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Changed English example of prununciation of ð (soft d) to weather, which is accurately often less airy than the previous "bathe" and more correct than the l-word that was also there.
 
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{{IPA key|H:IPA-DA}}
{{IPA key|H:IPA-DA}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Danish language|Danish]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{tl|IPA-da}} and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Danish language|Danish]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see [[Template:IPA]] and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.


Transcriptions in articles are primarily based on the "distinct form" set out in {{harvp|Brink|Lund|Heger|Jørgensen|1991}}. Stress, [[stød]], and vowel length are frequently lost in actual running speech.
Transcriptions in articles are primarily based on the "distinct form" set out in {{harvp|Brink|Lund|Heger|Jørgensen|1991}}. Stress, [[stød]], and vowel length are frequently lost in actual running speech.
Line 20: Line 20:
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɑ̈|ɑ}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɑ̈|ɑ}}</big>
| ''t'''a'''k'' {{IPA|[ˈtsʰɑk]}}
| ''t'''a'''k'' {{IPA|[ˈtsʰɑk]}}
| Australian '''''ar'''t''
| '''''a'''rt''
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɑ̈|ɑː}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɑ̈|ɑː}}</big>
| ''r'''a'''ne'' {{IPA|[ˈʁɑːnə]}}
| ''r'''a'''ne'' {{IPA|[ˈʁɑːnə]}}
| Australian ''f'''a'''ther''
| ''f'''a'''ther''
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɒ|ʌ}}</big><!--The link is correct, as Modern Standard Danish [ʌ] is closer to [ɒ] than to [ʌ], and it is weakly rounded. See the article 'Danish phonology', section 'Vowels'.-->
| style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɒ|ʌ}}</big><!--The link is correct, as Modern Standard Danish [ʌ] is closer to [ɒ] than to [ʌ], and it is weakly rounded. See the article 'Danish phonology', section 'Vowels'.-->
Line 88: Line 88:
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɔ̝|ɔ}}</big><!--The link is correct, as Modern Standard Danish [ɔ] is mid, not open-mid. See the article 'Danish phonology', section 'Vowels'.-->
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɔ̝|ɔ}}</big><!--The link is correct, as Modern Standard Danish [ɔ] is mid, not open-mid. See the article 'Danish phonology', section 'Vowels'.-->
| '''''o'''st'' {{IPA|[ˈɔst]}} ('cheese')
| '''''o'''st'' {{IPA|[ˈɔst]}} ('cheese')
| RP ''th'''ough'''t''
| [[Received pronunciation|RP]] ''th'''ough'''t''
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɔ̝|ɔː}}</big><!--The link is correct, as Modern Standard Danish [ɔː] is mid, not open-mid. See the article 'Danish phonology', section 'Vowels'.-->
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɔ̝|ɔː}}</big><!--The link is correct, as Modern Standard Danish [ɔː] is mid, not open-mid. See the article 'Danish phonology', section 'Vowels'.-->
Line 120: Line 120:
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|u}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|u}}</big>
| '''''u'''d'' {{IPA|[ˈuðˀ]}}
| '''''u'''d'' {{IPA|[ˈuðˀ]}}
| ''m'''oo'''t''
| ''c'''oo'''l'' (short)
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|uː}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|uː}}</big>
| ''h'''u'''le'' {{IPA|[ˈhuːlə]}}
| ''h'''u'''le'' {{IPA|[ˈhuːlə]}}
| ''m'''oo'''d''
| ''c'''oo'''l'' (long)
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|y}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|y}}</big>
Line 141: Line 141:
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ð̩}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ð̩}}</big>
