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Coordinates: 20°27′N 12°21′W / 20.450°N 12.350°W / 20.450; -12.350
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{{refimprove|date=September 2011}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Chinguetti
| official_name = Chinguetti
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| subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Mauritania.svg|25px]] [[Mauritania]]
| subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Mauritania.svg|25px]] [[Mauritania]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Adrar Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Adrar Region]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_type2 = [[Departments of Mauritania|Department]]
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chinguetti Department|Chinguetti]]
| established_title =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| established_date =
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| area_magnitude =
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_sq_mi =
| area_total_sq_mi =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_total_km2 = 529.0
| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_land_km2 =
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| area_metro_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_metro_sq_mi =
| area_metro_sq_mi =
| population_as_of = 2000
| population_as_of = 2013 census
| population_footnotes =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{citation |title=Statistiques Démographiques : Résultats du RGPH 2000 des Wilayas |url=http://www.mauritania.mr/ain/RGPH-2000-Adrar.htm |publisher=La Marie de la Commune de Ain Ehel Taya |access-date=7 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309193045/http://www.mauritania.mr/ain/RGPH-2000-Adrar.htm |archive-date=9 March 2009 }}.</ref>
| population_total = 4711
| population_total = 4,800
| population_urban =
| population_urban = 3,227
| population_metro =
| population_metro =
| population_density_sq_mi =
| population_density_sq_mi =
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| designation1_criteria = iii, iv, v
| designation1_criteria = iii, iv, v
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/750 750]
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/750 750]
| designation1_free1name = State Party
| designation1_free1name = Region
| designation1_free1value = {{MTN}}
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States|Arab States]]
| designation1_free2name = Region
| designation1_free2value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States|Arab States]]
}}
}}
| website =
| website =
Line 69: Line 66:
}}
}}


'''Chinguetti''' ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|i|ŋ|ˈ|g|ɛ|t|i}}) ({{lang-ar|شنقيط|translit=Šinqīṭ}}) is a [[ksar]] and a medieval trading center in northern [[Mauritania]], located on the [[Adrar Plateau]] east of [[Atar, Mauritania|Atar]].
'''Chinguetti''' ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|ɪ|ŋ|ˈ|g|ɛ|t|i}} {{respell|shing|GHET|ee}}; {{langx|ar|شنقيط|translit=Šinqīṭ}}) is a [[ksar]] and a medieval trading center in northern [[Mauritania]], located on the [[Adrar Plateau]] east of [[Atar, Mauritania|Atar]]. Chinguetti had a population of 4,800 as of 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinguetti (Agricultural Urban Commune, Mauritania) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/mauritania/admin/chinguetti/07301__chinguetti/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref>


Founded in the 13th century as the center of several [[trans-Saharan trade]] routes, this small city continues to attract a handful of visitors who admire its spare architecture, scenery, and ancient libraries. The city is seriously threatened by the encroaching desert; high sand dunes mark the western boundary and several houses have been abandoned to the sand.
Founded in the 13th century as the center of several [[trans-Saharan trade]] routes, this small city continues to attract a handful of visitors who admire its spare architecture, scenery, and ancient libraries. The city is seriously threatened by the encroaching desert; high sand dunes mark the western boundary and several houses have been abandoned to the sand.
Line 75: Line 72:
The town is split in two by a [[wadi]]. On one side, there is the old sector, and on the other the new one. The indigenous Saharan architecture of older sectors of the city features houses constructed of reddish dry-stone and mud-brick techniques, with flat roofs timbered from palms. Many of the older houses feature hand-hewn doors cut from massive ancient acacia trees, which have long disappeared from the surrounding area. Many homes include courtyards or patios that crowd along narrow streets leading to the central mosque.
The town is split in two by a [[wadi]]. On one side, there is the old sector, and on the other the new one. The indigenous Saharan architecture of older sectors of the city features houses constructed of reddish dry-stone and mud-brick techniques, with flat roofs timbered from palms. Many of the older houses feature hand-hewn doors cut from massive ancient acacia trees, which have long disappeared from the surrounding area. Many homes include courtyards or patios that crowd along narrow streets leading to the central mosque.


