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{{short description|Palestinian leader in the PFLP (1927-1978)}}
{{Short description|Palestinian PFLP militant and KGB agent (1927–1978)}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2010}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
|name = Wadie Haddad
| name = Wadie Haddad
|birth_date = 1927
| birth_date = 1927
|birth_place = [[Safed]], [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]]
| birth_place = [[Safed]], [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate for Palestine]]
|death_date = March 28, {{Death year and age|1978|1927}}
| death_date = 28 March {{Death year and age|1978|1927}}
|death_place = [[East Berlin, East Germany]]
| death_place = [[East Berlin]], [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]]
|image = Wadie_Addad2.jpg
| image = Wadie_Addad2.jpg
| caption = Haddad in [[Syria]], {{circa|1970}}
|other_names = Abu Hani
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|وديع حداد}}|rtl=yes}}}}
⚫
|organization = [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations]]
| native_name_lang = ar
| other_names = Abu Hani ({{lang|ar|ابو هاني|rtl=yes}})
| nationality = Palestinian
| alma_mater = [[American University of Beirut]]
| years_active = 1951–1978
| employer = {{flagdeco|Soviet Union}} [[KGB]]
⚫
| organization = {{flagicon image|}} [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations|PFLP–EO]]
}}
}}
'''Wadie Haddad''' ({{lang-ar|وديع حداد}};&nbsp;1927 – 28 March 1978), also known as '''Abu Hani''', was a [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] leader of the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]]'s armed wing. He was responsible for organizing several civilian airplane [[Aircraft hijacking|hijacking]]s in support of the [[Palestinian nationalism|Palestinian cause]] in the 1960s and 1970s,<ref>{{cite web|title=Wadie Haddad|url=http://www.sundance.tv/series/carlos/cast/wadie-haddad|website=www.sundance.tv}}</ref> the most infamous of which being the [[Operation Entebbe#Hostage situation at Entebbe airport|Entebbe plane hijacking]], during which militants under his command took 106 hostages.
'''Wadie Haddad''' ({{langx|ar|وديع حداد}};&nbsp;1927 – 28 March 1978), also known as '''Abu Hani''', was a Palestinian militant. He led the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]]. He organized several hijackings of international civilian passenger aircraft in the 1960s and 1970s,<ref>{{cite web|title=Wadie Haddad|url=http://www.sundance.tv/series/carlos/cast/wadie-haddad|website=www.sundance.tv}}{{dead link |date=July 2024 |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> the most infamous of which was the [[Entebbe raid|Entebbe hijacking]], when Palestinian and German militants under his command held 106 hostages — primarily [[State of Israel|Israeli]] [[Jews]], although four non-Israeli Jews were also held captive<ref name="Hartuv">{{cite news |author=Melman |first=Yossi |date=8 July 2011 |title=Setting the record straight: Entebbe was not Auschwitz |url=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/setting-the-record-straight-entebbe-was-not-auschwitz-1.372131 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105002656/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/setting-the-record-straight-entebbe-was-not-auschwitz-1.372131 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=27 December 2012 |work=Haaretz}}</ref><ref>Saul, David (2017). Operation Thunderbolt: Flight 139 and the Raid on Entebbe Airport, the Most Audacious Hostage Rescue Mission in History. Back Bay Books. ISBN 978-0-316-24539-5. "But, as Ilan Hartuv and others were later quick to point out, this was never a simple division of Jews and non-Jews. Many non-Israeli Jews like Julie Aouzerate, Michel Cojot and Peter and Nancy Rabinowitz remained in the original room."</ref> — on a flight from [[Israel]] to [[France]] after diverting it to [[Uganda]].


