Arab folk dances: Difference between revisions

Arab dance
Arab dance
Medium	Dance
Types	Ardah · Ayyalah · Belly dance · Dabke · Fann at-Tanbura · Khaleegy · Khigga · Mizmar · Raqs Sharqi · Razfah · Yowlah
Originating culture	Arab culture

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Arab folk dances (Arabic: رقص عربي, romanized: raqs ʿarabiyy), also referred to as Oriental dance, Middle-Eastern dance and Eastern dance, are the traditional folk dances of the Arabs in Arab world. Arab dance has many different styles, including the three main types of folklore, classical, and contemporary. It is enjoyed and implemented throughout the Arab region, from North Africa to the Middle East.^[1]^[2]

The term "Arabic dance" is often associated with belly dancing.^[3] However, there are many styles of traditional Arab dance^[4] and many of them have a long history.^[5] These may be folk dances, or dances that were once performed as rituals or as entertainment spectacle, and some may have been performed in the imperial court.^[6] Coalescence of oral storytelling, poetry recital, and music has a long-standing tradition in Arab history.^[7] Among the best-known of the Arab traditional dances are the belly dance, the ardah, and the dabke.^[8]

Traditional dancing is still popular among expatriate Arabs and has also been successfully exported to international folk dance groups all over the world. All dancers wear the traditional costume to embody the history of their culture and tell their ancestors stories.^[9]

History

Historically, dance has always been an important part of the Arabic culture. Some examples of the various social dances enjoyed in the Arab world are Debke (Arabic: دبكة, also spelled Dabkeh), Raqs Baladi (Arabic: بلدي, romanized: baladī; relative-adjective "of town", "local", "rural", comparable to English "folk", with a lower-class connotation), and religious sacred dances.

In Spain and the Iberian Peninsula, the idea of exotic dancing existed throughout the Islamic era and sometimes included slavery. When the Umayyads conquered Spain, they sent Basque singers and dancers to Damascus and Egypt for training in the Middle Eastern style. These dancers came to be known as Al-Andalusian dancers. It is theorised that the fusion of the Al-Andalus style with the dances of the Spanish Gypsies led to the creation of flamenco.

The courtly pleasures of the Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid caliphs included belly dancing, soirée, and singing. Belly dancers and singers were sent from all parts of the vast empire to entertain.^[10]

During the French campaign in Egypt and Syria in 1798, Europeans were interested in the Arab world, folk dances and music of each country.

In the middle of the 19th century, the eastern side of the Arab world; Arabia, Egypt, the Levant and the Mesopotamia were collectively referred to as 'Al Sharq' or 'Mashreq'; meaning 'East'. The Middle East attracted European painters and writers described as Orientalists, who specialized in Oriental subjects; among the most prominent personalities are Jean-Léon Gérôme, Eugène Delacroix and Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres.^[11]

Arabic dance was performed in the United States in 1893 at the World's Columbian Exposition, which included an exhibition entitled "The streets of Cairo". The exhibition was attended by dancers from Egypt and several other Arab countries from the Middle East and North Africa, including Syria and Algeria.^[12] The term "belly dancing" is often credited to Sol Bloom, its entertainment director, but referred to the dance as danse du ventre, the name used by the French in Algeria. In his memoirs, Bloom states, "when the public learned that the literal translation was "belly dance", they delightedly concluded that it must be salacious and immoral...I had a gold mine."^[13]

Types of dance

Arabs have their own diverse and rich music and dances which is part of their identity. There are a lot of Arab traditional dances as the Arab world is a vast area. Men are also as involved as women. Here are four kinds of traditional dances.^[14]

List of classic dances

These dances date from the antiquity and have not ceased to evolve in history and in time.^[14]

Belly dance

Belly dance also referred to as Egyptian dance (Arabic: رقص شرقي, romanized: Raqs sharqi) is an Egyptian expressive dance,^[15]^[16]^[11]^[17] which emphasizes complex movements of the torso.^[18] Many boys and girls in countries where belly dancing is popular will learn how to do it when they are young. The dance involves movement of many different parts of the body; usually in a circular way. Both women and men can belly dance.^[19]

Shamadan

Shamadan (Arabic: شمعدان) is a large candelabrum balanced on top of a dancer's head, in a tradition unique to Egyptian dance.^[20]^[21]^[22] This dance prop is historically used in the Egyptian wedding procession, or zeffah.^[23] The wedding procession traditionally occurs at night, winding its way through the streets of the neighborhood from the home of the bride's parents to her new home at the groom's house. This is the official moving of the bride and is led by a dancer, musicians and singers, followed by the wedding party and their friends and family.^[24]

Raqs Sharqi

Raqs Sharqi (Arabic: رقص شرقي) is the classical Egyptian style of belly dance that developed during the first half of the 20th century. This dance is pre-Islamic and is an oral tradition which has changed over the centuries. Some people believe that it originated as a fertility or Goddess worshipping dance, and in North Africa it can still be used to help during childbirth.^[25]

Baladi

Baladi (Arabic: بلدي) means "of the country" and is a style of Egyptian folk dance from the early 20th century which is still very popular. Thus, ‘Egyptian Beledi’ means ‘of the country of Egypt’^[26] It came about when farmers moved to the city and began dancing in small spaces. Egyptians have Baladi people, Baladi bread, Baladi rhythms, Baladi music and Baladi dance.^[27]^[28] It is a folk/social form of bellydance. It is more stationary than raqs sharqi, with little use of the arms, and the focus is on hip movements. Baladi dance has a 'heavy' feeling, with the dancer appearing relaxed and strongly connected to the ground. It is performed to baladi or folk music.^[29]

Almeh

Almeh (Arabic: عالمة, romanized: ʕálma IPA: [ˈʕælmæ]; the sublime dance in the past is ʕálme or ʕālme, plural عوالم ʕawālim Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [ʕæˈwæːlem, -lɪm], from Arabic: ʻālima, from علم "to know, be learned") was the name of a class of female entertainers in Egypt, women educated to sing and recite classical poetry and to discourse wittily.^[30] unlike the ghawazy, the awalim performed only for women and for the high class in their homes.

Ouled Nail

Ouled Nail (Arabic: أولاد نايل) originated a style of music, sometimes known as Bou Saâda music after the town near their homeland. In belly dancing, the term refers to a style of dance originated by the Ouled Naïl, noted for their way of dancing. Which involves small, rapid foot movements paired with vigorous torso and hip movements.^[31]^[32]

Ghawazi

Ghawazi, Ghawazy (Arabic: غوازي) (also ghawazee) dancers of Egypt were a group of female traveling dancers. The Ghawazee perform solo or in small groups, unveiled for heterogenic audience, in the public streets, in festivals, in cafe houses and in the Upper Egypt mawalid (local Islamic ceremony), the term itself sometimes accompanied sexual-acts in the local culture and was sometimes used as an insult. Their dancing has little of elegance; its chief peculiarity being a very rapid vibrating motion of the hips, from side to side.^[33]

Folk dances

Those dances are performed during the civil celebrations or events as birth, death, wedding or a social ascent and sometimes during religious festivals.^[14]

Dabke

Dabke (Arabic: دبكة), is a Levantine folk dance event forming part of the shared sociocultural landscape of Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon and Syria.^[34] Twice, Dabke was made into a fixed canon of movement patterns and steps which, through repeated execution, served to consolidate behavioral norms and cultural meanings.^[35]

Deheyeh

Deheyeh (Arabic: الدحية), Is a Bedouin dance practiced in Palestine, Jordan, northern Saudi Arabia, some of the Gulf states, the Syrian desert. It was practiced before the wars to stir up enthusiasm among the members of the tribe, and at the end of the battles in ancient times describe the battle and the tournaments, but now it is practiced on occasions such as weddings, holidays and other celebrations.

Popular dances

Popular dances involve all forms artistic expressions of a people.^{[clarification needed]}^[14]

Khaleegy

Khaleegy (Arabic: خليجي) is a dance performed in the countries of the Arabian Peninsula.^[36] A long "Thawb" is worn which the dancer holds up in front.^[37] There is a step with it, but the main feature is the hair tossing as the head swings from side to side. The name of the dance literally means "gulf" in Arabic and it is danced by local women in weddings and other social events. Khaleegy is a joyful, lively, expressive, gestural and delicate dance performed in events involving happiness and celebration (like weddings).^[38]^[39] Women dance in complicity and it is often started with one of them standing alone in the dance floor to begin the dance, and then the others join her. The main body parts involved in the dance are the hands, the head and the "Thawb" itself. The hair, apart from the "Thawb" is the main element used to dance Khaleegy: women let their long hair "dance" moving it from side to side, back and forth, in circle and making other figures.^[40] Recently it has become very popular among belly dancers.^[41]

The Khaleegy dance is most commonly performed to a hypnotic 2/4 rhythm with two heavy beats and a pause, called the Saudi, khaliji, or adany rhythm (from Yemen). There is not one khaliji rhythm but hundreds, as this dance represents many countries of the Gulf area.^[42]

Ardah

Ardah (Arabic: العرضة, romanized: al-‘arḍah) is a type of folkloric dance in Arabia. The dance is performed with two rows of men opposite of one another, each of whom may or may not be wielding a sword or cane, and is accompanied by drums and spoken poetry.^[43] In the Emirates, the local version is called the ayyalah.