== History ==
⚫
Notable buildings in the town include [[Chinguetti Mosque|The Friday Mosque of Chinguetti]], an ancient structure of dry-stone construction, featuring a square minaret capped with five [[ostrich egg]] finials; the former [[French Foreign Legion]] [[fortress]]; and a tall [[watertower]]. The old quarter of ''Chinguetti'' has five important manuscript libraries of scientific and [[Qur'an]]ic texts, with many dating from the later [[Middle Ages]].
⚫
Occupied for thousands of years, the Chinguetti region was once a broad [[savannah]]; rock paintings at [[Agrour Amogjar]], in the nearby [[Amogjar Pass]], feature images of giraffes, cows, and people in a green landscape. It is quite different from the [[sand dune]]s of the surrounding [[Sahara|desert]], which make up most of the region today.<ref name = Smithsonian>{{cite web |last1=Maglaty |first1=Jeanne |title=Endangered Site: Chinguetti, Mauritania |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/endangered-site-chinguetti-mauritania-54168194/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |access-date=1 January 2024 |date=March 2009}}</ref>


===Founding===
In recent years, the Mauritanian government, the U.S. Peace Corps, and various NGOs have attempted to position the city as a center for adventurous tourists. Visitors may "ski" down its sand dunes, visit the libraries, and appreciate the stark beauty of the Sahara.
The city was founded in AD 777. The name ''Chinguetti'' means "spring of horses" in the [[Nemadi dialect|Azayr language]], an extinct dialect of [[Soninke language|Soninke]] that was heavily mixed with [[Berber language|Berber]]. The area, at that time far more green than today, was home to agricultural peoples ancestral to several sub-Saharan ethnic groups, including the [[Soninke people|Soninke]].<ref name = Webb>{{cite book |last1=Webb |first1=James |title=Desert frontier : ecological and economic change along the Western Sahel, 1600-1850 |date=1995 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |location=Madison |isbn=0299143309 |page=29 |url=https://archive.org/details/desertfrontierec0000webb/page/28/mode/2up |access-date=25 December 2023}}</ref> {{rp|15,71}}


== History ==
===Center of Trade===
⚫
By the 11th century, Chinguetti had become a trading center for a confederation of [[Berber people|Berber]] [[tribe]]s, known as the ''[[Sanhaja]]''. They eventually melded with the [[Almoravid]]s, represented by [[Abdallah ibn Yasin]], who would eventually control an empire stretching from present-day [[Senegal]] to ''[[al-Andalus]]'' in modern-day [[Spain]]. The city's stark, unadorned [[architecture]] reflects the strict religious beliefs of the Almoravids, who spread the [[Maliki]]te rite of [[Sunni]] [[Islam]] throughout the Western [[Maghreb]].
⚫
Occupied for thousands of years, the ''Chinguetti'' region was once a broad [[savannah]]. The rock paintings of [[Agrour Amogjar]] in the nearby [[Amogjar Pass]] feature images of giraffes, cows, and people in a green landscape. It is quite different from the [[sand dune]]s of the [[Sahara|desert]] found in the region today.


⚫
After two centuries of decline, the city was effectively re-founded in the 13th century as a fortified trading-center for nomadic trans-Saharan [[caravan (travellers)|caravan]]s, and as a means of connecting the Mediterranean with Sub-Saharan Africa. Although the walls of the original fortification disappeared centuries ago, many of the buildings in the old section of the city date from this period.
⚫
The city was founded in 777, and by the 11th century had become a trading center for a confederation of [[Berber people|Berber]] [[tribe]]s known as the ''[[Sanhaja]]'', Confederation. It was at the crossroads of trade routes. Soon after settling ''Chinguetti'', the Sanhaja first interacted with and eventually melded with the [[Almoravid]]s, represented by [[Abdallah ibn Yasin]]. The Almoravids would eventually control an empire stretching from present-day [[Senegal]] to southern [[Spain]] (called ''[[al-Andalus]]'', the modern [[Andalucia]]). The city's stark unadorned [[architecture]] reflects the strict religious beliefs of the Almoravids, who spread the [[Maliki]]te rite of [[Sunni]] [[Islam]] throughout the Western [[Maghreb]].