==Early years and education==
==Early life and education==
Haddad was born into a family of [[Palestinian Christians]] ([[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]]) in the city of [[Safed]] in 1927.<ref name=thrieg>{{cite book|author=Thomas Riegler|editor1=Dag Harald Claes|editor2=Giuliano Garavini|title=Handbook of OPEC and the Global Energy Order. Past, Present and Future Challenges|year=2020|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=London|page=291|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429203190|doi=10.4324/9780429203190|chapter=When modern terrorism began The OPEC hostage-taking of 1975
Haddad was born to [[Palestinian Christian]] ([[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]]) parents in [[Safed]], [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], in 1927. During the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]] his family's home was destroyed and his family fled to [[Lebanon]]. He studied medicine at the [[American University of Beirut]], where he met fellow [[Palestinian refugee]], [[George Habash]], who was also a medical student. Together they helped found the [[Arab Nationalist Movement]] (ANM), a [[pan-Arabist]] and [[Arab Socialism|Arab socialist]] group aiming to create the [[State of Palestine]] and unite the Arab countries.
|isbn=9780429203190|s2cid=211416208|url=https://openresearchlibrary.org/ext/enwiki/api/media/62aeed95-b191-4ed0-83d6-b0372b5c31fa/assets/external_content.pdf }}</ref><ref name=marke>{{cite book |author=Mark Ensalaco|title=Middle Eastern Terrorism: From Black September to September 11|year=2008|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-8122-4046-7|page=16
|jstor=j.ctt3fhmb0 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhmb0}}</ref> His home was destroyed during the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], prompting him to flee to [[Lebanon]] as a [[Palestinian refugees|Palestinian refugee]]. He received a degree in medicine from the [[American University of Beirut]],<ref name=marke/> where he met fellow Palestinian refugee [[George Habash]], who was also a medical student. Together, they helped found the [[Arab Nationalist Movement]] (ANM), a political organization of [[Pan-Arabism|pan-Arabists]] who sought to dismantle [[Israel]] and unite the world's [[Arab world|Arab countries]].


After graduating, he relocated with Habash (a [[pediatrics|pediatrician]]) to [[Amman]], [[Jordan]], where they established a clinic. He worked with the [[United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees]] (UNRWA) in 1956, but due to his Palestinian [[nationalist]] activism he was arrested by the Jordanian authorities in 1957. In 1961, he managed to escape to [[Syria]]. Haddad argued for armed struggle against Israel from 1963 onwards, and succeeded in militarizing the ANM.
After graduating, he relocated with Habash to [[Amman]], [[Jordan]], where they established a medical clinic. He worked with the [[UNRWA|United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees]] in 1956 but was arrested by Jordanian authorities in the following year due to his nationalist activities. In 1961, he managed to escape to [[Syria]]. From 1963 onwards, Haddad became a proponent of the armed struggle against Israel and succeeded in militarizing the ANM.


==Role in PFLP==
==Role in the PFLP==
After the 1967 [[Six-Day War]], the Palestinian wing of the ANM transformed into the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (PFLP), a [[Marxist]] formation, under the leadership of Habash. Haddad became the leader of the military wing of the group, involved in organizing attacks on Israeli targets. He helped plan the first PFLP [[aircraft hijacking]] in 1968, when an Israeli [[El Al]] plane was hijacked. He argued for and organized hijackings, despite criticism against the PFLP from within the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO).
After the 1967 [[Six-Day War]], the Palestinian wing of the ANM transformed into the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (PFLP), a [[Marxist]] formation, under the leadership of [[George Habash|Habash]]. Haddad became the leader of its military wing, involved in organizing attacks on Israeli targets. He argued for and organized hijackings, including the first PFLP [[aircraft hijacking]] in 1968, when an Israeli [[El Al]] plane was hijacked. despite criticism of the PFLP from within the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO).


