Quiz Kids: Difference between revisions

Quiz Kids
	1944 advertisement for Quiz Kids radio show
Genre	Educational
Country of origin	United States
Home station	NBC
TV adaptations	NBC and CBS
Hosted by	Joe Kelly;; Clifton Fadiman;; Durward Kirby;; Milton Berle;
Created by	Louis G. Cowan
Recording studio	Chicago;; New York;; Australia;
Original release	June 28, 1940 –; September 27, 1956
Sponsored by	Alka-Seltzer

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Quiz Kids is a radio and TV series originally broadcast in the 1940s and 1950s. Created by Chicago public relations and advertising man Louis G. Cowan, and originally sponsored by Alka-Seltzer, the series was first broadcast on NBC from Chicago, June 28, 1940, airing as a summer replacement show for Alec Templeton Time. It continued on radio for the next 13 years. On television, the show was seen on NBC and CBS from July 6, 1949, to July 5, 1953, with Joe Kelly as quizmaster,^[2] and again from January 12 to September 27, 1956, with Clifton Fadiman as host.^[3]

The premise of the original show involved Kelly asking questions sent in by listeners and researched by Eliza Hickok and Rachel Stevenson. Kelly often said that he was not an intellectual, and that he could not have answered any of the questions without knowing the answer from his flash card. The answers were supplied by a panel of five children, chosen for their high IQs, strong academic interests, and appealing personalities, as well as such qualities as poise, quickness, and sense of humor. One of the first Quiz Kids was seven-year-old nature expert Gerard Darrow. For the initial premiere panel he was joined by Mary Ann Anderson, Joan Bishop, George Van Dyke Tiers and Charles Schwartz.^{[citation needed]}

Other Quiz Kids of the 1940s included: Joan Alizier, Lois Jean Ashbeck, Jack Beckman, Claude Brenner, Geraldine Hamburg, Mary Clare McHugh, David Nasatir, Sally Ann Wilhelm, Ruth Duskin, war refugee Gunther Hollander, Shel Talmy, and math experts Joel Kupperman,^[4] Richard Williams, and Cynthia Cline. Panelists rotated, with the three top scorers each week joined by two others the following week; they were no longer eligible to participate once they reached the age of 16.

New York and Chicago

In 1949–50 the program was expanded to New York, where a series of competitions determined the panelists. Students from the New York City area were chosen from questionnaires distributed to elementary schools, and were "interviewed" in panels where questions simulating those sent in by listeners were used. Those chosen from the interviews competed weekly for Quiz Kid of the month, with the two weekly winners from each show going on to the monthly "finals". Monthly winners later competed against each other on another panel, from which the overall winner was chosen. There were also parallel shows hosted by Durward Kirby, involving some of the same panelists. The shows hosted by Kirby were sponsored by The Dime Savings Bank of Brooklyn, and thus were called The Savings Bank Quiz Kids.

Norman Lane, age nine, was the winner of the monthly competitions and went on the air in Chicago in one show with the Chicago group. Malcolm Mitchell, age 12, won the three competitions on the parallel series of shows, with Lane second each time, and was selected by the producers to be on several shows with the Chicago Quiz Kid group at NBC Studios in New York. These notably included one where the Kids defeated a group of university professors from New York in "general knowledge" topics. Mitchell, later a medical professor at Yale, had the special talent of "perfect pitch" (able to identify musical notes and chords with certainty), which made for interesting radio moments aside from answering straight questions.

A television program, now in The Paley Center for Media in New York and Los Angeles, was filmed in 1950 with Milton Berle as guest host and featured the Chicago Quiz Kids. The popularity of the television series never approached that of the radio programs, which first aired on Wednesday evenings and later on Sundays and had a devoted following of both adults and children. The Quiz Kids not only spawned a host of quiz shows starring both extraordinary and ordinary people, but also gave rise to the now more-popular term "Whiz Kids," first applied to the 1950 Philadelphia Phillies "Whiz Kids", and later to several cabinet members in the Kennedy Administration. One of the notable ex-Quiz Kids is the Nobel Prize-winning biologist James D. Watson. Others included actor and dialect coach Robert Easton, legendary Hollywood acting coach Roy London, producer Harve Bennett, poet Marilyn Hacker, Mayo Clinic Chief of Staff Richard Sedlack, and actress Vanessa Brown.