The term 'Ardah' is thought to derive from the Arabic verb ard meaning 'to show' or 'to parade'. It was so named because its purpose was to publicly display the fighting strength of a tribe and boost morale before an armed engagement.^[43] Although there are regional variations of the particular rendition of ardah, the purpose it serves is nearly identical throughout the Arabian Peninsula.^[43]

Hagallah

Hagallah (Arabic: هجاله) is a folkloric dance of celebration known as the hagallah is performed by the settled Bedouin (bedu) of Mersa Matruh in Western Egypt and is often performed during the date harvest, which is the wedding season in that area.^[44] Hagallah is also known in areas of neighbouring Libya and is related to kaf (clapping) dances in other regions of the Middle East., hagallah is performed by the bedouin of western Egypt. It has been described as a wedding dance and also as a girl's coming-of-age dance.^[22]

Schikhatt

Schikhatt (Arabic: شيخات): in Classical Arabic, the word sheikha (Arabic: شيخة) is the feminine of sheikh: a person with knowledge, experience, wisdom. In Maghrebi (Moroccan Arabic), "sheikha" limits its meaning to specify a woman with carnal knowledge extensive enough to teach others. It is an erotic women-only dance, originally performed for the bride before her wedding, with the idea of teaching her how she would be expected to move in the marriage bed.^[20]

Guedra

Guedra (Arabic: كدرة) is a dance from the desert region of Morocco's south west, performed to induce an altered state of consciousness, with a solo performer beginning the dance with hand movements, then swinging the head and torso until a trance state is reached.^[45] Guedra dancers are single or divorced women. Sometimes men from the audience will enquire with a view to marriage.^[46]

Yowlah

Yowlah (Arabic: اليولة) or ayyalah is traditional dance in the United Arab Emirates. It involves spinning and throwing a rifle dummy made entirely of wood and metal plating.^[47]

Sacred dances

Those sacred dances are related to the dominant religion of the Arab world which is Islam. They are particularly linked to Sufism which is the heart of the Islamic tradition inaugurated by the Prophet Muhammad.^[14]

Tanoura

Tanoura (Arabic: التنورة) Is an Egyptian folk dance with obvious Sufi origins,^[48] which today became an important ritual of the celebration rituals performed on many occasions.^[49] The dance is a rhythmic dance performed collectively by circular movements, which stems from the mystical Islamic sense of philosophical basis.^[50] It sees that the movement in the universe starts from a point and ends at the same point and therefore reflects this concept in their dance.^[51] Their movements come as if they are drawing halos, drenched in space. The word tanoura or tannoura refers to the colorful skirt worn by the whirler, with a color representing each Sufi order.^[52]

Zar

Zār (Arabic: زار) is a dance performed to drive away evil spirits. It originated in the Sudan but is also popular among women in Egypt.^[22]

Gallery

References

^ Hammond, Andrew (2007). Popular culture in the Arab world : arts, politics, and the media. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-9774160547. OCLC 148667773.
^ Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2016-08-08). The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442257498.
^ Trier-Bieniek, Adrienne (2015). Feminist Theory and Pop Culture. Springer. p. 4.
^ "The Traditional Arabic Dance". Our Pastimes.
^ Kashua, Sayed (2007-12-01). Dancing Arabs. Grove/Atlantic, Inc. ISBN 9781555846619.
^ Mason, Daniel Gregory (1916). The Art of Music: The dance. National Society of Music.
^ Khouri, Malek (2010). The Arab National Project in Youssef Chahine's Cinema. American Univ in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774163548.
^ Buonaventura, Wendy (2010). Serpent of the Nile : women and dance in the Arab world (Updated and rev. ed.). Northampton, Mass.: Interlink Books. ISBN 978-1566567916. OCLC 320803968.
^ Boosahda, Elizabeth (2010-01-01). Arab-American Faces and Voices: The Origins of an Immigrant Community. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292783133.
^ Da'Mi, Muhammed Al (21 February 2014). Feminizing the West: Neo-Islam's Concepts of Renewal, War and the State. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781491865231.
^ ^a ^b Buonaventura, Wendy (2010). Serpent of the Nile : women and dance in the Arab world ([Newly updated ed.] ed.). London: Saqi. ISBN 978-0863566288.
^ Kahn, Eve M. (2016-11-10). "A Wriggle in Time: Historical Artifacts of Belly Dancing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-10-23.
^ Donna Carlton (1995) Looking for Little Egypt. Bloomington, Indiana: International Dance Discovery Books. ISBN 0-9623998-1-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Traditional dances of the Arab world - Firdaous". Firdaous. 2017-06-02. Archived from the original on 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
^ Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2016). The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442257498.
^ Reel, Justine J. (2013). Eating disorders : an encyclopedia of causes, treatment, and prevention. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood. ISBN 978-1440800580.
^ Hammond, Andrew (2007). Popular culture in the Arab world : arts, politics, and the media (1. publ. ed.). Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-9774160547.
^ Deagon, Andrea (1984). In Search of the Origins of Dance (PhD thesis). University of North Carolina Wilmington.
^ "Belly Dancing Information". bellydancers.wikidot.com. Retrieved 2017-09-23.
^ ^a ^b "Shamadan - Sakkara". www.sakkara.de. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
^ "SAKTI RINEK - World-Famous Bellydancer". www.sakti-international.com. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Arab music: dance". al-bab.com. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
^ "Gamila and Lucy tell about the Shamadan or Candelabra for the Gilded Serpent". www.gildedserpent.com. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
^ Asante, Molefi K. (2002). Culture and Customs of Egypt. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 150. ISBN 9780313317408.
^ Taylor, Carolyne. "Raqs Sharqi". www.spiritdancer.co.uk.
^ "Overview of Belly Dance: Egyptian Folkloric style belly dancing". www.atlantabellydance.com. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
^ "Learn Bellydance Styles: Egyptian Baladi - Bellydance U". Bellydance U. 2015-08-01. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
^ Elliot, Shira Julie. ""Baladi" by Hossam Ramzy". www.shira.net. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
^ "Egyptian Baladi and the Baladi Taksim". www.shemsdance.com. Archived from the original on 2017-06-27. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
^ Gerôme, Jean-Léon. "Dance of the Almeh, by Jean-Léon Gerôme". Retrieved 2017-10-10.
^ "Ouled Nail". Belly-dance.org. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
^ ""The Ouled Nail of Algeria", by Jasmin Jahal, June 1999". Jasminjahal.com. Retrieved 2012-12-28.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ "Edwina Nearing for the Gilded Serpent". www.gildedserpent.com. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
^
*"The Dabke-An Arabic Folk Dance". History and Development of Dance/ Brockport. 9 May 2013.
- Veal, Michael E.; Kim, E. Tammy (2016). Punk Ethnography: Artists & Scholars Listen to Sublime Frequencies. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 9780819576545.
- Kabir, Nahid (2012). Young American Muslims: Dynamics of Identity. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748669967.
- "Event: Dabke Dance Workshop – Vassar BDS". vsa.vassar.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-01-07. Retrieved 2017-09-23.
- York, Museum of the City of New (2002). A Community of Many Worlds: Arab Americans in New York City. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815607397.
- Stanton, Andrea L. (2012). Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia. SAGE. ISBN 9781412981767.
- Cavendish, Marshall (2006). Peoples of Western Asia. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 9780761476771.
- Don; Hunt, Mary (1990). Hunts' guide to southeast Michigan. Waterloo, Mich.: Midwestern Guides. ISBN 0962349909.
- "Dabke". Canadian Palestinian Association in Manitoba. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2017-09-23. It is performed in Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Hatay and Northern Saudi Arabia.
^ Kaschl, Elke (2003-01-01). Dance and Authenticity in Israel and Palestine: Performing the Nation. BRILL. ISBN 9004132384.
^ "Learn Belly Dance Styles: Khaleegy - Bellydance U". Bellydance U. 2015-08-05. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
^ "Khaleegy - Sakkara". www.sakkara.de. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
^ "The Big 5: Khaleegy - Belly Dance Geek". Belly Dance Geek. 2013-03-12. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
^ "7 Khaleeji songs you'll never get enough of". StepFeed. 2016-09-21. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
^ "Khaliji Raqs Na'ashat Dance & Iraqi Kawliya". www.shemsdance.com. Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
^ "Khaliji Dance History | Everything Belly Dance Blog". Everything Belly Dance. 2008-10-14. Archived from the original on 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
^ "Khaliji dance". Fanack Chronicle. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
^ ^a ^b ^c Urkevich, Lisa (19 December 2014). "5". Music and Traditions of the Arabian Peninsula: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar (Google Play). Routledge. p. 131/689. ISBN 978-0415888721.
^ "Egypt2". www.home.aone.net.au. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
^ "Moroccan Dance, Guedra & Schikhat". www.brownpapertickets.com. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
^ "The Guedra: Morocco Brings It to Denver | Morocco & the Casbah Dance Experience". www.casbahdance.org. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
^ "Largest yowla dance". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
^ "The Egyptian Folklore Dance " Tanoura Dance"". وصف مصر - wasf masr. Archived from the original on 2017-12-06. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
^ "Tanoura Dance | Dubai Tanoura Show". www.memphistours.com. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
^ "The Egyptian Castle - El Tanoura". www.egyptiancastle.com. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
^ "Tanoura Dance". www.lonelyplanet.com. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
^ "Egyptian folk dance : Tanoura". entertainment.feedfury.com. Archived from the original on July 8, 2012. Retrieved 2017-12-27.

External links

Media related to Arab dance at Wikimedia Commons
A variety of The Jordanian Dabke performed by Al Yarmouk University Folk Troupe.
Jordanian Dabkeh Performed By Al-Ramth Youth Folk Troupe
Jordanian Dabke (Tas'awiya) – Ma'an 1975
El-Arish Dabka
Palestinian Dabkeh performed in London
La Troupe Folklorique Les Chevaliers du Liban (Montréal, Canada) Archived 2009-06-25 at the Wayback Machine
Palestinian Dabkeh Troupe (Hurriyah Dabkeh Troupe)^{[permanent dead link‍]}
Al-Juthoor Dabkeh Group
Al-Juthoor performs in the San Francisco Ethnic Dance Festival Archived 2007-12-09 at the Wayback Machine
El-Funoon Dabkeh Group

[1] Hammond, Andrew (2007). Popular culture in the Arab world : arts, politics, and the media. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-9774160547. OCLC 148667773.

[2] Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2016-08-08). The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442257498.

[3] Trier-Bieniek, Adrienne (2015). Feminist Theory and Pop Culture. Springer. p. 4.

[4] "The Traditional Arabic Dance". Our Pastimes.

[5] Kashua, Sayed (2007-12-01). Dancing Arabs. Grove/Atlantic, Inc. ISBN 9781555846619.