The [[Dawson's Field hijackings]] of 1970, when PFLP members including [[Leila Khaled]] brought three passenger jets to Jordan, helped provoke the bloody fighting of [[Black September in Jordan|Black September]]. After the expulsion of the PLO factions from Jordan, Haddad was subjected to harsh criticism from the PFLP, which was in turn under pressure from the rest of the PLO. Haddad was ordered not to attack targets outside of Israel, but he continued operations under the name of [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations]] (PFLP-EO). Haddad was expelled from the organization PFLP in 1973.
The [[Dawson's Field hijackings]] of 1970, when PFLP members including [[Leila Khaled]] brought three passenger jets to Jordan, helped provoke the bloody fighting of [[Black September in Jordan|Black September]]. After the expulsion of the PLO factions from Jordan, Haddad was subjected to harsh criticism from the PFLP, which was in turn under pressure from the rest of the PLO. Haddad was ordered not to attack targets outside Israel, but he continued operations under the name of [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations]] (PFLP-EO). Haddad was expelled from the PFLP in 1973.


He also employed the services of Ilich Ramírez Sánchez, better known as "[[Carlos the Jackal]]", whom he had met in 1970 and trained in guerrilla warfare techniques. Haddad decided to expel Sánchez from his team after Sánchez had been accused of refusing to kill two [[hostage]]s, and possibly stealing ransom money, following the [[OPEC siege|1975 assault]] on the [[OPEC]] conference in [[Vienna]]. Haddad organized the [[Operation Entebbe|Entebbe hijacking]] in June 1976.
He also employed the services of Ilich Ramírez Sánchez, better known as "[[Carlos the Jackal]]", whom he had met in 1970 and trained in guerrilla warfare techniques but expelled Sánchez from his team after Sánchez had been accused of refusing to kill two [[hostage]]s, and possibly stealing ransom money, following the [[OPEC siege|1975 assault]] on the [[OPEC]] conference in [[Vienna]].
Haddad organized the [[Operation Entebbe|Entebbe hijacking]] in June 1976.


During this time he was also friends with Swiss neo-Nazi, [[ODESSA]] facilitator, and former [[Abwehr]] agent, [[Francois Genoud]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Coogan |first1=Kevin |title=Dreamer of the day: Francis Parker Yockey and the Postwar Fascist International|page=586 |date=1999 |publisher=Autonomedia |location=Brooklyn, New York |isbn=1-57027-039-2}}</ref>
During this time he was also friends with Swiss neo-Nazi, [[ODESSA]] facilitator, and former [[Abwehr]] agent, [[Francois Genoud]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Coogan |first1=Kevin |title=Dreamer of the day: Francis Parker Yockey and the Postwar Fascist International|page=586 |date=1999 |publisher=Autonomedia |location=Brooklyn, New York |isbn=1-57027-039-2}}</ref>


==Death==
==Death==
Haddad died on 28 March 1978 in [[East Germany]], reportedly from [[leukemia]]. According to the book ''Striking Back'', published by [[Aaron J. Klein]] in 2006, Haddad was killed by [[Mossad]], which had sent the [[chocolate]]-loving Haddad [[Belgian chocolate]]s coated with a slow-acting and undetectable poison which caused him to die several months later.<ref name=smh8may>{{cite news|title=Israel used chocs to poison Palestinian|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Israel-used-chocs-to-poison-Palestinian/2006/05/08/1146940441701.html|access-date=27 February 2013|newspaper=SMH|date=8 May 2008}}</ref>
Haddad died on 28 March 1978 in [[East Germany]], reportedly from [[leukemia]]. According to the book ''Striking Back'', published by [[Aaron J. Klein]] in 2006, Haddad was killed by [[Mossad]], which had sent the [[chocolate]]-loving Haddad [[Belgian chocolate]]s coated with a slow-acting and undetectable poison which caused him to die several months later.<ref name=smh8may>{{cite news|title=Israel used chocs to poison Palestinian|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Israel-used-chocs-to-poison-Palestinian/2006/05/08/1146940441701.html|access-date=4 July 2024|newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald|date=8 May 2008}}</ref>