Later versions

Quiz Kids has been revived six times since the original television series:

The New Quiz Kids aired in Canada from 1978 to 1979 on Global Television Network, hosted by Terry David Mulligan.
In 1978, Jim McKrell hosted a weekly syndicated edition also titled The New Quiz Kids, which taped in Boston and ran for half a season.
A later American revival aired from October 12, 1981 to December 15, 1982 on CBS Cable, hosted by Norman Lear.
The Quiz Kids Challenge, which featured a panel of three kids playing against three adults, aired in daily syndication from September 10 to December 28, 1990. Jonathan Prince hosted this version while Johnny Gilbert served as announcer.
Bay Area Quiz Kids is a San Francisco-area high school quiz bowl, aired on KRON-TV.
CBS owned-and-operated station KNXT/KCBS-TV in Los Angeles produced their own version, titled Kidquiz, hosted by station weathercaster Maclovio Perez (now at KAVU-TV in Victoria, Texas). This version aired for eight years (1984–1992) on the station, usually prior to the start of CBS' Saturday morning programming.

In Australia

An Australian radio program, after the American model, was first aired on Australian commercial radio in 1948.^[5] In 1952 John Dease began hosting Quiz Kids on Radio 2GB, that ran every Sunday evening until 14 October 1962 (with an abortive attempt in 1956–57 to run concurrently on ATN-7 and GTV-9 weekly from 9 June 1957 to 10 November 1957) and transferred to ABC TV in March 1964.^[6]

References

^ Gardner, Martin A. Quiz Kids: The Radio Program with the Smartest Children in America, 1940–1953 p. 247
^ Hyatt, Wesley (1997). The Encyclopedia of Daytime Television. Watson-Guptill Publications. p. 354. ISBN 978-0823083152. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
^ Woolery, George W. (1985). Children's Television: The First Thirty-Five Years, 1946–1981, Part II: Live, Film, and Tape Series. The Scarecrow Press. pp. 406–408. ISBN 0-8108-1651-2.
^ Dunning, John (1998). On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio (Revised ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 560–563. ISBN 978-0-19-507678-3. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
^ Moran, Albert; Keating, Chris (2009). The A to Z of Australian Radio and Television. Scarecrow Press. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-810-870-222.
^ Jones, Barry (1993). "Dease, Conly John Paget (Jack) (1906–1979)" (hardcopy). Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 20 September 2015.

Feldman, Ruth Duskin (1982). Whatever Happened to the Quiz Kids? Perils and Profits of Growing Up Gifted (reprint by Backinprint.com, 2000 ed.). Chicago Review Press.
Smith, Carl W. (1946). Quiz Kids and the Crazy Question Mystery. Whitman.

External links

[1] Gardner, Martin A. Quiz Kids: The Radio Program with the Smartest Children in America, 1940–1953 p. 247

[Daytime-2] Hyatt, Wesley (1997). The Encyclopedia of Daytime Television. Watson-Guptill Publications. p. 354. ISBN 978-0823083152. Retrieved 22 March 2020.

[Woolery-3] Woolery, George W. (1985). Children's Television: The First Thirty-Five Years, 1946–1981, Part II: Live, Film, and Tape Series. The Scarecrow Press. pp. 406–408. ISBN 0-8108-1651-2.

[dunning-4] Dunning, John (1998). On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio (Revised ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 560–563. ISBN 978-0-19-507678-3. Retrieved 23 May 2021.

[5] Moran, Albert; Keating, Chris (2009). The A to Z of Australian Radio and Television. Scarecrow Press. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-810-870-222.