| ''mal'''et''''' {{IPA|[ˈmɛːlð̩]}}{{refn|name=syllabic|{{IPA|/əð, əl, ən/}} become [[syllabic consonant]]s {{IPA|[ð̩, l̩, m̩, n̩, ŋ̍]}} in a process known as [[Danish phonology#Schwa-assimilation|schwa-assimilation]] ({{IPA|[m̩, ŋ̍]}} are variants of {{IPA|/ən/}}, assimilated to the place of the preceding consonant). The process also often affects {{IPA|/ə/}} after a long vowel or {{IPA|/ð, j, l, n, v/}}, but these types of assimilation are not as ubiquitous as, and are more contextually constrained than, the aforementioned combinations {{harvcol|Basbøll|2005|pp=293ff}}, so they are not reflected in transcription.}}{{refn|name=softd|For most speakers, the sound represented by {{IPA|[ð]}} is more accurately a [[Velarization|velarized]] [[Laminal consonant|laminal]] [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]] [[approximant]] {{IPA|[ð̠˕ˠ]}}. Rarely, it is be realized as a [[fricative]].}}
| ''mal'''et''''' {{IPA|[ˈmɛːlð̩]}}{{refn|name=syllabic|{{IPA|/əð, əl, ən/}} become [[syllabic consonant]]s {{IPA|[ð̩, l̩, m̩, n̩, ŋ̍]}} in a process known as [[Danish phonology#Schwa-assimilation|schwa-assimilation]] ({{IPA|[m̩, ŋ̍]}} are variants of {{IPA|/ən/}}, assimilated to the place of the preceding consonant). The process also often affects {{IPA|/ə/}} after a long vowel or {{IPA|/ð, j, l, n, v/}}, but these types of assimilation are not as ubiquitous as, and are more contextually constrained than, the aforementioned combinations {{harvcol|Basbøll|2005|pp=293ff}}, so they are not reflected in transcription.}}{{refn|name=softd|For most speakers, the sound represented by {{IPA|[ð]}} is more accurately a [[Velarization|velarized]] [[Laminal consonant|laminal]] [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]] [[approximant]] {{IPA|[ð̠˕ˠ]}}. Rarely, it is realized as a [[fricative]].}}
| '''''the''' book'' (pronounced quickly)
| '''''the''' book'' (pronounced quickly)
|-
|-
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| ''rygg'''en''''' {{IPA|[ˈʁœkŋ̍]}}{{refn|name=syllabic}}
| ''rygg'''en''''' {{IPA|[ˈʁœkŋ̍]}}{{refn|name=syllabic}}
| ''Wash'''ing'''ton''
| ''Wash'''ing'''ton''
|-
! colspan="3" | Non-native
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɑ̃}}</big>
| ''ass'''em'''blé'' {{IPA|[æsɑ̃ˈple̝]}}
| [[American English|US]] ''croiss'''ant'''''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɑ̃ː}}</big>
| ''carte bl'''an'''che'' {{IPA|[ˌkʰɑːt ˈplɑ̃ːɕ]}}
| US ''croiss'''ant''''', but longer
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɒ̃}}</big>
| ''impr'''om'''ptu'' {{IPA|[æ̃pʰʁɒ̃ˈtsʰy]}}
| RP ''croiss'''ant'''''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|æ̃}}</big>
| '''''im'''promptu'' {{IPA|[æ̃pʰʁɒ̃ˈtsʰy]}}
| ''coq au v'''in'''''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɶ̃}}</big>
| ''eau de parf'''um''''' {{IPA|[otəpʰɑˈfɶ̃]}}
| somewhat like ''h'''ung'''''
|}
|}
|
|
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| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɹ|ð}}</big><!--The link is correct, as Modern Standard Danish [ð] is alveolar, not dental. See the article 'Danish phonology', section 'Consonants'.-->
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɹ|ð}}</big><!--The link is correct, as Modern Standard Danish [ð] is alveolar, not dental. See the article 'Danish phonology', section 'Consonants'.-->
| ''ø'''d'''e'' {{IPA|[ˈøːðə]}}{{refn|name=softd}}
| ''ø'''d'''e'' {{IPA|[ˈøːðə]}}{{refn|name=softd}}
| between ''ba'''th'''e'' and ''bai'''l'''''
| ''wea'''th'''er''
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|f}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|f}}</big>
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| ''ha'''v''''' {{IPA|[ˈhɑw]}} ('ocean')
| ''ha'''v''''' {{IPA|[ˈhɑw]}} ('ocean')
| ''co'''w'''''
| ''co'''w'''''
|-
! colspan="3" | Non-native
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ç}}</big>
| ''lie'''ch'''tensteiner'' {{IPA|[ˈliçtn̩ˌstɑjnɐ]}}
| '''''h'''ue''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɹ}}</big>
| '''''r'''agtime'' {{IPA|[ˈɹækˌtsʰɑjm]}}
| '''''r'''ight''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʃ}}</big>
| ''nach'''s'''piel'' {{IPA|[ˈnɑχˌʃpiːl]}}
| '''''sh'''ine''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|θ}}</big>
| '''''th'''riller'' {{IPA|[ˈθɹilɐ]}}
| '''''th'''ick''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|χ}}</big>
| ''na'''ch'''spiel'' {{IPA|[ˈnɑχˌʃpiːl]}}
| [[Scottish English|Scottish]] ''lo'''ch'''''
|}
|}