According to the 2018 book ''[[Rise and Kill First|Rise and Kill First: The Secret History of Israel's Targeted Assassinations]]'' by [[Ronen Bergman]], the Mossad killed Haddad by poisoning his [[toothpaste]]. On 10 January 1978, a deep-cover Mossad agent with a high level of access to Haddad's home and office switched his regular tube of toothpaste for an identical tube containing a toxin that had been developed at the [[Israel Institute for Biological Research]]. Some of the toxin penetrated the mucus membranes of his mouth and entered his bloodstream every time he brushed his teeth. Haddad became ill and was admitted to an Iraqi government hospital, where the doctors could not figure out what his condition was and suspected he had been poisoned. Upon Arafat's request, he was flown to East Germany to be hospitalized at a prestigious hospital which treated members of the intelligence and security commununities, where he was admitted under the pseudonym of Ahmed Doukli. The tube of lethal toothpaste
According to the 2018 book ''[[Rise and Kill First|Rise and Kill First: The Secret History of Israel's Targeted Assassinations]]'' by [[Ronen Bergman]], the Mossad killed Haddad by poisoning his [[toothpaste]]. On 10 January 1978, a deep-cover Mossad agent with a high level of access to Haddad's home and office switched his regular tube of toothpaste for an identical tube containing a toxin that had been developed at the [[Israel Institute for Biological Research]]. Some of the toxin penetrated the mucous membranes of his mouth and entered his bloodstream every time he brushed his teeth. Haddad became ill and was admitted to an Iraqi government hospital, where the doctors could not figure out what his condition was and suspected he had been poisoned. Upon [[Yasser Arafat]]'s request, he was flown to East Germany to be hospitalized at a prestigious hospital which treated members of the intelligence and security communities, where he was admitted under the pseudonym of Ahmed Doukli. The tube of lethal toothpaste
was included in a bag of toiletries his aides packed for him when he was taken to East Germany. He was extensively tested and the physicians suspected he had been poisoned with either rat poison or thallium, but found no direct evidence. His condition contiuned to deteriorate. According to intelligence provided by an Israeli agent in East Germany, Haddad's screams of pain were heard throughout the hospital and he had to be heavily dosed with tranquilizers and sedatives. Haddad died ten days after his arrival there.<ref name>Bergman, Ronen: ''[[Rise and Kill First]]'', pp. 212-213</ref><ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/mossad-chose-not-to-nab-mengele-didnt-hunt-down-munich-terrorists-book-claims/ "Mossad chose not to nab Mengele, didn’t hunt down Munich terrorists, book claims", ''Times of Israel'', 26 January 2018].</ref>
was included in a bag of toiletries his aides packed for him when he was taken to East Germany. He was extensively tested and the physicians suspected he had been poisoned with either rat poison or thallium, but found no direct evidence. His condition continued to deteriorate. According to intelligence provided by an Israeli agent in East Germany, Haddad's screams of pain were heard throughout the hospital and he had to be heavily dosed with tranquilizers and sedatives. Haddad died ten days after his arrival there.<ref name>Bergman, Ronen: ''[[Rise and Kill First]]'', pp. 212-213</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/mossad-chose-not-to-nab-mengele-didnt-hunt-down-munich-terrorists-book-claims/ |title=Mossad chose not to nab Mengele, didn't hunt down Munich terrorists, book claims |work=Times of Israel |date=26 January 2018 |first=David |last=Horovitz |access-date=4 July 2024}}</ref>


What remained of the PFLP-EO dissolved after his death, but in the process inaugurated the [[15 May Organization]] and the [[PFLP-SC]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}
What remained of the PFLP-EO dissolved after his death, but in the process inaugurated the [[15 May Organization]] and the [[PFLP-SC]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}