[6] Jones, Barry (1993). "Dease, Conly John Paget (Jack) (1906–1979)" (hardcopy). Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 20 September 2015.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Radio and television series}}
-{{about|the radio and TV show|the current high school quizbowl TV show|Quiz Kids (San Francisco)|the magazine|Quiz Kids (magazine)}}
+{{about|the radio and TV show|the current high school quizbowl TV show|Quiz Kids (San Francisco)|the magazine|Quiz Kids (magazine)|the DC Comics character|Quiz Kid (comics)}}
+{{More footnotes needed|date=September 2015}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
 {{Infobox radio show
@@ Line 40: / Line 42: @@
 | othertheme    =
 | endtheme      =
-| sponsor       = [[Alka-Seltzer]]<ref>http://www.radioechoes.com/?page=series&genre=OTR-Quiz&series=Quiz%20Kids</ref>
+| sponsor       = [[Alka-Seltzer]]<ref>Gardner, Martin A. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ae1tAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22quiz+kids%22+%22alka+seltzer%22&pg=PA247 Quiz Kids: The Radio Program with the Smartest Children in America, 1940–1953] p. 247</ref>
 | website       = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
 | podcast       = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
 }}
-'''''Quiz Kids''''' was a radio and TV series of the 1940s and 1950s. Created by Chicago public relations and advertising man [[Louis G. Cowan]], and originally sponsored by [[Alka-Seltzer]], the series was first broadcast on [[NBC]] from Chicago, June 28, 1940, airing as a summer replacement show for ''[[Alec Templeton|Alec Templeton Time]]''. It continued on radio for the next 13 years. On television, the show was seen on NBC and [[CBS]] from July 6, 1949 to July 5, 1953, with Joe Kelly as quizmaster, and again from January 12 to September 27, 1956, with [[Clifton Fadiman]] as host.
+'''''Quiz Kids''''' is a radio and TV series originally broadcast in the 1940s and 1950s. Created by Chicago public relations and advertising man [[Louis G. Cowan]], and originally sponsored by [[Alka-Seltzer]], the series was first broadcast on [[NBC]] from Chicago, June 28, 1940, airing as a summer replacement show for ''[[Alec Templeton|Alec Templeton Time]]''. It continued on radio for the next 13 years. On television, the show was seen on NBC and [[CBS]] from July 6, 1949, to July 5, 1953, with Joe Kelly as quizmaster,<ref name=Daytime>{{cite book |last1=Hyatt |first1=Wesley |title=The Encyclopedia of Daytime Television |date=1997 |publisher=Watson-Guptill Publications |isbn=978-0823083152 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofda00hyat|url-access=registration |access-date=22 March 2020|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofda00hyat/page/354 354]}}</ref> and again from January 12 to September 27, 1956, with [[Clifton Fadiman]] as host.<ref name="Woolery">{{cite book |last1=Woolery |first1=George W. |title=Children's Television: The First Thirty-Five Years, 1946–1981, Part II: Live, Film, and Tape Series |date=1985 |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |isbn=0-8108-1651-2 |pages=406–408}}</ref>
-The premise of the original show involved Kelly asking questions sent in by listeners and researched by Eliza Hickok and Rachel Stevenson. Kelly often said that he was not an intellectual, and that he could not have answered any of the questions without knowing the answer from his flash card.  Yet he was remarkably kind and affable, and put even novice young contestants at ease immediately. The answers were supplied by a panel of five children, chosen for their high IQs, strong academic interests, and appealing personalities, as well as such qualities as poise, quickness, and sense of humor. One of the first Quiz Kids was seven-year-old nature expert Gerard Darrow. For the initial premiere panel he was joined by Mary Ann Anderson, Joan Bishop, George Van Dyke Tiers and Charles Schwartz.
+The premise of the original show involved Kelly asking questions sent in by listeners and researched by Eliza Hickok and Rachel Stevenson. Kelly often said that he was not an intellectual, and that he could not have answered any of the questions without knowing the answer from his flash card. The answers were supplied by a panel of five children, chosen for their high IQs, strong academic interests, and appealing personalities, as well as such qualities as poise, quickness, and sense of humor. One of the first Quiz Kids was seven-year-old nature expert Gerard Darrow. For the initial premiere panel he was joined by Mary Ann Anderson, Joan Bishop, George Van Dyke Tiers and Charles Schwartz.{{Citation needed |date=January 2023}}