[6] Mason, Daniel Gregory (1916). The Art of Music: The dance. National Society of Music.

[7] Khouri, Malek (2010). The Arab National Project in Youssef Chahine's Cinema. American Univ in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774163548.

[8] Buonaventura, Wendy (2010). Serpent of the Nile : women and dance in the Arab world (Updated and rev. ed.). Northampton, Mass.: Interlink Books. ISBN 978-1566567916. OCLC 320803968.

[9] Boosahda, Elizabeth (2010-01-01). Arab-American Faces and Voices: The Origins of an Immigrant Community. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292783133.

[10] Da'Mi, Muhammed Al (21 February 2014). Feminizing the West: Neo-Islam's Concepts of Renewal, War and the State. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781491865231.

[Saqi-11] Buonaventura, Wendy (2010). Serpent of the Nile : women and dance in the Arab world ([Newly updated ed.] ed.). London: Saqi. ISBN 978-0863566288.

[12] Kahn, Eve M. (2016-11-10). "A Wriggle in Time: Historical Artifacts of Belly Dancing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-10-23.

[13] Donna Carlton (1995) Looking for Little Egypt. Bloomington, Indiana: International Dance Discovery Books. ISBN 0-9623998-1-7.

[:2-14] "Traditional dances of the Arab world - Firdaous". Firdaous. 2017-06-02. Archived from the original on 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2017-10-10.

[15] Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2016). The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442257498.

[16] Reel, Justine J. (2013). Eating disorders : an encyclopedia of causes, treatment, and prevention. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood. ISBN 978-1440800580.

[17] Hammond, Andrew (2007). Popular culture in the Arab world : arts, politics, and the media (1. publ. ed.). Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-9774160547.

[18] Deagon, Andrea (1984). In Search of the Origins of Dance (PhD thesis). University of North Carolina Wilmington.

[19] "Belly Dancing Information". bellydancers.wikidot.com. Retrieved 2017-09-23.

[:0-20] "Shamadan - Sakkara". www.sakkara.de. Retrieved 2017-10-07.

[21] "SAKTI RINEK - World-Famous Bellydancer". www.sakti-international.com. Retrieved 2017-10-07.

[:1-22] "Arab music: dance". al-bab.com. Retrieved 2017-10-07.

[23] "Gamila and Lucy tell about the Shamadan or Candelabra for the Gilded Serpent". www.gildedserpent.com. Retrieved 2017-10-07.

[24] Asante, Molefi K. (2002). Culture and Customs of Egypt. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 150. ISBN 9780313317408.

[25] Taylor, Carolyne. "Raqs Sharqi". www.spiritdancer.co.uk.

[26] "Overview of Belly Dance: Egyptian Folkloric style belly dancing". www.atlantabellydance.com. Retrieved 2017-12-27.

[27] "Learn Bellydance Styles: Egyptian Baladi - Bellydance U". Bellydance U. 2015-08-01. Retrieved 2017-12-27.

[28] Elliot, Shira Julie. ""Baladi" by Hossam Ramzy". www.shira.net. Retrieved 2017-12-27.

[29] "Egyptian Baladi and the Baladi Taksim". www.shemsdance.com. Archived from the original on 2017-06-27. Retrieved 2017-10-10.

[30] Gerôme, Jean-Léon. "Dance of the Almeh, by Jean-Léon Gerôme". Retrieved 2017-10-10.

[31] "Ouled Nail". Belly-dance.org. Retrieved 2012-12-28.

[32] ""The Ouled Nail of Algeria", by Jasmin Jahal, June 1999". Jasminjahal.com. Retrieved 2012-12-28.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[33] "Edwina Nearing for the Gilded Serpent". www.gildedserpent.com. Retrieved 2017-10-10.

[34] *"The Dabke-An Arabic Folk Dance". History and Development of Dance/ Brockport. 9 May 2013.
Veal, Michael E.; Kim, E. Tammy (2016). Punk Ethnography: Artists & Scholars Listen to Sublime Frequencies. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 9780819576545.

Kabir, Nahid (2012). Young American Muslims: Dynamics of Identity. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748669967.

"Event: Dabke Dance Workshop – Vassar BDS". vsa.vassar.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-01-07. Retrieved 2017-09-23.

York, Museum of the City of New (2002). A Community of Many Worlds: Arab Americans in New York City. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815607397.

Stanton, Andrea L. (2012). Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia. SAGE. ISBN 9781412981767.

Cavendish, Marshall (2006). Peoples of Western Asia. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 9780761476771.

Don; Hunt, Mary (1990). Hunts' guide to southeast Michigan. Waterloo, Mich.: Midwestern Guides. ISBN 0962349909.

"Dabke". Canadian Palestinian Association in Manitoba. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2017-09-23. It is performed in Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Hatay and Northern Saudi Arabia.

[35] Veal, Michael E.; Kim, E. Tammy (2016). Punk Ethnography: Artists & Scholars Listen to Sublime Frequencies. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 9780819576545.

[36] Kabir, Nahid (2012). Young American Muslims: Dynamics of Identity. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748669967.

[37] "Event: Dabke Dance Workshop – Vassar BDS". vsa.vassar.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-01-07. Retrieved 2017-09-23.

[38] York, Museum of the City of New (2002). A Community of Many Worlds: Arab Americans in New York City. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815607397.

[39] Stanton, Andrea L. (2012). Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia. SAGE. ISBN 9781412981767.

[40] Cavendish, Marshall (2006). Peoples of Western Asia. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 9780761476771.

[41] Don; Hunt, Mary (1990). Hunts' guide to southeast Michigan. Waterloo, Mich.: Midwestern Guides. ISBN 0962349909.

[42] "Dabke". Canadian Palestinian Association in Manitoba. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2017-09-23. It is performed in Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Hatay and Northern Saudi Arabia.

[35] Kaschl, Elke (2003-01-01). Dance and Authenticity in Israel and Palestine: Performing the Nation. BRILL. ISBN 9004132384.

[36] "Learn Belly Dance Styles: Khaleegy - Bellydance U". Bellydance U. 2015-08-05. Retrieved 2017-10-10.

[37] "Khaleegy - Sakkara". www.sakkara.de. Retrieved 2017-10-10.

[38] "The Big 5: Khaleegy - Belly Dance Geek". Belly Dance Geek. 2013-03-12. Retrieved 2017-10-10.

[39] "7 Khaleeji songs you'll never get enough of". StepFeed. 2016-09-21. Retrieved 2017-10-10.

[40] "Khaliji Raqs Na'ashat Dance & Iraqi Kawliya". www.shemsdance.com. Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-10-10.

[41] "Khaliji Dance History | Everything Belly Dance Blog". Everything Belly Dance. 2008-10-14. Archived from the original on 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2017-10-10.

[42] "Khaliji dance". Fanack Chronicle. Retrieved 2017-10-10.

[urkevich1-43] Urkevich, Lisa (19 December 2014). "5". Music and Traditions of the Arabian Peninsula: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar (Google Play). Routledge. p. 131/689. ISBN 978-0415888721.

[44] "Egypt2". www.home.aone.net.au. Retrieved 2017-10-07.

[45] "Moroccan Dance, Guedra & Schikhat". www.brownpapertickets.com. Retrieved 2017-10-07.

[46] "The Guedra: Morocco Brings It to Denver | Morocco & the Casbah Dance Experience". www.casbahdance.org. Retrieved 2017-10-07.