==Ties to the Soviet KGB==
==KGB agent==
According to [[Vasili Mitrokhin]], a senior [[KGB]] archivist who defected to the [[UK]] in 1992, in early 1970 Haddad was recruited by the KGB as an agent, codenamed NATIONALIST. Thereafter, in deep secrecy the Soviets helped to fund and arm the PFLP. The KGB had warning of its major operations and almost certainly sanctioned the most significant, such as the September 1970 hijackings. Haddad remained a highly valued agent till his death in 1978.<ref>[https://bukovsky-archive.com/2016/07/01/23-april-1974-1071-aov/ Andropov to Brezhnev, 23 April 1974 (1071-A/ov), collaboration with Haddad and the PFLP].</ref>
According to [[Vasili Mitrokhin]], a senior [[KGB]] archivist who defected to the [[UK]] in 1992, in early 1970 Haddad was recruited by the KGB as an agent, codenamed NATIONALIST. Thereafter, in deep secrecy the Soviets helped to fund and arm the PFLP. The KGB had warning of its major operations and almost certainly sanctioned the most significant, such as the September 1970 hijackings. Haddad remained a highly valued agent till his death in 1978.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bukovsky-archive.com/2016/07/01/23-april-1974-1071-aov/ |title=23 April 1974 (1071-A/ov) Haddad: Andropov to Brezhnev |date=July 2016 |via=The Bukovsky Archives |access-date=4 July 2024}}</ref>


A letter by KGB chairman [[Yuri Andropov]] to [[Leonid Brezhnev]], the Soviet leader and head of the Communist Party, about the covert transfer of arms to the PFLP refers to Haddad as a "trusted KGB intelligence agent".<ref>[https://bukovsky-archive.com/2016/07/01/16-may-1975-1218-a/ Andropov to Brezhnev, 16 May 1975 (1218-A/ov). Covert transfer of arms to Haddad].</ref> The letter and two other highly [[Classified information|classified]] documents from the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU Central Committee]] archive were located and secretly copied by [[Vladimir Bukovsky]] in 1992.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}
A letter by KGB chairman [[Yuri Andropov]] to [[Leonid Brezhnev]], the Soviet leader and head of the Communist Party, about the covert transfer of arms to the PFLP refers to Haddad as a "trusted KGB intelligence agent".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bukovsky-archive.com/2016/07/01/16-may-1975-1218-a/ |title=16 May 1975 (1218-A/ov) Haddad: Andropov to Brezhnev |date=July 2016 |via=The Bukovsky Archives |access-date=4 July 2024}}</ref> The letter and two other highly [[Classified information|classified]] documents from the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU Central Committee]] archive were located and secretly copied by [[Vladimir Bukovsky]] in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |title=Night of the Looters (1996) |url=https://bukovsky-archive.com/2-night-of-the-looters/ |website=The Bukovsky Archives |date=23 January 2015 |access-date=4 July 2024}}</ref>

⚫
== Further reading ==
⚫
*[[Bassam Abu Sharif]] and [[Uzi Mahnaimi]]. ''The Best of Enemies: The Memoirs of Bassam Abu-Sharif and Uzi Mahnaimi'', 1995. {{ISBN|0-316-00401-4}}.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

⚫
== Further reading ==
⚫
*{{cite book |author1=[[Bassam Abu Sharif]] |author2=Uzi Mahnaimi |title=The Best of Enemies: The Memoirs of Bassam Abu-Sharif and Uzi Mahnaimi |date=1995 |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=0-316-00401-4}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


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[[Category:20th-century Palestinian physicians]]
[[Category:Arab Nationalist Movement]]
[[Category:Arab Nationalist Movement]]
[[Category:Assassinated Palestinian politicians]]
[[Category:Dawson's Field hijackings]]
[[Category:Dawson's Field hijackings]]
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[[Category:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Palestine]]
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[[Category:Operation Entebbe]]
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[[Category:People from Safed]]
[[Category:People from Safed]]
[[Category:People murdered in Berlin]]
[[Category:People of the KGB]]
[[Category:People of the KGB]]
[[Category:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine members]]
[[Category:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine members]]
[[Category:Assassinations in Germany]]
[[Category:Palestinian people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:Targeted killings by the Israel Defense Forces]]
[[Category:People murdered in Germany]]
[[Category:1970s assassinated politicians]]
[[Category:1978 murders in Germany]]
[[Category:Arab people in Mandatory Palestine]]