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| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ˈ&nbsp;&nbsp;ˌ}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ˈ&nbsp;&nbsp;ˌ}}</big>
| ''husmor'' {{IPA|[ˈhusˌmoɐ̯]}}
| ''husmor'' {{IPA|[ˈhusˌmoɐ̯]}}
| [[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]] (places before the stressed syllable){{refn|In Standard Copenhagen Danish, a stressed syllable has a lower [[Fundamental frequency|pitch]] than the following unstressed syllable, which then has a high-falling pitch.}}
| [[Stress (linguistics)|stress]] (places before the stressed syllable){{refn|In Standard Copenhagen Danish, a stressed syllable has a lower [[Fundamental frequency|pitch]] than the following unstressed syllable, which then has a high-falling pitch.}}
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|◌̰|ˀ}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|◌̰|ˀ}}</big>
| ''hun '''hund''''' {{Audio-IPA|DA-stød ex Hun Hund.ogg|[ˈhun ˈhunˀ]|help=no}}
| ''hun '''hund''''' {{Audio-IPA|DA-stød ex Hun Hund.ogg|[ˈhun ˈhunˀ]|help=no}}
| [[Stød]]{{refn|[[Stød]], which is realized most often as [[creaky voice]] (found in English as the [[vocal fry register]]; {{angbr IPA|◌̰}} in standard IPA), can only occur after a long vowel or a sequence of a short vowel and {{IPA|[ð, j, l, m, n, ŋ, w, ɐ̯]}} in a stressed syllable. Phonologically long vowels with stød are shorter in realization, so they are transcribed as short in this guide (cf. ''pæn'' {{IPA|/ˈpɛːˀn/ [ˈpʰeˀn]}} 'nice', ''pen'' {{IPA|/ˈpɛnˀ/ [ˈpʰenˀ]}} 'pen').}}
| [[stød]]{{refn|[[Stød]], which is realized most often as [[creaky voice]] (found in English as the [[vocal fry register]]; {{angbr IPA|◌̰}} in standard IPA), can only occur after a long vowel or a sequence of a short vowel and {{IPA|[ð, j, l, m, n, ŋ, w, ɐ̯]}} in a stressed syllable. Phonologically long vowels with stød are shorter in realization, so they are transcribed as short in this guide (cf. ''pæn'' {{IPA|/ˈpɛːˀn/ [ˈpʰeˀn]}} 'nice', ''pen'' {{IPA|/ˈpɛnˀ/ [ˈpʰenˀ]}} 'pen').}}
|}
|}
|}
|}


==Comparison of transcription schemes==
==Comparison of transcription schemes==
Transcriptions of Danish in linguistic and lexicographic literature deviate from the standard IPA in many aspects in order to dispense with diacritics and to maintain resemblance to the [[Dania transcription]], which was influential in the development of Danish linguistics and maintains resemblance to [[Danish orthography]]. The conventions of this guide, on the other hand, seek adherence to standard IPA usage as much as possible, so that readers who are already familiar with the standard IPA would not have to look up or remember the value of each symbol in the Danish tradition.
Transcriptions of Danish in linguistic and lexicographic literature deviate from the standard IPA in many aspects to dispense with diacritics and to maintain resemblance to the [[Dania transcription]], which was influential in the development of Danish linguistics and maintains resemblance to [[Danish orthography]]. The conventions of this guide, on the other hand, seek adherence to standard IPA usage as much as possible so that readers who are already familiar with the standard IPA do not have to look up or remember the value of each symbol in the Danish tradition.