⚫
===World Heritage Site===
⚫
After two centuries of decline, the city was effectively re-founded in the 13th century as a fortified cross-Saharan [[caravan (travellers)|caravan]] trading center connecting the Mediterranean with Sub-Saharan Africa. Although the walls of the original fortification disappeared centuries ago, many of the buildings in the old section of the city date from this period.
⚫
In 1996, UNESCO designated Chinguetti, along with the cities of [[Ouadane]], [[Tichitt]] and [[Oualata]], also in the dunes area, as a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{citation |title=Ancient Ksour of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt and Oualata|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=2017-08-21|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/750}}</ref> Notable buildings in the town include [[Chinguetti Mosque|The Friday Mosque of Chinguetti]], an ancient structure of dry-stone construction, featuring a square minaret capped with five [[ostrich egg]] finials; the former [[French Foreign Legion]] [[fortress]]; and a tall [[watertower]]. The old quarter has five important manuscript libraries of scientific and [[Qur'an]]ic texts, with many dating from the later [[Middle Ages]]. In recent years, the Mauritanian government, the U.S. Peace Corps, and various NGOs have attempted to position the city as a center for adventurous tourists. Visitors may "ski" down its sand dunes, visit the libraries, and appreciate the stark beauty of the Sahara.

⚫
The [[Chinguetti Mosque|Friday Mosque]] is widely considered by Mauritanians to be the national symbol of the country.<ref name = Smithsonian/> The recently discovered offshore [[Chinguetti oil field|oilfield]] was named Chinguetti in its honor.


== Religious importance ==
== Religious importance ==
For centuries the city was a principal gathering place for [[pilgrim]]s of the [[Maghreb]] to gather on the way to [[Mecca]]. It became known as a [[holy city]] in its own right, especially for pilgrims unable to make the long journey to the [[Arabian Peninsula|Arab Peninsula]]. It also became a center of Islamic religious and scientific scholarship in [[West Africa]]. In addition to religious training, the schools of ''Chinguetti'' taught students rhetoric, law, astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. For many centuries all of Mauritania was popularly known in the Arab world as ''[[Bilad Shinqit]],'' "the land of Chinguetti." ''Chinguetti'' is locally said to be the seventh-most holy city of [[Islam]], but there is no recognition of this claim outside of West Africa. The city remains one of the world's most important historical sites both in terms of the history of Islam and the history of West Africa.
For centuries, the city was a principal gathering place for [[pilgrim]]s of the [[Maghreb]] to gather, on their way to [[Mecca]]. It became known as a [[holy city]] in its own right, especially for pilgrims unable to make the long journey to the [[Arabian Peninsula|Arab Peninsula]]. It also became a center of Islamic religious and scientific scholarship in [[West Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-13|title=The Importance of Mauritanian Scholars in Global Islam|url=https://merip.org/2021/04/the-importance-of-mauritanian-scholars-in-global-islam/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-31|website=[[Middle East Report|Middle East Report Online]]|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413151711/https://merip.org/2021/04/the-importance-of-mauritanian-scholars-in-global-islam/ |archive-date=2021-04-13 }}</ref> In addition to religious training, the schools of Chinguetti taught students rhetoric, law, astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. For many centuries, all of Mauritania was commonly known in the Arab world as ''[[Bilad Shinqit]],'' "the land of Chinguetti." It is sometimes said to be the [[Holiest sites in Islam|seventh-most holy city]] of [[Islam]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chinguetti in the Mauritanian Sahara is the seventh holiest city of Islam|url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Chinguetti-in-the-Mauritanian-Sahara-is-the-seventh-holiest-city-of-Islam-and-a-World_fig8_233841504|url-status=live|access-date=13 November 2021|website=Researche Gate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113170146/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Chinguetti-in-the-Mauritanian-Sahara-is-the-seventh-holiest-city-of-Islam-and-a-World_fig8_233841504 |archive-date=2021-11-13 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Encyclopedia of the Third World: Laos to Zambia |page=965 |author=George Thomas Kurian |year=1978 |volume=2 |publisher=Facts on File}}</ref> The city remains one of the world's most important historical sites both in terms of the history of Islam and the history of West Africa.