Revision as of 08:16, 3 January 2025

Wadie Haddad
وديع حداد‎
Haddad in Syria, c. 1970
Born1927
Safed, British Mandate for Palestine
Died28 March 1978 (aged 50–51)
East Berlin, German Democratic Republic
NationalityPalestinian
Other namesAbu Hani (ابو هاني)
Alma materAmerican University of Beirut
Years active1951–1978
Employer KGB
Organization PFLP–EO

Wadie Haddad (Arabic: وديع حداد; 1927 – 28 March 1978), also known as Abu Hani, was a Palestinian militant. He led the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. He organized several hijackings of international civilian passenger aircraft in the 1960s and 1970s,[1] the most infamous of which was the Entebbe hijacking, when Palestinian and German militants under his command held 106 hostages — primarily Israeli Jews, although four non-Israeli Jews were also held captive[2][3] — on a flight from Israel to France after diverting it to Uganda.

Early life and education

Haddad was born into a family of Palestinian Christians (Greek Orthodox) in the city of Safed in 1927.[4][5] His home was destroyed during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, prompting him to flee to Lebanon as a Palestinian refugee. He received a degree in medicine from the American University of Beirut,[5] where he met fellow Palestinian refugee George Habash, who was also a medical student. Together, they helped found the Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM), a political organization of pan-Arabists who sought to dismantle Israel and unite the world's Arab countries.

After graduating, he relocated with Habash to Amman, Jordan, where they established a medical clinic. He worked with the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in 1956 but was arrested by Jordanian authorities in the following year due to his nationalist activities. In 1961, he managed to escape to Syria. From 1963 onwards, Haddad became a proponent of the armed struggle against Israel and succeeded in militarizing the ANM.

Role in the PFLP

After the 1967 Six-Day War, the Palestinian wing of the ANM transformed into the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), a Marxist formation, under the leadership of Habash. Haddad became the leader of its military wing, involved in organizing attacks on Israeli targets. He argued for and organized hijackings, including the first PFLP aircraft hijacking in 1968, when an Israeli El Al plane was hijacked. despite criticism of the PFLP from within the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).

The Dawson's Field hijackings of 1970, when PFLP members including Leila Khaled brought three passenger jets to Jordan, helped provoke the bloody fighting of Black September. After the expulsion of the PLO factions from Jordan, Haddad was subjected to harsh criticism from the PFLP, which was in turn under pressure from the rest of the PLO. Haddad was ordered not to attack targets outside Israel, but he continued operations under the name of Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations (PFLP-EO). Haddad was expelled from the PFLP in 1973.

He also employed the services of Ilich Ramírez Sánchez, better known as "Carlos the Jackal", whom he had met in 1970 and trained in guerrilla warfare techniques but expelled Sánchez from his team after Sánchez had been accused of refusing to kill two hostages, and possibly stealing ransom money, following the 1975 assault on the OPEC conference in Vienna.

Haddad organized the Entebbe hijacking in June 1976.

During this time he was also friends with Swiss neo-Nazi, ODESSA facilitator, and former Abwehr agent, Francois Genoud.[6]

Death

Haddad died on 28 March 1978 in East Germany, reportedly from leukemia. According to the book Striking Back, published by Aaron J. Klein in 2006, Haddad was killed by Mossad, which had sent the chocolate-loving Haddad Belgian chocolates coated with a slow-acting and undetectable poison which caused him to die several months later.[7]