{| class="wikitable nowrap" style="text-align: center; table-layout: fixed; font-size: 125%;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%;"
|- class="wrap" style="font-size: 80%;"
|- class="nowrap" style="font-size: 80%;"
! Wiki-<br />pedia
! {{abbr|WP|Wikipedia}}
! Example
! Example
! style="width: 0;" | {{harvp|Basbøll|2005}}
! [[#{{harvid|Basbøll|2005}}|Basbøll <br />(2005)]]
! style="width: 0;" | [https://ordnet.dk/ddo/artiklernes-opbygning/udtale ''Den Danske Ordbog'']
! [https://ordnet.dk/ddo/artiklernes-opbygning/udtale ''Den <br />Danske <br />Ordbog'']
! style="width: 0;" | {{harvp|Grønnum|2005}}
! [[#{{harvid|Grønnum|2005}}|Grønnum <br />(2005)]]
! style="width: 0;" | {{harvp|Molbæk Hansen|1990}}
! [[#{{harvid|Molbæk Hansen|1990}}|Molbæk <br />Hansen <br />(1990)]]
! style="width: 0;" | [https://udtaleordbog.dk/ipa.php udtale-<br />ordbog<br />.dk]
! [https://udtaleordbog.dk/ipa.php udtale-<br />ordbog<br />.dk]
! style="width: 0;" | {{harvp|Brink|Lund|Heger|Jørgensen|1991}}
! [[#{{harvid|Brink|Lund|Heger|Jørgensen|1991}}|Brink <br />et al. <br />(1991)]]
! style="width: 0;" | [https://www.ordbogen.com/ ''Politikens Nudansk Ordbog'']
! [https://www.ordbogen.com/ ''Politikens <br />Nudansk <br />Ordbog'']
! style="width: 0;" | Narrow <br />tran-<br />scription{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005}}
! Narrow <br />tran-<br />scription{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005}}
|-
|-
! colspan="10" style="font-size: 80%;" | Vowels
! colspan="10" style="font-size: 80%;" | Vowels
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| class="IPA" | l̩
| class="IPA" | l̩
| class="IPA" | əl
| class="IPA" | əl
| class="IPA" | l̩
| class="IPA" | l
| style="font-family: serif;" | ''l̩''
| style="font-family: serif;" | ''l̩''
| style="font-family: serif;" | ''əl''
| style="font-family: serif;" | ''əl''
Line 688: Line 732:
| class="IPA" | m̩
| class="IPA" | m̩
| rowspan="3" class="IPA" | ən
| rowspan="3" class="IPA" | ən
| class="IPA" | m̩
| class="IPA" | m
| style="font-family: serif;" | ''m̩''
| style="font-family: serif;" | ''m̩''
| rowspan="3" style="font-family: serif;" | ''ən''
| rowspan="3" style="font-family: serif;" | ''ən''
Line 697: Line 741:
| class="IPA" | n̩
| class="IPA" | n̩
| class="IPA" | n̩
| class="IPA" | n̩
| class="IPA" | n̩
| class="IPA" | n
| style="font-family: serif;" | ''n̩''
| style="font-family: serif;" | ''n̩''
| {{IPA|[n̩]}}
| {{IPA|[n̩]}}
Line 705: Line 749:
| class="IPA" | ŋ̩
| class="IPA" | ŋ̩
| class="IPA" | ŋ̩
| class="IPA" | ŋ̩
| class="IPA" | ŋ̩
| class="IPA" | ŋ
| style="font-family: serif;" | ''ŋ̩''
| style="font-family: serif;" | ''ŋ̩''
| {{IPA|[ŋ̍]}}
| {{IPA|[ŋ̍]}}
Line 1,011: Line 1,055:
}}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}

==See also==
*{{clc|Pages with Danish IPA|pages}}


==External links==
==External links==

Latest revision as of 12:34, 2 January 2025

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Danish pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Transcriptions in articles are primarily based on the "distinct form" set out in Brink et al. (1991). Stress, stød, and vowel length are frequently lost in actual running speech.

See Danish phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of the language.