⚫
Although largely abandoned to the desert, the city features a series of medieval [[manuscript]] libraries without peer in West Africa. The area around the Rue des Savants was once famous as a gathering place for scholars to debate the finer points of [[Sharia|Islamic law]]. Today the quiet city still offers the urban and religious architecture of the Moorish empire as it existed in the Middle Ages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/reel/video/p085dgnl/inside-the-abandoned-city-of-ancient-libraries|title=Inside the abandoned city of ancient libraries|website=BBC|date=4 March 2020}}</ref>

⚫
== World Heritage Site ==
In 1996, UNESCO designated ''Chinguetti'', along with the cities of [[Ouadane]], [[Tichitt]] and [[Oualata]], also in the dunes area, as a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{citation |title=Ancient Ksour of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt and Oualata|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=2017-08-21|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/750}}</ref>


⚫
Although largely abandoned to the desert, the city features a series of medieval [[manuscript]] libraries without peer in West Africa. The area around the ''Rue des Savants'' (or “street of intelligent ones”) was once famous as a gathering place for scholars, and as a place to debate the finer points of [[Sharia|Islamic law]]. Today, the quiet city still offers the urban and religious architecture of the Moorish empire as it existed in the Middle Ages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/reel/video/p085dgnl/inside-the-abandoned-city-of-ancient-libraries|title=Inside the abandoned city of ancient libraries|website=BBC|date=4 March 2020}}</ref>
⚫
The [[Chinguetti Mosque|Friday Mosque of Chinguetti]] is widely considered by Mauritanians to be the national symbol of the country. The recently discovered offshore [[oil]]field was named Chinguetti in its honor.


==Climate==
==Climate==
In 2021 Chinguetti was featured in a BBC documentary ''Life at 50 degrees C'', which looked at ordinary people living in increasingly inhospitable areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Life at 50 Degrees |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/topics/ckx7gv5qm3et/life-at-50-degrees |website=BBC}}</ref>
{{Weather box|location = Chinguetti
{{Weather box|location = Chinguetti
|metric first = Y
|metric first = Y
Line 145: Line 143:


== Gallery ==
== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights=180>
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="180">
File:Chinguetti mosquee.jpg|The Great "Friday Mosque"
File:Chinguetti mosquee.jpg|The Great "Friday Mosque"
File:Chinguetti-biblio.jpg|Inside a Qur'anic Library
File:Chinguetti-biblio.jpg|Inside a Qur'anic Library
File:ChinguettiNewTown.jpg|New town architecture of Chinguetti
File:ChinguettiNewTown.jpg|New town architecture of Chinguetti
File:ChinguettiOldTown.jpg|Massive hand hewn door cut from acacia trees
</gallery>
</gallery>


Line 157: Line 154:


== See also ==
== See also ==
* Documentary film [[Beyond Paper]]
* [[Chinguetti oil field]], Mauritania's first offshore oil field
* [[Chinguetti oil field]], Mauritania's first offshore oil field
* [[Greater Mauritania]], (بلاد شنقيط; Bilād Šinqīṭ; Bilad Chinguetti)
* [[Greater Mauritania]], (بلاد شنقيط; Bilād Šinqīṭ; Bilad Chinguetti)
* The [[Chinguetti meteorite]] is a find reputed to come from a large unconfirmed “iron mountain”, located in the nearby of the town.
* The [[Chinguetti meteorite]] is a find reputed to come from a large unconfirmed “iron mountain”, located in the nearby of the town.
* Documentary film [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NlQj4IzdxHk MAURITANIA - Ouadane to Chinguetti]
* Documentary film [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9IxumKLI0MQ The FORTIFIED town of Chinguetti | SLICE]