According to the 2018 book Rise and Kill First: The Secret History of Israel's Targeted Assassinations by Ronen Bergman, the Mossad killed Haddad by poisoning his toothpaste. On 10 January 1978, a deep-cover Mossad agent with a high level of access to Haddad's home and office switched his regular tube of toothpaste for an identical tube containing a toxin that had been developed at the Israel Institute for Biological Research. Some of the toxin penetrated the mucous membranes of his mouth and entered his bloodstream every time he brushed his teeth. Haddad became ill and was admitted to an Iraqi government hospital, where the doctors could not figure out what his condition was and suspected he had been poisoned. Upon Yasser Arafat's request, he was flown to East Germany to be hospitalized at a prestigious hospital which treated members of the intelligence and security communities, where he was admitted under the pseudonym of Ahmed Doukli. The tube of lethal toothpaste was included in a bag of toiletries his aides packed for him when he was taken to East Germany. He was extensively tested and the physicians suspected he had been poisoned with either rat poison or thallium, but found no direct evidence. His condition continued to deteriorate. According to intelligence provided by an Israeli agent in East Germany, Haddad's screams of pain were heard throughout the hospital and he had to be heavily dosed with tranquilizers and sedatives. Haddad died ten days after his arrival there.[8][9]

What remained of the PFLP-EO dissolved after his death, but in the process inaugurated the 15 May Organization and the PFLP-SC.[citation needed]

Ties to the Soviet KGB

According to Vasili Mitrokhin, a senior KGB archivist who defected to the UK in 1992, in early 1970 Haddad was recruited by the KGB as an agent, codenamed NATIONALIST. Thereafter, in deep secrecy the Soviets helped to fund and arm the PFLP. The KGB had warning of its major operations and almost certainly sanctioned the most significant, such as the September 1970 hijackings. Haddad remained a highly valued agent till his death in 1978.[10]

A letter by KGB chairman Yuri Andropov to Leonid Brezhnev, the Soviet leader and head of the Communist Party, about the covert transfer of arms to the PFLP refers to Haddad as a "trusted KGB intelligence agent".[11] The letter and two other highly classified documents from the CPSU Central Committee archive were located and secretly copied by Vladimir Bukovsky in 1992.[12]

References

  1. ^ "Wadie Haddad". www.sundance.tv.[permanent dead link‍]
  2. ^ Melman, Yossi (8 July 2011). "Setting the record straight: Entebbe was not Auschwitz". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  3. ^ Saul, David (2017). Operation Thunderbolt: Flight 139 and the Raid on Entebbe Airport, the Most Audacious Hostage Rescue Mission in History. Back Bay Books. ISBN 978-0-316-24539-5. "But, as Ilan Hartuv and others were later quick to point out, this was never a simple division of Jews and non-Jews. Many non-Israeli Jews like Julie Aouzerate, Michel Cojot and Peter and Nancy Rabinowitz remained in the original room."
  4. ^ Thomas Riegler (2020). "When modern terrorism began The OPEC hostage-taking of 1975". In Dag Harald Claes; Giuliano Garavini (eds.). Handbook of OPEC and the Global Energy Order. Past, Present and Future Challenges (PDF). London: Routledge. p. 291. doi:10.4324/9780429203190. ISBN 9780429203190. S2CID 211416208.
  5. ^ a b Mark Ensalaco (2008). Middle Eastern Terrorism: From Black September to September 11. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8122-4046-7. JSTOR j.ctt3fhmb0.
  6. ^ Coogan, Kevin (1999). Dreamer of the day: Francis Parker Yockey and the Postwar Fascist International. Brooklyn, New York: Autonomedia. p. 586. ISBN 1-57027-039-2.
  7. ^ "Israel used chocs to poison Palestinian". Sydney Morning Herald. 8 May 2008. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  8. ^ Bergman, Ronen: Rise and Kill First, pp. 212-213
  9. ^ Horovitz, David (26 January 2018). "Mossad chose not to nab Mengele, didn't hunt down Munich terrorists, book claims". Times of Israel. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  10. ^ "23 April 1974 (1071-A/ov) Haddad: Andropov to Brezhnev". July 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2024 – via The Bukovsky Archives.
  11. ^ "16 May 1975 (1218-A/ov) Haddad: Andropov to Brezhnev". July 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2024 – via The Bukovsky Archives.
  12. ^ "Night of the Looters (1996)". The Bukovsky Archives. 23 January 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2024.

Further reading

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