Key

[edit]
Vowels
IPA Examples English approximation
ɑ tak [ˈtsʰɑk] art
ɑː rane [ˈʁɑːnə] father
ʌ ånd [ˈʌnˀ] somewhat like off
ɒ normal [nɒˈmɛˀl] off
ɒː kort [ˈkʰɒːt] dog
æ kat [ˈkʰæt] bat
æː græde [ˈkʁæːðə] bad
e̝ bed [ˈpe̝ð] ('garden plot') bit
e̝ː mene [ˈme̝ːnə] bid
e ven [ˈven], frisk [ˈfʁesk] bait
eː mæle [ˈmeːlə] bade
ɛ bær [ˈpɛɐ̯] bet
ɛː gade [ˈkɛːðə] bed
i tisse [ˈtsʰisə] beat
iː mile [ˈmiːlə] bead
o foto [ˈfoto] story, but short
oː kone [ˈkʰoːnə] story
ɔ ost [ˈɔst] ('cheese') RP thought
ɔː måle [ˈmɔːlə] RP law
ø nød [ˈnøðˀ] somewhat like hurt
øː løber [ˈløːpɐ] ('runner') somewhat like herd
œ bønne [ˈpœnə] somewhat like hurt
œː høne [ˈhœːnə] somewhat like herd
ɶ tør [ˈtsʰɶɐ̯ˀ] ('dry') somewhat like but
ɶː røre [ˈʁɶːɐ] somewhat like bud
u ud [ˈuðˀ] cool (short)
uː hule [ˈhuːlə] cool (long)
y tyk [ˈtsʰyk] somewhat like refute
yː synlig [ˈsyːnli] somewhat like feud
Unstressed-only
ɐ løber [ˈløːpɐ] ('runner') coda
ð̩ malet [ˈmɛːlð̩][1][2] the book (pronounced quickly)
ə hoppe [ˈhʌpə] focus
l̩ gammel [ˈkɑml̩][1] bottle
m̩ København [kʰøpm̩ˈhɑwˀn][1] rhythm
n̩ vinden [ˈve̝nˀn̩] ('the wind')[1] sudden
ŋ̍ ryggen [ˈʁœkŋ̍][1] Washington
Non-native
ɑ̃ assemblé [æsɑ̃ˈple̝] US croissant
ɑ̃ː carte blanche [ˌkʰɑːt ˈplɑ̃ːɕ] US croissant, but longer
ɒ̃ impromptu [æ̃pʰʁɒ̃ˈtsʰy] RP croissant
æ̃ impromptu [æ̃pʰʁɒ̃ˈtsʰy] coq au vin
ɶ̃ eau de parfum [otəpʰɑˈfɶ̃] somewhat like hung
Consonants
IPA Examples English approximations
ɐ̯ er [ˈɛɐ̯] near
ɕ sjat [ˈɕæt] ship
ð øde [ˈøːðə][2] weather
f fod [ˈfoðˀ] fan
h hat [ˈhæt] heart
j jord [ˈjoɐ̯ˀ], mig [ˈmɑj] yawn
k god [ˈkoðˀ] scar
kʰ kone [ˈkʰoːnə] car
l lykke [ˈløkə] lake
m mod [ˈmoðˀ] man
n node [ˈnoːðə] nap
ŋ lang [ˈlɑŋˀ] ring
p bog [ˈpɔwˀ] spot
pʰ pol [ˈpʰoˀl] pot
ʁ rød [ˈʁœðˀ] French parler
s sod [ˈsoðˀ] between sip and ship (retracted)
t dåb [ˈtɔˀp] start
tɕ tjener [ˈtɕeːnɐ] chin
tsʰ tak [ˈtsʰɑk] tart
v våd [ˈvɔðˀ] very
w hav [ˈhɑw] ('ocean') cow
Non-native
ç liechtensteiner [ˈliçtn̩ˌstɑjnɐ] hue
ɹ ragtime [ˈɹækˌtsʰɑjm] right
ʃ nachspiel [ˈnɑχˌʃpiːl] shine
θ thriller [ˈθɹilɐ] thick
χ nachspiel [ˈnɑχˌʃpiːl] Scottish loch
Suprasegmentals
IPA Example Description
ˈ  ˌ husmor [ˈhusˌmoɐ̯] stress (places before the stressed syllable)[3]
ˀ hun hund [ˈhun ˈhunˀ]ⓘ stød[4]

Comparison of transcription schemes

[edit]

Transcriptions of Danish in linguistic and lexicographic literature deviate from the standard IPA in many aspects to dispense with diacritics and to maintain resemblance to the Dania transcription, which was influential in the development of Danish linguistics and maintains resemblance to Danish orthography. The conventions of this guide, on the other hand, seek adherence to standard IPA usage as much as possible so that readers who are already familiar with the standard IPA do not have to look up or remember the value of each symbol in the Danish tradition.