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 176: Line 176:


{{World Heritage Sites in Mauritania}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Mauritania}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:777 establishments]]
[[Category:777 establishments]]
[[Category:Adrar Region]]
[[Category:Adrar region]]
[[Category:Populated places in Mauritania]]
[[Category:Populated places in Mauritania]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 8th century]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 8th century]]

Latest revision as of 22:35, 2 January 2025

Chinguetti
شنقيط (Arabic)
City of Libraries
Old town, Chinguetti
Old town, Chinguetti
Chinguetti is located in Mauritania
Chinguetti
Chinguetti
Location in Mauritania
Coordinates: 20°27′N 12°21′W / 20.450°N 12.350°W / 20.450; -12.350
Country Mauritania
RegionAdrar Region
DepartmentChinguetti
Area
 • City
529.0 km2 (204.2 sq mi)
Population
 (2013 census)
 • City
4,800
 • Urban
3,227
Official nameAncient Ksour of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt and Oualata
TypeCultural
Criteriaiii, iv, v
Designated1996 (20th session)
Reference no.750
RegionArab States

Chinguetti (/ʃɪŋˈɡɛti/ shing-GHET-ee; Arabic: شنقيط, romanized: Šinqīṭ) is a ksar and a medieval trading center in northern Mauritania, located on the Adrar Plateau east of Atar. Chinguetti had a population of 4,800 as of 2013.[1]

Founded in the 13th century as the center of several trans-Saharan trade routes, this small city continues to attract a handful of visitors who admire its spare architecture, scenery, and ancient libraries. The city is seriously threatened by the encroaching desert; high sand dunes mark the western boundary and several houses have been abandoned to the sand.

The town is split in two by a wadi. On one side, there is the old sector, and on the other the new one. The indigenous Saharan architecture of older sectors of the city features houses constructed of reddish dry-stone and mud-brick techniques, with flat roofs timbered from palms. Many of the older houses feature hand-hewn doors cut from massive ancient acacia trees, which have long disappeared from the surrounding area. Many homes include courtyards or patios that crowd along narrow streets leading to the central mosque.

History

[edit]

Occupied for thousands of years, the Chinguetti region was once a broad savannah; rock paintings at Agrour Amogjar, in the nearby Amogjar Pass, feature images of giraffes, cows, and people in a green landscape. It is quite different from the sand dunes of the surrounding desert, which make up most of the region today.[2]

Founding

[edit]

The city was founded in AD 777. The name Chinguetti means "spring of horses" in the Azayr language, an extinct dialect of Soninke that was heavily mixed with Berber. The area, at that time far more green than today, was home to agricultural peoples ancestral to several sub-Saharan ethnic groups, including the Soninke.[3] : 15, 71 

Center of Trade

[edit]

By the 11th century, Chinguetti had become a trading center for a confederation of Berber tribes, known as the Sanhaja. They eventually melded with the Almoravids, represented by Abdallah ibn Yasin, who would eventually control an empire stretching from present-day Senegal to al-Andalus in modern-day Spain. The city's stark, unadorned architecture reflects the strict religious beliefs of the Almoravids, who spread the Malikite rite of Sunni Islam throughout the Western Maghreb.

After two centuries of decline, the city was effectively re-founded in the 13th century as a fortified trading-center for nomadic trans-Saharan caravans, and as a means of connecting the Mediterranean with Sub-Saharan Africa. Although the walls of the original fortification disappeared centuries ago, many of the buildings in the old section of the city date from this period.

World Heritage Site

[edit]

In 1996, UNESCO designated Chinguetti, along with the cities of Ouadane, Tichitt and Oualata, also in the dunes area, as a World Heritage Site.[4] Notable buildings in the town include The Friday Mosque of Chinguetti, an ancient structure of dry-stone construction, featuring a square minaret capped with five ostrich egg finials; the former French Foreign Legion fortress; and a tall watertower. The old quarter has five important manuscript libraries of scientific and Qur'anic texts, with many dating from the later Middle Ages. In recent years, the Mauritanian government, the U.S. Peace Corps, and various NGOs have attempted to position the city as a center for adventurous tourists. Visitors may "ski" down its sand dunes, visit the libraries, and appreciate the stark beauty of the Sahara.