-Other Quiz Kids of the 1940s  Joan Alizier, Lois Jean Ashbeck, Jack Beckman<ref>{{Cite web|url=Can You Write A Four Line Poem Using Tim Buc Tu? http://www.radioechoes.com/?page=play_download&mode=play&dl_mp3folder=Q&dl_file=quiz_kids_1940-09-18_can_you_write_a_four_line_poem_using_tim_buc_tu.mp3&dl_series=Quiz%20Kids&dl_title=Can%20You%20Write%20A%20Four%20Line%20Poem%20Using%20Tim%20Buc%20Tu&dl_date=1940.09.18&dl_size=6.77%20MB|title=RadioEchoes.com|last=|first=|date=|website=www.radioechoes.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref>, Claude Brenner, Geraldine Hamburg, Mary Clare McHugh, David Nasatir, Sally Ann Wilhelm, [[Ruth Duskin Feldman|Ruth Duskin]], war refugee Gunther Hollander, and math experts [[Joel J. Kupperman|Joel Kupperman]] and [[Richard Llewellyn Williams|Richard Williams]]. Panelists rotated, with the three top scorers each week joined by two others the following week; they were no longer eligible to participate once they reached the age of 16.
+Other Quiz Kids of the 1940s included: Joan Alizier, Lois Jean Ashbeck, Jack Beckman, Claude Brenner, Geraldine Hamburg, Mary Clare McHugh, David Nasatir, Sally Ann Wilhelm, [[Ruth Duskin Feldman|Ruth Duskin]], war refugee Gunther Hollander, [[Shel Talmy]], and math experts [[Joel J. Kupperman|Joel Kupperman]],<ref name="dunning">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HqhoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA560 |last=Dunning |first=John |author-link=John Dunning (detective fiction author) |title=On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-19-507678-3 |pages=560–563 |edition=Revised |access-date=May 23, 2021}}</ref> [[Richard Llewellyn Williams|Richard Williams]], and Cynthia Cline. Panelists rotated, with the three top scorers each week joined by two others the following week; they were no longer eligible to participate once they reached the age of 16.
 ==New York and Chicago==
-[[File:Quiz kids 1940s card.JPG|thumb|250px|1940s postcard sent to listeners who submitted questions for the radio show.]]
+[[File:Quiz kids 1940s card.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|1940s postcard sent to listeners who submitted questions for the American radio show]]
-In 1949–50 the program was expanded to New York, where a series of competitions determined the panelists. Students from the New York City area were chosen from questionnaires distributed to elementary schools, and were "interviewed" in panels where questions simulating those sent in by listeners were used.  Those chosen from the interviews competed weekly for Quiz Kid of the month, with the two weekly winners from each show going on to the monthly "finals".  Monthly winners later competed against each other on another panel, from which the overall winner was chosen. There were also parallel shows hosted by [[Durward Kirby]], involving some of the same panelists.
+In 1949–50 the program was expanded to New York, where a series of competitions determined the panelists. Students from the New York City area were chosen from questionnaires distributed to elementary schools, and were "interviewed" in panels where questions simulating those sent in by listeners were used.  Those chosen from the interviews competed weekly for Quiz Kid of the month, with the two weekly winners from each show going on to the monthly "finals".  Monthly winners later competed against each other on another panel, from which the overall winner was chosen. There were also parallel shows hosted by [[Durward Kirby]], involving some of the same panelists.  The shows hosted by Kirby were sponsored by The Dime Savings Bank of Brooklyn, and thus were called ''The Savings Bank Quiz Kids''.
 Norman Lane, age nine, was the winner of the monthly competitions and went on the air in Chicago in one show with the Chicago group.  Malcolm Mitchell, age 12, won the three competitions on the parallel series of shows, with Lane second each time, and was selected by the producers to be on several shows with the Chicago Quiz Kid group at NBC Studios in New York. These notably included one where the Kids defeated a group of university professors from New York in "general knowledge" topics. Mitchell, later a medical professor at Yale, had the special talent of "perfect pitch" (able to identify musical notes and chords with certainty), which made for interesting radio moments aside from answering straight questions.
