 with a ZPU-2 mounted in the rear. Entered service in 1952.

Specifications

[edit]
Model ZPU-1 ZPU-2 ZU-2 ZPU-4
Barrels 1 2 2 4
Weight (travelling) 413 kg
(910 lb)		 994 kg
(2,191 lb)		 649 kg
(1,430 lb)		 1,810 kg
(3,990 lb)
Weight (firing) 413 kg
(910 lb)		 639 kg
(1,408 lb)		 621 kg
(1,369 lb)		 1,810 kg
(3,990 lb)
Length (travel) 3.44 m
(11 ft 3 in)		 3.54 m
(11 ft 7 in)		 3.87 m
(12 ft 8 in)		 4.53 m
(14 ft 10 in)
Width (travel) 1.62 m
(5 ft 4 in)		 1.92 m
(6 ft 4 in)		 1.37 m
(4 ft 6 in)		 1.72 m
(5 ft 8 in)
Height (travel) 1.34 m
(4 ft 5 in)		 1.83 m
(6 ft 0 in))		 1.1 m
(3 ft 7 in)		 2.13 m
(7 ft 0 in)
Elevation +88 °/−8 ° +90 °/−7 ° +85 °/−15 ° +90 °/−10 °
Traverse 360 °
Maximum range 8,000 m
(8,750 yds)
Maximum altitude 5,000 m
(16,400 ft)
Effective altitude 1,400 m
(4,590 ft)
Ammunition (rounds) 1,200 2,400 4,800
Crew 4 5

Operators

[edit]
A map of nations that use the ZPU
A North Korean ZPU-2, recovered from the naval trawler sunk by the Japan Coast Guard during the Battle of Amami-Ōshima

Wars

[edit]
A Ukrainian ZPU-1

The ZPU served in several conflicts:

[edit]
The 1931 ZPU for 7.62 mm machine guns
Iraqi ZPU-4 captured during Operation Desert Storm
ZPU-1 gun in Batey ha-Osef Museum, Tel Aviv, Israel

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Семен Федосеев (2009). Пулеметы России. Шквальный огонь. Яуза / Коллекция / ЭКСМО. pp. 377–380. ISBN 978-5-699-31622-9.
  2. ^ Zaloga, Steven J. (2003). Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2): The wars of 1973 to the present. Hong Kong: Concord Publications. p. 7. ISBN 962-361-613-9.
  3. ^ "Rebels down Libyan aircraft as world leaders discuss next move". Arabian Business. 28 February 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  4. ^ Neville 2018, p. 34.
  5. ^ Neville, Leigh (19 Apr 2018). Technicals: Non-Standard Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces. New Vanguard 257. Osprey Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 9781472822512.
  6. ^ Oryx. "A Visual Guide to North Korea's Fighting Vehicles". Oryx Blog. Retrieved 2020-12-20.
  7. ^ a b Ferguson & Jenzen-Jones 2014, p. 54.
  8. ^ Fiorenza, Nicholas (26 May 2023). "IDET 2023: Excalibur Army Viktor light air-defence vehicles supplied to Ukraine". Janes Information Services. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023.
  9. ^ "ZPU-4 14.5 mm quadruple guns anti-aircraft technical data sheet specifications information UK - Army Recognition - Army Recognition". Archived from the original on 2011-10-12. Retrieved 2011-10-10.
  10. ^ a b c d Gander, Terry J. (4 May 2001). "14.5 mm KPV heavy machine gun". Jane's Infantry Weapons 2002-2003. pp. 3732–3734.
  11. ^ Bhatia, Michael Vinai; Sedra, Mark (May 2008). Small Arms Survey (ed.). Afghanistan, Arms and Conflict: Armed Groups, Disarmament and Security in a Post-War Society. Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-415-45308-0. Archived from the original on 2018-09-01. Retrieved 2018-09-01.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Military Balance 2017
  13. ^ "TENDER NOTICE" (PDF). dgdp.gov.bd. Directorate General of Defence Purchase. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Cullen & Foss 1992, p. 212.
  15. ^ Cherisey, Erwan de (July 2019). "El batallón de infantería "Badenya" de Burkina Faso en Mali - Noticias Defensa En abierto". Revista Defensa (in Spanish) (495–496).
  16. ^ The Military Balance 2021, p. 454.
  17. ^ The Military Balance 2021, p. 455.
  18. ^ The Military Balance 2021, p. 457.
  19. ^ The Military Balance 2021, p. 458.
  20. ^ The Military Balance 2021, p. 461.
  21. ^ "PKM-2 Polish 14.5mm Towed Anti-Aircraft Gun". ODIN - OE Data Integration Network. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  22. ^ The Military Balance 2021, p. 467.
  23. ^ The Military Balance 2021, p. 469.
  24. ^ "Syrie: l'EI inflige un revers aux FDS dans l'est, mais reste acculé". France Soir (in French). 25 October 2018. Archived from the original on 25 October 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  25. ^ The Military Balance 2021, p. 473.
  26. ^ Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (29 October 2021). "Kurdish Armour: Inventorising YPG Equipment In Northern Syria". Oryx Blog.
  27. ^ Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (6 March 2021). "Qatar's Purchase of BP-12A SRBMs: A Guppy Sprouts Teeth". Oryx Blog.
  28. ^ Cooper, Tom; Grandolini, Albert; Fontanellaz, Adrien (2019). Showdown in Western Sahara, Volume 2: Air Warfare Over the Last African Colony, 1975-1991. Warwick, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-912866-29-8.
  29. ^ Jones, Richard D.; Ness, Leland S., eds. (January 27, 2009). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010 (35th ed.). Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5.
  30. ^ Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (20 September 2015). "The Oryx Handbook of Pre-war Yemeni Fighting Vehicles". Oryx.
  31. ^ Cooper, Tom (2013). Great Lakes Conflagration: Second Congo War, 1998–2003. UK: Helion & Company Limited. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-920143-84-8.
  32. ^ "SPLA-N weapons and equipment, South Kordofan, December 2012" (PDF). HSBA Arms and Ammunition Tracing Desk. Small Arms Survey: 8. February 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-22. Retrieved 2019-01-02.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to ZPU series.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=ZPU&oldid=1266819272"