[47] "Largest yowla dance". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 2017-10-10.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Traditional folk and traditional dances of the Arab World}}
+{{Short description|Traditional folk dances of the Arab world}}
-{{short description|Traditional folk dances of the Arabs}}
 {{for|the style of Arab dance|Belly dance}}
+[[File: Arab girls dancing Khaleegy dance.jpg|thumb|Arab girls dancing Khaleegy]]
 {{Infobox performing art
 | name = Arab dance
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 {{Arab culture}}
-'''Arab folk dances''' ({{lang-ar|رقص عربي|raqs ʿarabiyy}}), also referred to as Oriental dance, [[Middle-Eastern dance]] and Eastern dance, are the traditional folk dances of the [[Arabs]] in [[Arab world]]. Arab dance has many different trash useless styles, including the three main types of folklore, classical, and contemporary. It is enjoyed and implemented throughout the Arab region, from [[North Africa]] to the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Popular culture in the Arab world : arts, politics, and the media|last=1970-|first=Hammond, Andrew|date=2007|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|isbn=978-9774160547|location=Cairo, Egypt|oclc=148667773}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ&q=arab+dance&pg=PA11|title=The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance|last=Snodgrass|first=Mary Ellen|date=2016-08-08|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442257498|language=en}}</ref>
+'''Arab folk dances''' ({{langx|ar|رقص عربي|raqs ʿarabiyy}}), also referred to as Oriental dance, [[Middle-Eastern dance]] and Eastern dance, are the traditional folk dances of the [[Arabs]] in [[Arab world]]. Arab dance has many different styles, including the three main types of folklore, classical, and contemporary. It is enjoyed and implemented throughout the Arab region, from [[North Africa]] to the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Popular culture in the Arab world : arts, politics, and the media|last=Hammond|first=Andrew|date=2007|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|isbn=978-9774160547|location=Cairo, Egypt|oclc=148667773}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ&q=arab+dance&pg=PA11|title=The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance|last=Snodgrass|first=Mary Ellen|date=2016-08-08|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442257498|language=en}}</ref>
-The term "Arabic dance" is often associated with the [[trash dance]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=|title=Feminist Theory and Pop Culture|last=Trier-Bieniek|first=Adrienne|date=2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=|location=|pages=4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A Symphony of Flavors: Food and Music in Concert|last=Murray|first=Edmundo|date=2015|publisher=Cambridge Scholars 👨🏽‍🏫 Publishing|location=|pages=34|language=en}}</ref> However, there are many styles of traditional Arab dance<ref>{{cite web|title=The Traditional Arabic Dance|url=https://ourpastimes.com/the-traditional-arabic-dance-12347223.html|website=Our Pastimes|language=en}}</ref> and many of them have a long history.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-LzWEYkzt8C|title=Dancing Arabs|last=Kashua|first=Sayed|date=2007-12-01|publisher=Grove/Atlantic, Inc.|isbn=9781555846619|language=en}}</ref> These may be folk dances, or dances that were once performed as rituals or as entertainment spectacle, and some may have been performed in the imperial court.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.152891|title=The Art of Music: The dance|last=Mason|first=Daniel Gregory|date=1916|publisher=National Society of Music|language=en}}</ref> Coalescence of oral storytelling, poetry recital, and music has a long-standing tradition in [[Arab history]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-1fOcxHJ8oC&pg=PA179|title=The Arab National Project in Youssef Chahine's Cinema|last=Khouri|first=Malek|date=2010|publisher=American Univ in Cairo Press|isbn=9789774163548|language=en}}</ref> Among the best-known of the Arab traditional dances are the belly dance, the [[ardah]], and the [[dabke]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Serpent of the Nile : women and dance in the Arab world|last=1950-|first=Buonaventura, Wendy|date=2010|publisher=Interlink Books|isbn=978-1566567916|edition=Updated and rev.|location=Northampton, Mass.|oclc=320803968}}</ref>
+The term "Arabic dance" is often associated with [[belly dancing]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=|title=Feminist Theory and Pop Culture|last=Trier-Bieniek|first=Adrienne|date=2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=|location=|pages=4|language=en}}</ref> However, there are many styles of traditional Arab dance<ref>{{cite web|title=The Traditional Arabic Dance|url=https://ourpastimes.com/the-traditional-arabic-dance-12347223.html|website=Our Pastimes|language=en}}</ref> and many of them have a long history.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-LzWEYkzt8C|title=Dancing Arabs|last=Kashua|first=Sayed|date=2007-12-01|publisher=Grove/Atlantic, Inc.|isbn=9781555846619|language=en}}</ref> These may be folk dances, or dances that were once performed as rituals or as entertainment spectacle, and some may have been performed in the imperial court.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.152891|title=The Art of Music: The dance|last=Mason|first=Daniel Gregory|date=1916|publisher=National Society of Music|language=en}}</ref> Coalescence of oral storytelling, poetry recital, and music has a long-standing tradition in [[Arab history]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-1fOcxHJ8oC&pg=PA179|title=The Arab National Project in Youssef Chahine's Cinema|last=Khouri|first=Malek|date=2010|publisher=American Univ in Cairo Press|isbn=9789774163548|language=en}}</ref> Among the best-known of the Arab traditional dances are the belly dance, the [[ardah]], and the [[dabke]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Serpent of the Nile : women and dance in the Arab world|last=Buonaventura|first=Wendy|date=2010|publisher=Interlink Books|isbn=978-1566567916|edition=Updated and rev.|location=Northampton, Mass.|oclc=320803968}}</ref>
 Traditional dancing is still popular among [[Arab diaspora|expatriate Arabs]] and has also been successfully exported to international folk dance groups all over the world. All dancers wear the traditional costume to embody the history of their culture and tell their ancestors stories.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZIQAQAAQBAJ&q=arab+dance|title=Arab-American Faces and Voices: The Origins of an Immigrant Community|last=Boosahda|first=Elizabeth|date=2010-01-01|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=9780292783133|language=en}}</ref>
@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 [[Image:الفلكلور الشعبى فى مصر 28 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|A dancer dancing Raqs Baladi in Cairo]]
-Historically, dance has always been an important part of the [[Arab culture|Arabic culture]]. Some examples of the oldest social dances enjoyed in the Arab world  are [[Debke]] ({{lang-ar|دبكة, also spelled Dabkeh}}) and [[Baladi|Raqs Baladi]] ({{lang-ar|بلدي|translit=baladī|translit-std=ALA|link=no}}<span style="margin-left:3px">;</span> [[Arabic nouns and adjectives#Nisba|relative]]-adjective "of town", "local", "rural", comparable to English "[[:wikt:folk#Adjective|folk]]", with a lower-class connotation). During the series of invasions on the Arab world, Europeans were influenced by its peoples cultures. During the [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria]] in 1798, Europeans were interested in the Arab world, folk dances and music of each country. In the middle of the 19th century, the Middle East, especially the [[Levant]], [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Egypt]] were collectively referred to as the 'East'. The Middle East attracted European painters and writers described as [[Orientalism#Art|Orientalists]], who specialized in Oriental subjects; among the most prominent personalities are [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], [[Eugène Delacroix]] and [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]].<ref name="Saqi">{{cite book|last1=Buonaventura|first1=Wendy|title=Serpent of the Nile : women and dance in the Arab world|date=2010|publisher=Saqi|location=London|isbn=978-0863566288|edition=[Newly updated ed.]}}</ref>
+Historically, dance has always been an important part of the [[Arab culture|Arabic culture]]. Some examples of the various social dances enjoyed in the Arab world  are [[Debke]] ({{langx|ar|دبكة, also spelled Dabkeh}}), [[Baladi|Raqs Baladi]] ({{langx|ar|بلدي|translit=baladī|translit-std=ALA|link=no}}<span style="margin-left:3px">;</span> [[Arabic nouns and adjectives#Nisba|relative]]-adjective "of town", "local", "rural", comparable to English "[[:wikt:folk#Adjective|folk]]", with a [[Lower social class|lower-class]] connotation), and religious [[sacred dance]]s.
+In [[Spain]] and the [[Iberian Peninsula]], the idea of exotic dancing existed throughout the [[Islamic]] era and sometimes included slavery. When the [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Umayyads]] conquered Spain, they sent [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque]] singers and dancers to [[Damascus]] and [[Egypt]] for training in the Middle Eastern style. These dancers came to be known as Al-Andalusian dancers. It is theorised that the fusion of the Al-Andalus style with the dances of the [[Gitanos|Spanish Gypsies]] led to the creation of [[flamenco]].
-[[Orientalism]] has undoubtedly contributed to the misconception of the popular dance as a dance of temptation, conducted for the pleasure of men. In fact, because of the traditional gender segregation, women in the Middle East usually dance only in the women's company between parents and friends. Sometimes a professional dancer and musicians were invited to the women's Caucus. Today, gender segregation is not strictly practised in many urban areas, and sometimes both men and women dance socially at family and/or community events.
+The courtly pleasures of the [[Umayyad dynasty| Umayyad]], [[Abbasid dynasty| Abbasid]] and [[Fatimid dynasty|Fatimid]] caliphs included belly dancing, soirée, and singing. Belly dancers and singers were sent from all parts of the vast empire to entertain.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WXqAgAAQBAJ&dq=belly+dancing+umayyads&pg=PA30 | title=Feminizing the West: Neo-Islam's Concepts of Renewal, War and the State | isbn=9781491865231 | last1=Da'Mi | first1=Muhammed Al | date=21 February 2014 | publisher=AuthorHouse }}</ref>
+During the [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria]] in 1798, Europeans were interested in the [[Arab world]], folk dances and music of each country.
+In the middle of the 19th century, the eastern side of the Arab world; [[Arabia]], [[Egypt]], the [[Levant]] and the [[Mesopotamia]] were collectively referred to as 'Al Sharq' or 'Mashreq'; meaning 'East'. The Middle East attracted European painters and writers described as [[Orientalism#Art|Orientalists]], who specialized in Oriental subjects; among the most prominent personalities are [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], [[Eugène Delacroix]] and [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]].<ref name="Saqi">{{cite book|last1=Buonaventura|first1=Wendy|title=Serpent of the Nile : women and dance in the Arab world|date=2010|publisher=Saqi|location=London|isbn=978-0863566288|edition=[Newly updated ed.]}}</ref>
 Arabic dance was performed in the United States in 1893 at the [[World's Columbian Exposition]], which included an exhibition entitled "[[Cairo|The streets of Cairo]]". The exhibition was attended by dancers from [[Egypt]] and several other [[Arab countries]] from the Middle East and North Africa, including [[Syria]] and [[Algeria]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/11/arts/design/a-wriggle-in-time-historical-artifacts-of-belly-dancing.html|title=A Wriggle in Time: Historical Artifacts of Belly Dancing|last=Kahn|first=Eve M.|date=2016-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-10-23|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The term "belly dancing" is often credited to [[Sol Bloom]], its entertainment director, but referred to the dance as ''danse du ventre'', the name used by the French in Algeria. In his memoirs, Bloom states, "when the public learned that the literal translation was "belly dance", they delightedly concluded that it must be salacious and immoral...I had a gold mine."<ref>Donna Carlton (1995) ''Looking for Little Egypt''. Bloomington, Indiana: International Dance Discovery Books. {{ISBN|0-9623998-1-7}}.</ref>
 == Types of dance ==
-Arabs have their own diverse and rich [[Arabic music|music]] and dances which is part of their [[Arab identity|identity]]. There are a lot of Arab traditional dances as the Arab world is a vast area. Men are also as involved as [[Women in Arab societies|women]]. Here are four kinds of traditional dances.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.firdaous.org/traditional-dances-arab-world.htm|title=Traditional dances of the Arab world - Firdaous|date=2017-06-02|work=Firdaous|access-date=2017-10-10|language=en-US}}</ref>
+Arabs have their own diverse and rich [[Arabic music|music]] and dances which is part of their [[Arab identity|identity]]. There are a lot of Arab traditional dances as the Arab world is a vast area. Men are also as involved as [[Women in Arab societies|women]]. Here are four kinds of traditional dances.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.firdaous.org/traditional-dances-arab-world.htm|title=Traditional dances of the Arab world - Firdaous|date=2017-06-02|work=Firdaous|access-date=2017-10-10|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010155529/http://www.firdaous.org/traditional-dances-arab-world.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 ===  List of classic dances ===