Wiki-
pedia 		Example Basbøll
(2005) 		Den
Danske
Ordbog 		Grønnum
(2005) 		Molbæk
Hansen
(1990) 		udtale-
ordbog
.dk 		Brink
et al.
(1991) 		Politikens
Nudansk
Ordbog 		Narrow
tran-
scription[5]
Vowels
ɑ takke, sejle ɑ ɑ ɑ α a α, α̇[6] α[6] [ɑ̈]
kræft a æ ɑ̈ ä
ɑː trane, arne ɑː ɑː ɑː αː aː α·[6] α·[6] [ɑ̈ː]
ʌ måtte ʌ ʌ ʌ ʌ ɒ ɔ ɔ [ɒ̽]
ɒ vor ɒ ɒ ɒ ɔ ɒ å[7] år[8] [ɒ̝]
ɒː tårne ɒː ɒː ɒː ɔː ɒː å·[7] [ɒ̝ː]
æ malle a a a a æ ɑ a [æ]
række æ aɪ ɑ̈ ä [a]
æː græde aː aː ɑː[9] aː æː ɑ̈ð ä· [æː]
e̝ list e e e e e e e [e̝]
e̝ː mele eː eː eː eː eː e· e· [e̝ː]
e læst ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ æ æ [e]
brist æ æ [e̞]
eː mæle, bære ɛː ɛː ɛː, æː[9] ɛː ɛː, æː æ· æ· [eː]
grene, kræse æː æː æ·, æᶖ[10] [e̞ː~e̞j]
ɛ bær æ æ æ æ æ ɑ̇ ä [ɛ]
ɛː male æː æː æː aː æː ɑ̇· a· [ɛː]
i mis i i i i i i i [i]
iː mile iː iː iː iː iː i· i· [iː]
o foto o o o o o o o [o̝]
oː mole oː oː oː oː oː o· o· [o̝ː]
ɔ ost ɔ ɔ ɔ å ɔ ɑ̊ å [ɔ̽]
ɔː måle ɔː ɔː ɔː åː ɔː ɑ̊· å· [ɔ̽ː]
ø kys ø ø ø ø ø ø ø [ø]
øː køle øː øː øː øː øː ø· ø· [øː]
œ høns, grynt œ œ œ, œ̞[9] ö œ ö ö [œ̝]
œː høne, røbe œː œː œː, œ̞ː[9] öː œː ö· ö· [œ̝ː]
ɶ gør ɶ ɶ œ̞ ɔ̈ ɶ ɔ̈ ɔ̈ [œ]
grøn ɶ [ɶ̝]
ɶː gøre ɶː ɶː œ̞ː ɔ̈ː ɶː ɔ̈· ɔ̈· [œː]
u guld, brusk u u u, o[9] u u u u [u]
uː mule, ruse uː uː uː, oː[9] uː uː u· u· [uː]
y lyt y y y y y y y [y]
yː kyle yː yː yː yː yː y· y· [yː]
Unstressed-only
ɐ fatter ɐ ʌ ɐ ʌ ɐ ɔ ɔ [ɒ̽]
ð̩ måned ð̩ əð ð̩ əð ɤ ð̩ əð [ð̩˕˗ˠ]
ə hoppe ə ə ə ə ə ə ə [ə]
l̩ gammel l̩ əl l̩ əl l l̩ əl [l̩]
m̩ hoppen m̩ ən m̩ ən m m̩ ən [m̩]
n̩ hesten n̩ n̩ n n̩ [n̩]
ŋ̍ pakken ŋ̩ ŋ̩ ŋ ŋ̩ [ŋ̍]
Consonants
ɐ̯ smør ɐ̯ ɐ̯ ɐ̯ ʀ ɐ ɹ r [ɒ̯̽]
ɕ sjat ɕ ɕ ɕ ʃ ɕ ᶊ sj [ɕ]
ð mad ð ð ð ð ɤ ð ð [ð̠˕ˠ]
f fisk f f f f f f f [f]
h hus h h h h h h h [h]
j jul j j j j j j j [j]
mig ɪ̯ ɪ ᶖ[10]
k gås ɡ̊ ɡ ɡ̊ g k ɡ g [k]
kʰ kål kʰ k kʰ k kʰ k k [kʰ]
l lås l l l l l l l [l]
m mus m m m m m m m [m]
n ni n n n n n n n [n]
ŋ perron ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ [ŋ]
p bål b̥ b b̥ b p b b [p]
pʰ pille pʰ p pʰ p pʰ p p [pʰ]
ʁ rose ʁ ʁ ʁ r ʁ r r [ʁ̞]
s sæl s s s s s s s [s]
t dåse d̥ d d̥ d t d d [t]
tɕ tjene tˢj tj t͡ɕ tj tɕ tj tj [tɕ]
tsʰ taske tˢ t tˢ t ts t t [tsʰ]
v vams v v v v v v v [ʋ]
w hav ʊ̯ w w w ʊ w w [w]
Stød and stress
ˈtsʰiˀ ti ˈtˢiːˀ ˈtiˀ ˈtˢiːˀ ˈtiːʼ ˈtsḭː ˈtiʼ ˈtiʼ [ˈtsʰḭˑ]