The Friday Mosque is widely considered by Mauritanians to be the national symbol of the country.[2] The recently discovered offshore oilfield was named Chinguetti in its honor.

Religious importance

[edit]

For centuries, the city was a principal gathering place for pilgrims of the Maghreb to gather, on their way to Mecca. It became known as a holy city in its own right, especially for pilgrims unable to make the long journey to the Arab Peninsula. It also became a center of Islamic religious and scientific scholarship in West Africa.[5] In addition to religious training, the schools of Chinguetti taught students rhetoric, law, astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. For many centuries, all of Mauritania was commonly known in the Arab world as Bilad Shinqit, "the land of Chinguetti." It is sometimes said to be the seventh-most holy city of Islam,[6][7] The city remains one of the world's most important historical sites both in terms of the history of Islam and the history of West Africa.

Although largely abandoned to the desert, the city features a series of medieval manuscript libraries without peer in West Africa. The area around the Rue des Savants (or “street of intelligent ones”) was once famous as a gathering place for scholars, and as a place to debate the finer points of Islamic law. Today, the quiet city still offers the urban and religious architecture of the Moorish empire as it existed in the Middle Ages.[8]

Climate

[edit]

In 2021 Chinguetti was featured in a BBC documentary Life at 50 degrees C, which looked at ordinary people living in increasingly inhospitable areas.[9]

Climate data for Chinguetti
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 26.0
(78.8) 		28.6
(83.5) 		30.9
(87.6) 		33.5
(92.3) 		37.1
(98.8) 		40.5
(104.9) 		41.3
(106.3) 		40.4
(104.7) 		39.0
(102.2) 		36.0
(96.8) 		31.1
(88.0) 		26.2
(79.2) 		34.2
(93.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 11.5
(52.7) 		13.0
(55.4) 		15.4
(59.7) 		17.7
(63.9) 		21.0
(69.8) 		24.7
(76.5) 		25.7
(78.3) 		25.5
(77.9) 		24.5
(76.1) 		21.3
(70.3) 		16.7
(62.1) 		12.2
(54.0) 		19.1
(66.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 2
(0.1) 		2
(0.1) 		2
(0.1) 		0
(0) 		1
(0.0) 		2
(0.1) 		6
(0.2) 		18
(0.7) 		18
(0.7) 		7
(0.3) 		4
(0.2) 		2
(0.1) 		64
(2.5)
Source: Climate-data.org
[edit]
  • The Great "Friday Mosque"
    The Great "Friday Mosque"
  • Inside a Qur'anic Library
    Inside a Qur'anic Library
  • New town architecture of Chinguetti
    New town architecture of Chinguetti

Notable residents

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "Chinguetti (Agricultural Urban Commune, Mauritania) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
  2. ^ a b Maglaty, Jeanne (March 2009). "Endangered Site: Chinguetti, Mauritania". Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  3. ^ Webb, James (1995). Desert frontier : ecological and economic change along the Western Sahel, 1600-1850. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 29. ISBN 0299143309. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  4. ^ Ancient Ksour of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt and Oualata, UNESCO World Heritage Centre, retrieved 2017-08-21
  5. ^ "The Importance of Mauritanian Scholars in Global Islam". Middle East Report Online. 2021-04-13. Archived from the original on 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2021-10-31.
  6. ^ "Chinguetti in the Mauritanian Sahara is the seventh holiest city of Islam". Researche Gate. Archived from the original on 2021-11-13. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  7. ^ George Thomas Kurian (1978), Encyclopedia of the Third World: Laos to Zambia, vol. 2, Facts on File, p. 965
  8. ^ "Inside the abandoned city of ancient libraries". BBC. 4 March 2020.
  9. ^ "Life at 50 Degrees". BBC. 2021.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chinguetti.
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