@@ Line 39: / Line 45: @@
 ==== Belly dance ====
 {{main article|Belly dance}}
-[[Belly dance]] also referred to as Arabic dance ({{lang-ar|رقص شرقي|Raqs sharqi}}) is an Oriental expressive dance,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Snodgrass|first1=Mary Ellen|title=The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance|date=2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442257498|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=editor|first1=Justine J. Reel, PHD, LPC, CC-AASP|title=Eating disorders : an encyclopedia of causes, treatment, and prevention|date=2013|publisher=Greenwood|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1440800580|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/eatingdisorderse0000unse}}</ref><ref name="Saqi"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hammond|first1=Andrew|title=Popular culture in the Arab world : arts, politics, and the media|date=2007|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|location=Cairo, Egypt|isbn=978-9774160547|edition=1. publ.}}</ref> which emphasizes complex movements of the torso.<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Deagon|first=Andrea|title=In Search of the Origins of Dance|date=1984|degree=PhD|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Wilmington]]|url=http://people.uncw.edu/deagona/raqs/origins.htm}}</ref> Many boys and girls in countries where belly dancing is popular will learn how to do it when they are young. The dance involves movement of many different parts of the body; usually in a [[circle|circular]] way. Both women and men can belly dance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bellydancers.wikidot.com/|title=Belly Dancing Information - Belly Dancing|website=bellydancers.wikidot.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-23}}</ref>
+[[Belly dance]] also referred to as Egyptian dance ({{langx|ar|رقص شرقي|Raqs sharqi}}) is an Egyptian expressive dance,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Snodgrass|first1=Mary Ellen|title=The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance|date=2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442257498|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Justine J.|last=Reel|title=Eating disorders : an encyclopedia of causes, treatment, and prevention|date=2013|publisher=Greenwood|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1440800580|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/eatingdisorderse0000unse}}</ref><ref name="Saqi"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hammond|first1=Andrew|title=Popular culture in the Arab world : arts, politics, and the media|date=2007|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|location=Cairo, Egypt|isbn=978-9774160547|edition=1. publ.}}</ref> which emphasizes complex movements of the torso.<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Deagon|first=Andrea|title=In Search of the Origins of Dance|date=1984|degree=PhD|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Wilmington]]|url=http://people.uncw.edu/deagona/raqs/origins.htm}}</ref> Many boys and girls in countries where belly dancing is popular will learn how to do it when they are young. The dance involves movement of many different parts of the body; usually in a [[circle|circular]] way. Both women and men can belly dance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bellydancers.wikidot.com/|title=Belly Dancing Information|website=bellydancers.wikidot.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-23}}</ref>
 ==== Shamadan ====
 [[File:SHAMADAN.jpg|thumb|Dance of Shamadan]]
-Shamadan ({{lang-ar|شمعدان}}) is a large candelabrum balanced on top of a dancer's head, in a tradition unique to [[Egypt]]ian dance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sakkara.de/en/217/|title=Shamadan - Sakkara|website=www.sakkara.de|language=en|access-date=2017-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sakti-international.com/candelabra.html|title=SAKTI RINEK - World-Famous Bellydancer|website=www.sakti-international.com|access-date=2017-10-07}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://al-bab.com/music-section/arab-music-dance|title=Arab music: dance|work=al-bab.com|access-date=2017-10-07|language=en}}</ref> This dance prop is historically used in the Egyptian wedding procession, or [[Zaffa|zeffah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gildedserpent.com/art43/gamilaniledance3candl.htm|title=Gamila and Lucy tell about the Shamadan or Candelabra for the Gilded Serpent|website=www.gildedserpent.com|language=en-us|access-date=2017-10-07}}</ref> The wedding procession traditionally occurs at night, winding its way through the streets of the neighborhood from the home of the bride's parents to her new home at the groom's house. This is the official moving of the bride and is led by a dancer, musicians and singers, followed by the wedding party and their friends and family.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00mole|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00mole/page/150 150]|title=Culture and Customs of Egypt|last=Asante|first=Molefi K.|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313317408|language=en}}</ref>
+Shamadan ({{langx|ar|شمعدان}}) is a large candelabrum balanced on top of a dancer's head, in a tradition unique to [[Egypt]]ian dance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sakkara.de/en/217/|title=Shamadan - Sakkara|website=www.sakkara.de|language=en|access-date=2017-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sakti-international.com/candelabra.html|title=SAKTI RINEK - World-Famous Bellydancer|website=www.sakti-international.com|access-date=2017-10-07}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://al-bab.com/music-section/arab-music-dance|title=Arab music: dance|work=al-bab.com|access-date=2017-10-07|language=en}}</ref> This dance prop is historically used in the Egyptian wedding procession, or [[Zaffa|zeffah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gildedserpent.com/art43/gamilaniledance3candl.htm|title=Gamila and Lucy tell about the Shamadan or Candelabra for the Gilded Serpent|website=www.gildedserpent.com|language=en-us|access-date=2017-10-07}}</ref> The wedding procession traditionally occurs at night, winding its way through the streets of the neighborhood from the home of the bride's parents to her new home at the groom's house. This is the official moving of the bride and is led by a dancer, musicians and singers, followed by the wedding party and their friends and family.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00mole|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00mole/page/150 150]|title=Culture and Customs of Egypt|last=Asante|first=Molefi K.|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313317408|language=en}}</ref>
 ==== Raqs Sharqi ====
 {{main article|Raqs Sharqi}}
 [[File:20111110 Egypt 0421 Cairo dinner cruise.jpg|thumb|Raqs Sharqi in Cairo]]
-[[Raqs Sharqi]] ({{lang-ar|رقص شرقي}}) is the classical Egyptian style of [[belly dance]] that developed during the first half of the 20th century. This dance is [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic]] and is an oral tradition which has changed over the centuries. Some people believe that it originated as a fertility or Goddess worshipping dance, and in [[North Africa]] it can still be used to help during childbirth.<ref>{{cite web|last1=taylor|first1=carolyne|title=Raqs Sharqi|url=http://www.spiritdancer.co.uk/raqs.htm|website=www.spiritdancer.co.uk}}</ref>
+[[Raqs Sharqi]] ({{langx|ar|رقص شرقي}}) is the classical Egyptian style of [[belly dance]] that developed during the first half of the 20th century. This dance is [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic]] and is an oral tradition which has changed over the centuries. Some people believe that it originated as a fertility or Goddess worshipping dance, and in [[North Africa]] it can still be used to help during childbirth.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Taylor|first1=Carolyne|title=Raqs Sharqi|url=http://www.spiritdancer.co.uk/raqs.htm|website=www.spiritdancer.co.uk}}</ref>
 ==== Baladi ====
 {{main article|Baladi}}
 [[File:الفلكلور الشعبى فى مصر 23.jpg|thumb|Dance of Baladi in Egypt]]
-[[Baladi]] ({{lang-ar|بلدي}}) means "of the country" and is a style of Egyptian folk dance from the early 20th century which is still very popular. Thus, ‘Egyptian Beledi’ means ‘of the country of Egypt’<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlantabellydance.com/Overview/EgyptianFolkloric.html|title=Overview of Belly Dance: Egyptian Folkloric style belly dancing|website=www.atlantabellydance.com|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref> It came about when farmers moved to the city and began dancing in small spaces. Egyptians have Baladi people, Baladi bread, Baladi rhythms, Baladi music and Baladi dance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bellydanceu.net/styles/bellydance-styles-egyptian-baladi/|title=Learn Bellydance Styles: Egyptian Baladi - Bellydance U|date=2015-08-01|work=Bellydance U|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shira.net/baladi.htm|title="Baladi" by Hossam Ramzy|last=Elliot|first=Shira Julie|website=www.shira.net|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref> It is a folk/social form of bellydance. It is more stationary than [[Raqs Sharqi|raqs sharqi]], with little use of the arms, and the focus is on hip movements. Baladi dance has a 'heavy' feeling, with the dancer appearing relaxed and strongly connected to the ground. It is performed to baladi or folk music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shemsdance.com/articles/egyptian-baladi-and-the-baladi-taksim/|title=Egyptian Baladi and the Baladi Taksim|website=www.shemsdance.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-10}}</ref>
+[[Baladi]] ({{langx|ar|بلدي}}) means "of the country" and is a style of Egyptian folk dance from the early 20th century which is still very popular. Thus, ‘Egyptian Beledi’ means ‘of the country of Egypt’<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlantabellydance.com/Overview/EgyptianFolkloric.html|title=Overview of Belly Dance: Egyptian Folkloric style belly dancing|website=www.atlantabellydance.com|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref> It came about when farmers moved to the city and began dancing in small spaces. Egyptians have Baladi people, Baladi bread, Baladi rhythms, Baladi music and Baladi dance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bellydanceu.net/styles/bellydance-styles-egyptian-baladi/|title=Learn Bellydance Styles: Egyptian Baladi - Bellydance U|date=2015-08-01|work=Bellydance U|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shira.net/baladi.htm|title="Baladi" by Hossam Ramzy|last=Elliot|first=Shira Julie|website=www.shira.net|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref> It is a folk/social form of bellydance. It is more stationary than [[Raqs Sharqi|raqs sharqi]], with little use of the arms, and the focus is on hip movements. Baladi dance has a 'heavy' feeling, with the dancer appearing relaxed and strongly connected to the ground. It is performed to baladi or folk music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shemsdance.com/articles/egyptian-baladi-and-the-baladi-taksim/|title=Egyptian Baladi and the Baladi Taksim|website=www.shemsdance.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-10|archive-date=2017-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627125810/http://www.shemsdance.com/articles/egyptian-baladi-and-the-baladi-taksim/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 ==== Almeh ====
 {{main article|Almeh}}
-[[Almeh]] ({{lang-ar|عالمة|translit=ʕálma}} {{IPA-ar|ˈʕælmæ|IPA}}; the sublime dance in the past is ''{{transl|arz|ʕálme}}'' or ''{{transl|arz|ʕālme}}'', plural {{lang|arz|عوالم}} ''{{transl|arz|ʕawālim}}'' {{IPA-arz|ʕæˈwæːlem, -lɪm}}, from Arabic: ''{{transl|ar|Wehr|ʻālima}}'', from {{lang|ar|[[:wikt:علم|علم]]}}  "to know, be learned")
+[[Almeh]] ({{langx|ar|عالمة|translit=ʕálma}} {{IPA|ar|ˈʕælmæ|IPA}}; the sublime dance in the past is ''{{transl|arz|ʕálme}}'' or ''{{transl|arz|ʕālme}}'', plural {{lang|arz|عوالم}} ''{{transl|arz|ʕawālim}}'' {{IPA|arz|ʕæˈwæːlem, -lɪm}}, from Arabic: ''{{transl|ar|Wehr|ʻālima}}'', from {{lang|ar|[[:wikt:علم|علم]]}}  "to know, be learned")
 was the name of a class of female entertainers in [[History of Muslim Egypt|Egypt]], women educated to sing and recite classical poetry and to discourse wittily.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.shira.net/art/gerome-almeh.htm|title=Dance of the Almeh, by Jean-Léon Gerôme|last=Gerôme|first=Jean-Léon|access-date=2017-10-10}}</ref> unlike the ghawazy, the awalim performed only for women and for the high class in their homes.
@@ Line 63: / Line 72: @@
 {{main article|Ouled Nail}}
 [[File:DANSEUSE OULED NAIL2.jpg|thumb|Dancer of Ouled Nail]]
-[[Ouled Nail]] ({{lang-ar|أولاد نايل}}) originated a style of music, sometimes known as [[Bou Saâda]] music after the town near their homeland. In [[belly dancing]], the term refers to a style of dance originated by the Ouled Naïl, noted for their way of dancing. Which involves small, rapid foot movements paired with vigorous torso and hip movements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.belly-dance.org/ouled-nail.html |title=Ouled Nail |publisher=Belly-dance.org |access-date=2012-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jasminjahal.com/articles/99_06.html |title="The Ouled Nail of Algeria", by Jasmin Jahal, June 1999 |publisher=Jasminjahal.com |access-date=2012-12-28}}</ref>