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e /əð, əl, ən/ become syllabic consonants [ð̩, l̩, m̩, n̩, ŋ̍] in a process known as schwa-assimilation ([m̩, ŋ̍] are variants of /ən/, assimilated to the place of the preceding consonant). The process also often affects /ə/ after a long vowel or /ð, j, l, n, v/, but these types of assimilation are not as ubiquitous as, and are more contextually constrained than, the aforementioned combinations (Basbøll 2005:293ff), so they are not reflected in transcription.
  2. ^ a b For most speakers, the sound represented by [ð] is more accurately a velarized laminal alveolar approximant [ð̠˕ˠ]. Rarely, it is realized as a fricative.
  3. ^ In Standard Copenhagen Danish, a stressed syllable has a lower pitch than the following unstressed syllable, which then has a high-falling pitch.
  4. ^ Stød, which is realized most often as creaky voice (found in English as the vocal fry register; ⟨◌̰⟩ in standard IPA), can only occur after a long vowel or a sequence of a short vowel and [ð, j, l, m, n, ŋ, w, ɐ̯] in a stressed syllable. Phonologically long vowels with stød are shorter in realization, so they are transcribed as short in this guide (cf. pæn /ˈpɛːˀn/ [ˈpʰeˀn] 'nice', pen /ˈpɛnˀ/ [ˈpʰenˀ] 'pen').
  5. ^ Basbøll (2005).
  6. ^ a b c d Though indistinguishable in some fonts, ⟨α⟩ for [ɑ] is the italic Greek alpha, not the Latin alpha, ⟨ɑ⟩, which represents [æ] in Dania.
  7. ^ a b ⟨å⟩ for [ɒ] is oblique in print, but here shown in normal type because its italic form is indistinguishable from ⟨ɑ̊⟩, which represents [ɔ], in most serif fonts.
  8. ^ On Ordbogen.com, ⟨år⟩ represents [ɒː] when stressed and [ɒ] when unstressed.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Grønnum describes the speech of younger speakers than do other sources. This key follows the latter, which describe varieties where [æː, œ, œː, u, uː] can follow [ʁ] and [eː] can precede [ɐ].
  10. ^ a b In print, the rightward hook in ⟨ᶖ⟩ extends directly from the stem of ⟨i⟩ (somewhat like ⟨ɭ̇⟩ but shorter).

References

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  • Basbøll, Hans (2005). The Phonology of Danish. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-203-97876-5.
  • Brink, Lars; Lund, Jørn; Heger, Steffen; Jørgensen, J. Normann (1991). Den Store Danske Udtaleordbog. Copenhagen: Munksgaard. ISBN 87-16-06649-9.
  • Grønnum, Nina (2005). Fonetik og fonologi: almen og dansk (3rd ed.). Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag. ISBN 87-500-3865-6.
  • Molbæk Hansen, Peter (1990). Udtaleordbog. Copenhagen: Gyldendal. ISBN 978-87-02-05895-6.

See also

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