+[[Ouled Nail]] ({{langx|ar|أولاد نايل}}) originated a style of music, sometimes known as [[Bou Saâda]] music after the town near their homeland. In [[belly dancing]], the term refers to a style of dance originated by the Ouled Naïl, noted for their way of dancing. Which involves small, rapid foot movements paired with vigorous torso and hip movements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.belly-dance.org/ouled-nail.html |title=Ouled Nail |publisher=Belly-dance.org |access-date=2012-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jasminjahal.com/articles/99_06.html |title="The Ouled Nail of Algeria", by Jasmin Jahal, June 1999 |publisher=Jasminjahal.com |access-date=2012-12-28 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
 ==== Ghawazi ====
 {{main article|Ghawazi}}
-Ghawazi, Ghawazy ({{lang-ar|غوازي}}) (also ''ghawazee'') [[dance]]rs of [[Egypt]] were a group of female traveling dancers. The Ghawazee perform solo or in small groups, unveiled for heterogenic audience, in the public streets, in festivals, in cafe houses and in the Upper Egypt mawalid (local Islamic ceremony), the term itself sometimes accompanied sexual-acts in the local culture and was sometimes used as an insult. Their dancing has little of elegance; its chief peculiarity being a very rapid vibrating motion of the hips, from side to side.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gildedserpent.com/articles25/edwinakhairiyyastruggles.htm|title=Edwina Nearing for the Gilded Serpent|website=www.gildedserpent.com|access-date=2017-10-10}}</ref>
+Ghawazi, Ghawazy ({{langx|ar|غوازي}}) (also ''ghawazee'') [[dance]]rs of [[Egypt]] were a group of female traveling dancers. The Ghawazee perform solo or in small groups, unveiled for heterogenic audience, in the public streets, in festivals, in cafe houses and in the Upper Egypt mawalid (local Islamic ceremony), the term itself sometimes accompanied sexual-acts in the local culture and was sometimes used as an insult. Their dancing has little of elegance; its chief peculiarity being a very rapid vibrating motion of the hips, from side to side.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gildedserpent.com/articles25/edwinakhairiyyastruggles.htm|title=Edwina Nearing for the Gilded Serpent|website=www.gildedserpent.com|access-date=2017-10-10}}</ref>
 ===  Folk dances ===
@@ Line 75: / Line 85: @@
 [[File:Palestinian girls dancing Dabke.jpg|thumb|Palestinian girls dancing traditional Dabke]]
 {{main article|Dabke}}
-[[Dabke]] ({{lang-ar|دبكة}}), is an Arab folk dance event forming part of the shared [[Sociocultural system|sociocultural]] [[landscape]] of  [[Jordan]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]].<ref>
-*{{cite web|title=The Dabke-An Arabic Folk Dance|url=https://dancehistorydevelopment.wordpress.com/2013/05/09/the-dabke-an-arabic-folk-dance/|website=History and Development of Dance/ Brockport|date=9 May 2013}}
+[[Dabke]] ({{langx|ar|دبكة}}), is a [[Levant|Levantine]] folk dance event forming part of the shared [[Sociocultural system|sociocultural]] [[landscape]] of  [[Jordan]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]].<ref>*{{cite web|title=The Dabke-An Arabic Folk Dance|url=https://dancehistorydevelopment.wordpress.com/2013/05/09/the-dabke-an-arabic-folk-dance/|website=History and Development of Dance/ Brockport|date=9 May 2013}}
 *{{cite book|last1=Veal|first1=Michael E.|last2=Kim|first2=E. Tammy|title=Punk Ethnography: Artists & Scholars Listen to Sublime Frequencies|date=2016|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|isbn=9780819576545|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oqv3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA289|language=en}}
 *{{cite book|last1=Kabir|first1=Nahid|title=Young American Muslims: Dynamics of Identity|date=2012|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=9780748669967|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1bZvAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|language=en}}
-*{{cite web|title=Event: Dabke Dance Workshop – Vassar BDS|url=http://vsa.vassar.edu/orgs/vassarsjp/2016/01/21/event-dabke-dance-workshop/|website=vsa.vassar.edu}}
+*{{cite web|title=Event: Dabke Dance Workshop – Vassar BDS|url=http://vsa.vassar.edu/orgs/vassarsjp/2016/01/21/event-dabke-dance-workshop/|website=vsa.vassar.edu|access-date=2017-09-23|archive-date=2017-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107004804/http://vsa.vassar.edu/orgs/vassarsjp/2016/01/21/event-dabke-dance-workshop/|url-status=dead}}
 *{{cite book|last1=York|first1=Museum of the City of New|title=A Community of Many Worlds: Arab Americans in New York City|date=2002|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=9780815607397|url=https://archive.org/details/communityofmanyw00bens|language=en}}
 *{{cite book|last1=Stanton|first1=Andrea L.|title=Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia|date=2012|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9781412981767|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC&pg=PA316|language=en}}
-*{{cite book|last1=Cavendish|first1=Marshall|last2=Corporation|first2=Marshall Cavendish|title=Peoples of Western Asia|date=2006|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=9780761476771|url=https://archive.org/details/peoplesofwestern0000unse|language=en}}
+*{{cite book|last1=Cavendish|first1=Marshall|title=Peoples of Western Asia|date=2006|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=9780761476771|url=https://archive.org/details/peoplesofwestern0000unse|language=en}}
 *{{cite book|last1=Don|last2=Hunt|first2=Mary|title=Hunts' guide to southeast Michigan|date=1990|publisher=Midwestern Guides|location=Waterloo, Mich.|isbn=0962349909|url=https://archive.org/details/huntsguidetosout0000hunt}}
-*{{cite web|title=Dabke|url=http://www.cpamonline.com/dabke.html|website=Canadian Palestinian Association in Manitoba}} It is performed in [[Lebanon]], [[Jordan]], [[Iraq]], [[Syria]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Hatay Province|Hatay]] and [[Saudi Arabia|Northern Saudi Arabia]].</ref> Twice, Dabke was made into a fixed canon of movement patterns and steps which, through repeated execution, served to consolidate [[Norm (social)|behavioral norms]] and cultural meanings.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OfRAsefaeVEC&pg=PA36|title=Dance and Authenticity in Israel and Palestine: Performing the Nation|last=Kaschl|first=Elke|date=2003-01-01|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004132384|language=en}}</ref>
+*{{cite web|title=Dabke|url=http://www.cpamonline.com/dabke.html|website=Canadian Palestinian Association in Manitoba|access-date=2017-09-23|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140247/http://www.cpamonline.com/dabke.html|url-status=dead}} It is performed in [[Lebanon]], [[Jordan]], [[Iraq]], [[Syria]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Hatay Province|Hatay]] and [[Saudi Arabia|Northern Saudi Arabia]].</ref> Twice, Dabke was made into a fixed canon of movement patterns and steps which, through repeated execution, served to consolidate [[Norm (social)|behavioral norms]] and cultural meanings.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OfRAsefaeVEC&pg=PA36|title=Dance and Authenticity in Israel and Palestine: Performing the Nation|last=Kaschl|first=Elke|date=2003-01-01|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004132384|language=en}}</ref>
 ==== Deheyeh ====
-Deheyeh ({{lang-ar|الدحية}}), Is a [[Bedouin]] dance practiced in [[State of Israel|The Negev, (Israel)]], [[Jordan]], [[Saudi Arabia|northern Saudi Arabia]], some of the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]], the [[Syrian Desert|Syrian desert]]. It was practiced before the wars to stir up enthusiasm among the members of the tribe, and at the end of the battles in ancient times describe the battle and the tournaments, but now it is practiced on occasions such as [[Arab wedding|weddings]], [[holiday]]s and other [[Party|celebrations]].
+Deheyeh ({{langx|ar|الدحية}}), Is a [[Bedouin]] dance practiced in [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Jordan]], [[Saudi Arabia|northern Saudi Arabia]], some of the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]], the [[Syrian Desert|Syrian desert]]. It was practiced before the wars to stir up enthusiasm among the members of the tribe, and at the end of the battles in ancient times describe the battle and the tournaments, but now it is practiced on occasions such as [[Arab wedding|weddings]], [[holiday]]s and other [[Party|celebrations]].
-===  Popular dances ===
+=== Popular dances ===
-Popular dances involve all forms artistic expressions of a people.<ref name=":2" />
+Popular dances involve all forms artistic expressions of a people.{{clarify|date=December 2024}}<ref name=":2" />
 ==== Khaleegy ====
 {{main article|Khaleegy (dance)}}
-[[File:Arab girls dancing Khaleegy dance.jpg|thumb|Arab girls dancing Khaleegy dance]]
+[[File:Arab girls dancing Khaleegy dance.jpg|thumb|Arab girls dancing Khaleegy]]
-[[Khaleegy (dance)|Khaleegy]] ({{lang-ar|خليجي}}) is a dance performed in the countries of the [[Arabian Peninsula]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bellydanceu.net/styles/learn-bellydance-styles-khaleegy/|title=Learn Belly Dance Styles: Khaleegy - Bellydance U|date=2015-08-05|work=Bellydance U|access-date=2017-10-10|language=en-US}}</ref> A long "[[Thawb]]" is worn which the dancer holds up in front.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sakkara.de/en/345/|title=Khaleegy - Sakkara|website=www.sakkara.de|language=en|access-date=2017-10-10}}</ref> There is a step with it, but the main feature is the hair tossing as the head swings from side to side. The name of the dance literally means "[[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|gulf]]" in Arabic and it is danced by local women in weddings and other social events. Khaleegy is a joyful, lively, expressive, gestural and delicate dance performed in events involving happiness and celebration (like weddings).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bellydancegeek.com/2013/03/the-big-5-khaleegy/|title=The Big 5: Khaleegy - Belly Dance Geek|date=2013-03-12|work=Belly Dance Geek|access-date=2017-10-10|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://stepfeed.com/7-khaleeji-songs-you-ll-never-get-enough-of-8843|title=7 Khaleeji songs you'll never get enough of|date=2016-09-21|work=StepFeed|access-date=2017-10-10|language=en-US}}</ref> Women dance in complicity and it is often started with one of them standing alone in the dance floor to begin the dance, and then the others join her.The main body parts involved in the dance are the hands, the head and the "Thawb" itself. The hair, apart from the "Thawb" is the main element used to dance [[Khaleegy (dance)|Khaleegy]]: women let their long hair "dance" moving it from side to side, back and forth, in circle and making other figures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shemsdance.com/articles/khaliji-thobe-nashal-dance-arabian-gulf/|title=Khaliji Raqs Na'ashat Dance & Iraqi Kawliya|website=www.shemsdance.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-10}}</ref> Recently it has become very popular among belly dancers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mellilah.com/blog/khaliji-dance/|title=Khaliji Dance History {{!}} Everything Belly Dance Blog|date=2008-10-14|work=Everything Belly Dance|access-date=2017-10-10|language=en-US}}</ref>
+[[Khaleegy (dance)|Khaleegy]] ({{langx|ar|خليجي}}) is a dance performed in the countries of the [[Arabian Peninsula]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bellydanceu.net/styles/learn-bellydance-styles-khaleegy/|title=Learn Belly Dance Styles: Khaleegy - Bellydance U|date=2015-08-05|work=Bellydance U|access-date=2017-10-10|language=en-US}}</ref> A long "[[Thawb]]" is worn which the dancer holds up in front.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sakkara.de/en/345/|title=Khaleegy - Sakkara|website=www.sakkara.de|language=en|access-date=2017-10-10}}</ref> There is a step with it, but the main feature is the hair tossing as the head swings from side to side. The name of the dance literally means "[[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|gulf]]" in Arabic and it is danced by local women in weddings and other social events. Khaleegy is a joyful, lively, expressive, gestural and delicate dance performed in events involving happiness and celebration (like weddings).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bellydancegeek.com/2013/03/the-big-5-khaleegy/|title=The Big 5: Khaleegy - Belly Dance Geek|date=2013-03-12|work=Belly Dance Geek|access-date=2017-10-10|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://stepfeed.com/7-khaleeji-songs-you-ll-never-get-enough-of-8843|title=7 Khaleeji songs you'll never get enough of|date=2016-09-21|work=StepFeed|access-date=2017-10-10|language=en-US}}</ref> Women dance in complicity and it is often started with one of them standing alone in the dance floor to begin the dance, and then the others join her. The main body parts involved in the dance are the hands, the head and the "Thawb" itself. The hair, apart from the "Thawb" is the main element used to dance [[Khaleegy (dance)|Khaleegy]]: women let their long hair "dance" moving it from side to side, back and forth, in circle and making other figures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shemsdance.com/articles/khaliji-thobe-nashal-dance-arabian-gulf/|title=Khaliji Raqs Na'ashat Dance & Iraqi Kawliya|website=www.shemsdance.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-10|archive-date=2017-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830003846/http://www.shemsdance.com/articles/khaliji-thobe-nashal-dance-arabian-gulf/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Recently it has become very popular among belly dancers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mellilah.com/blog/khaliji-dance/|title=Khaliji Dance History {{!}} Everything Belly Dance Blog|date=2008-10-14|work=Everything Belly Dance|access-date=2017-10-10|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010104614/http://mellilah.com/blog/khaliji-dance/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 The Khaleegy dance is most commonly performed to a hypnotic 2/4 rhythm with two heavy beats and a pause, called the Saudi, khaliji, or adany rhythm (from [[Yemen]]). There is not one khaliji rhythm but hundreds, as this dance represents many countries of the Gulf area.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://chronicle.fanack.com/bahrain/society-media-culture/culture/khaliji-dance/|title=Khaliji dance|work=Fanack Chronicle|access-date=2017-10-10|language=en-US}}</ref>
@@ Line 102: / Line 113: @@
 {{main article|Ardah}}
 [[File:Donald Trump with ceremonial swordsmen on his arrival to Murabba Palace, May 2017.jpg|thumb|[[Salman of Saudi Arabia|Salman]] and [[Donald Trump]] dance the Najdi ardah.]]
-[[Ardah]] ({{lang-ar|العرضة|translit=al-‘arḍah|translit-std=ALA-LC}}) is a type of [[folkloric]] [[dance]] in [[Arabia]]. The dance is performed with two rows of men opposite of one another, each of whom may or may not be wielding a sword or cane, and is accompanied by drums and spoken poetry.<ref name="urkevich1"/>  In the Emirates, the local version is called the [[ayyalah]].
+[[Ardah]] ({{langx|ar|العرضة|translit=al-‘arḍah|translit-std=ALA-LC}}) is a type of [[folkloric]] [[dance]] in [[Arabia]]. The dance is performed with two rows of men opposite of one another, each of whom may or may not be wielding a sword or cane, and is accompanied by drums and spoken poetry.<ref name="urkevich1"/> In the Emirates, the local version is called the [[ayyalah]].
 The term 'Ardah' is thought to derive from the [[Arabic]] verb ''ard'' meaning 'to show' or 'to parade'. It was so named because its purpose was to publicly display the fighting strength of a tribe and boost morale before an armed engagement.<ref name="urkevich1">{{cite book|last=Urkevich|first=Lisa|title=Music and Traditions of the Arabian Peninsula: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gy-cBQAAQBAJ|format=Google Play|page=131/689|chapter=5|publisher=Routledge|date=19 December 2014|isbn=978-0415888721}}</ref> Although there are regional variations of the particular rendition of ardah, the purpose it serves is nearly identical throughout the Arabian Peninsula.<ref name="urkevich1"/>
 ==== Hagallah ====
 [[File:Hagallah dancing.jpg|thumb|Hagallah dancing]]
-Hagallah ({{lang-ar|هجاله}}) is a folkloric dance of celebration known as the ''hagallah'' is performed by the settled ''[[Bedouin]] ''(bedu) of Mersa Matruh in Western [[Egypt]] and is often performed during the date harvest, which is the wedding season in that area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.home.aone.net.au/~aziza/Hagallah.html|title=Egypt2|website=www.home.aone.net.au|access-date=2017-10-07}}</ref>  Hagallah is also known in areas of neighbouring Libya and is related to ''kaf'' (clapping) dances in other regions of the Middle East., hagallah is performed by the bedouin of western Egypt. It has been described as a wedding dance and also as a girl's coming-of-age dance.<ref name=":1" />
+Hagallah ({{langx|ar|هجاله}}) is a folkloric dance of celebration known as the ''hagallah'' is performed by the settled ''[[Bedouin]] ''(bedu) of Mersa Matruh in Western [[Egypt]] and is often performed during the date harvest, which is the wedding season in that area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.home.aone.net.au/~aziza/Hagallah.html|title=Egypt2|website=www.home.aone.net.au|access-date=2017-10-07}}</ref> Hagallah is also known in areas of neighbouring Libya and is related to ''kaf'' (clapping) dances in other regions of the Middle East., hagallah is performed by the bedouin of western Egypt. It has been described as a wedding dance and also as a girl's coming-of-age dance.<ref name=":1" />
 ==== Schikhatt ====
-''Schikhatt'' ({{lang-ar|شيخات}}): in [[Classical Arabic]], the word&nbsp;''sheikha'' ({{lang-ar|شيخة}}) &nbsp;is the feminine of&nbsp;''sheikh'': a person with knowledge, experience, wisdom. In Maghrebi ([[Moroccan Arabic]]), "sheikha" limits its meaning to specify a woman with carnal knowledge extensive enough to teach others. It is an erotic women-only dance, originally performed for the bride before her wedding, with the idea of teaching her how she would be expected to move in the marriage bed.<ref name=":0" />
+''Schikhatt'' ({{langx|ar|شيخات}}): in [[Classical Arabic]], the word&nbsp;''sheikha'' ({{langx|ar|شيخة}}) &nbsp;is the feminine of&nbsp;''sheikh'': a person with knowledge, experience, wisdom. In Maghrebi ([[Moroccan Arabic]]), "sheikha" limits its meaning to specify a woman with carnal knowledge extensive enough to teach others. It is an erotic women-only dance, originally performed for the bride before her wedding, with the idea of teaching her how she would be expected to move in the marriage bed.<ref name=":0" />
 ==== Guedra ====
-Guedra ({{lang-ar|كدرة}}) is a dance from the desert region of Morocco's south west, performed to induce an altered state of consciousness, with a solo performer beginning the dance with hand movements, then swinging the head and torso until a trance state is reached.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brownpapertickets.com/event/2516742|title=Moroccan Dance, Guedra & Schikhat|website=www.brownpapertickets.com|access-date=2017-10-07}}</ref> Guedra dancers are single or divorced women. Sometimes men from the audience will enquire with a view to marriage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.casbahdance.org/the-guedra-morocco-brings-it-to-denver/|title=The Guedra: Morocco Brings It to Denver {{!}} Morocco & the Casbah Dance Experience|website=www.casbahdance.org|language=en|access-date=2017-10-07}}</ref>
+Guedra ({{langx|ar|كدرة}}) is a dance from the desert region of Morocco's south west, performed to induce an altered state of consciousness, with a solo performer beginning the dance with hand movements, then swinging the head and torso until a trance state is reached.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brownpapertickets.com/event/2516742|title=Moroccan Dance, Guedra & Schikhat|website=www.brownpapertickets.com|access-date=2017-10-07}}</ref> Guedra dancers are single or divorced women. Sometimes men from the audience will enquire with a view to marriage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.casbahdance.org/the-guedra-morocco-brings-it-to-denver/|title=The Guedra: Morocco Brings It to Denver {{!}} Morocco & the Casbah Dance Experience|website=www.casbahdance.org|language=en|access-date=2017-10-07}}</ref>
 ==== Yowlah ====
 {{main article|Yowlah}}
-[[Yowlah]] ({{lang-ar|اليولة}}) or ayyalah is traditional dance in the  [[United Arab Emirates]]. It involves spinning and throwing a rifle dummy made entirely of wood and metal plating.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-yowla-dance|title=Largest yowla dance|work=Guinness World Records|access-date=2017-10-10|language=en-GB}}</ref>
+[[Yowlah]] ({{langx|ar|اليولة}}) or ayyalah is traditional dance in the  [[United Arab Emirates]]. It involves spinning and throwing a rifle dummy made entirely of wood and metal plating.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-yowla-dance|title=Largest yowla dance|work=Guinness World Records|access-date=2017-10-10|language=en-GB}}</ref>
 === Sacred dances ===
+[[File:Dance in Religious concert.jpg|thumb|Dance at religious concert]]
-[[File:Dance in Religious concert.jpg|thumb|Mwald celebrations of the Prophet's family in Egypt is the best tables stretched out and hints from the days of eternity, and celebrates the people of God in Egypt Bmwald the Prophet's family at an annual fixed dates]]
 Those sacred dances are related to the dominant religion of the Arab world which is Islam. They are particularly linked to Sufism which is the heart of the Islamic tradition inaugurated by the Prophet Muhammad.<ref name=":2" />
 ==== Tanoura ====
 {{main article|Tanoura (dance)}}
-[[Tanoura (dance)|Tanoura]] ({{lang-ar|التنورة}}) Is an [[Egypt]]ian folk dance with obvious [[Sufism|Sufi]] origins,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://egypt-d.com/?p=7104|title=The Egyptian Folklore Dance " Tanoura Dance"|work=وصف مصر - wasf masr|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> which today became an important ritual of the celebration rituals performed on many occasions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.memphistours.com/Dubai/Emirates-Travel-Guide/dubai-things-to-do/wiki/tanoura-dance-dubai-desert|title=Tanoura Dance {{!}} Dubai Tanoura Show|website=www.memphistours.com|access-date=2017-10-10}}</ref> The dance is a rhythmic dance performed collectively by circular movements, which stems from the mystical Islamic sense of philosophical basis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egyptiancastle.com/cafe/belly/tanoura/tanoura01.htm|title=The Egyptian Castle - El Tanoura|website=www.egyptiancastle.com|access-date=2017-10-10}}</ref> It sees that the movement in the universe starts from a point and ends at the same point and therefore reflects this concept in their dance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/thorntree/forums/africa/egypt/tanoura-dance|title=Tanoura Dance|last=Planet|first=Lonely|website=www.lonelyplanet.com|language=en|access-date=2017-10-10}}</ref> Their movements come as if they are drawing halos, drenched in space. The word ''tanoura'' or ''tannoura'' refers to the colorful skirt worn by the whirler, with a color representing each [[Sufi order]].<ref name="feedfury">{{Cite web|url=http://entertainment.feedfury.com/content/34279531-egyptian-folk-dance-tanoura.html|title=Egyptian folk dance : Tanoura|website=entertainment.feedfury.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-27}}{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
+[[Tanoura (dance)|Tanoura]] ({{langx|ar|التنورة}}) Is an [[Egypt]]ian folk dance with obvious [[Sufism|Sufi]] origins,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://egypt-d.com/?p=7104|title=The Egyptian Folklore Dance " Tanoura Dance"|work=وصف مصر - wasf masr|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206065818/http://egypt-d.com/?p=7104|url-status=dead}}</ref> which today became an important ritual of the celebration rituals performed on many occasions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.memphistours.com/Dubai/Emirates-Travel-Guide/dubai-things-to-do/wiki/tanoura-dance-dubai-desert|title=Tanoura Dance {{!}} Dubai Tanoura Show|website=www.memphistours.com|access-date=2017-10-10}}</ref> The dance is a rhythmic dance performed collectively by circular movements, which stems from the mystical Islamic sense of philosophical basis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egyptiancastle.com/cafe/belly/tanoura/tanoura01.htm|title=The Egyptian Castle - El Tanoura|website=www.egyptiancastle.com|access-date=2017-10-10}}</ref> It sees that the movement in the universe starts from a point and ends at the same point and therefore reflects this concept in their dance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/thorntree/forums/africa/egypt/tanoura-dance|title=Tanoura Dance|website=www.lonelyplanet.com|language=en|access-date=2017-10-10}}</ref> Their movements come as if they are drawing halos, drenched in space. The word ''tanoura'' or ''tannoura'' refers to the colorful skirt worn by the whirler, with a color representing each [[Sufi order]].<ref name="feedfury">{{Cite web|url=http://entertainment.feedfury.com/content/34279531-egyptian-folk-dance-tanoura.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708150102/http://entertainment.feedfury.com/content/34279531-egyptian-folk-dance-tanoura.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 8, 2012|title=Egyptian folk dance : Tanoura|website=entertainment.feedfury.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref>
 ==== Zar ====
 {{main article|Zār}}
-[[Zār]] ({{lang-ar|زار}}) is a dance performed to drive away evil spirits. It originated in the Sudan but is also popular among women in Egypt.<ref name=":1" />
+[[Zār]] ({{langx|ar|زار}}) is a dance performed to drive away evil spirits. It originated in the Sudan but is also popular among women in Egypt.<ref name=":1" />
 ==Gallery==
@@ Line 167: / Line 181: @@
 * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U4d_DdRmgBc El-Arish Dabka]
 * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BZpCQX9ablA Palestinian Dabkeh performed in London]
-* [http://www.chevaliersduliban.com La Troupe Folklorique Les Chevaliers du Liban (Montréal, Canada)]
+* [http://www.chevaliersduliban.com La Troupe Folklorique Les Chevaliers du Liban (Montréal, Canada)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625204329/http://chevaliersduliban.com/ |date=2009-06-25 }}
 * [http://media.www.batesstudent.com/media/storage/paper1116/news/2007/03/13/Arts/Dabkeh.Troupe.Dances.For.Cultural.Awareness.Solidarity-2774266.shtml Palestinian Dabkeh Troupe (Hurriyah Dabkeh Troupe)]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
 *[http://al-juthoor.com/index.htm Al-Juthoor Dabkeh Group]
-*[http://www.worldartswest.org/main/edf_performer.asp?i=125 Al-Juthoor performs in the San Francisco Ethnic Dance Festival]
+*[http://www.worldartswest.org/main/edf_performer.asp?i=125 Al-Juthoor performs in the San Francisco Ethnic Dance Festival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209201811/http://www.worldartswest.org/main/edf_performer.asp?i=125 |date=2007-12-09 }}
 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081227070919/http://www.el-funoun.org/new/art6.html El-Funoon Dabkeh Group]
 {{Dance}}
@@ Line 176: / Line 190: @@
 [[Category:Arab culture]]
 [[Category:Arab dance]]
-[[Category:Arab society]]
+[[Category:Society of the Arab world]]
 [[Category:Middle Eastern dances]]

v t e Dance
Index Outline List of dances List of dancers
Participation	Solo Partner close embrace closed position open position slow dance circle contra line round square
Social	Ceremonial Competitive Concert Ecstatic Erotic Go go dance Grinding Hoochie coochie Lap dance Neo-Burlesque Pole dance Striptease Table dance Twerking Folk Novelty and fad Sacred Street War
Styles	Acro Ballet Ballroom formation waltz Belly Boogaloo Breaking Contemporary Country–western Flamenco Hip-hop Historical Jazz Latin Lyrical Modern Polka Postmodern Swing Tap Two-step
Technique	Ballet Choreography Connection Dance theory Graham Lead and follow Moves glossary Musicality Pointe Pole Sequence Spotting Turnout Turns
Regional (national dances)	Africa Albania Arab Armenia Assyrian Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Bulgaria Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia Cameroon Canada China Croatia Cuba Denmark Europe Faroe Islands Georgia Greece Hungary India Indonesia Bali Java Sunda Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kiribati Korea Kurdish Malaysia Mexico Middle East Nepal Netherlands Nicaragua Peru Philippines Poland Pontic Greek Romani Russia Serbia Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Turkey Ukraine United States African-American Uzbekistan Venezuela Vietnam Wallis and Futuna Zimbabwe
Related	Dance and disability Dance and health Dance awards Dance costume Dance etiquette Dance notation Dance in film Dance in mythology and religion Dance occupations Dance on television Dance research Dance science Dance technology Dance troupe Dancing mania History of dance Women in dance