-A television program, now in [[The Paley Center for Media]] in New York and Los Angeles, was filmed in 1950 with [[Milton Berle]] as guest host and featured the Chicago Quiz Kids. The popularity of the television series never approached that of the radio programs, which first aired on Wednesday evenings and later on Sundays and had a devoted following of both adults and children. The Quiz Kids not only spawned a host of quiz shows starring both extraordinary and ordinary people, but also gave rise to the now more-popular term "Whiz Kids," first applied to the 1950 [[Philadelphia Phillies]] "[[Whiz Kids (baseball)|Whiz Kids]]", and later to several cabinet members in the Kennedy Administration.  One of the notable ex-Quiz Kids is the [[Nobel Prize]]-winning biologist [[James D. Watson]]. Others included actor and dialect coach [[Robert Easton (actor)|Robert Easton]], legendary Hollywood acting coach [[Roy London]], producer [[Harve Bennett]], poet [[Marilyn Hacker]], Mayo Clinic Chief of Staff Richard Sedlack, and actress [[Vanessa Brown]].
+A television program, now in [[The Paley Center for Media]] in New York and Los Angeles, was filmed in 1950 with [[Milton Berle]] as guest host and featured the Chicago Quiz Kids. The popularity of the television series never approached that of the radio programs, which first aired on Wednesday evenings and later on Sundays and had a devoted following of both adults and children. ''The Quiz Kids'' not only spawned a host of quiz shows starring both extraordinary and ordinary people, but also gave rise to the now more-popular term "Whiz Kids," first applied to the 1950 [[Philadelphia Phillies]] "[[Whiz Kids (baseball)|Whiz Kids]]", and later to several cabinet members in the Kennedy Administration.  One of the notable ex-Quiz Kids is the [[Nobel Prize]]-winning biologist [[James D. Watson]]. Others included actor and dialect coach [[Robert Easton (actor)|Robert Easton]], legendary Hollywood acting coach [[Roy London]], producer [[Harve Bennett]], poet [[Marilyn Hacker]], Mayo Clinic Chief of Staff Richard Sedlack, and actress [[Vanessa Brown]].
 ==Later versions==
 ''Quiz Kids'' has been revived six times since the original television series:
-* ''[[The New Quiz Kids]]'' aired in [[Canada]] from 1978–1979 on [[Global Television Network]], hosted by [[Terry David Mulligan]].
+* ''[[The New Quiz Kids]]'' aired in [[Canada]] from 1978 to 1979 on [[Global Television Network]], hosted by [[Terry David Mulligan]].
+* In 1978, [[Jim McKrell]] hosted a weekly syndicated edition also titled ''The New Quiz Kids'', which taped in [[Boston]] and ran for half a season.
 * A later American revival aired from October 12, 1981 to December 15, 1982 on [[CBS Cable]], hosted by [[Norman Lear]].
 * ''[[Quiz Kids Challenge|The Quiz Kids Challenge]]'', which featured a panel of three kids playing against three adults, aired in daily syndication from September 10 to December 28, 1990. [[Jonathan Prince]] hosted this version while [[Johnny Gilbert]] served as announcer.
 * ''Bay Area Quiz Kids'' is a [[San Francisco]]-area high school quiz bowl, aired on [[KRON-TV]].
-*CBS owned-and-operated station [[KCBS-TV|KNXT/KCBS-TV]] in Los Angeles produced their own version, titled ''Kidquiz'', hosted by station weathercaster Maclovio Perez (now at [[KRIS-TV]] in Corpus Christi).  This version aired for eight years (1984–1992) on the station, usually prior to the start of CBS' Saturday morning programming.
+*CBS owned-and-operated station [[KCBS-TV|KNXT/KCBS-TV]] in Los Angeles produced their own version, titled ''Kidquiz'', hosted by station weathercaster Maclovio Perez (now at [[KAVU-TV]] in [[Victoria, Texas]]).  This version aired for eight years (1984–1992) on the station, usually prior to the start of CBS' Saturday morning programming.
 ==In Australia==
-An Australian radio program, after the American model, was first aired on Australian commercial radio in 1938.<ref>{{cite book |title=The A to Z of Australian Radio and Television |author1=Moran, Albert  |author2=Keating, Chris |publisher=Scarecrow Press |date=2009 |isbn=0-810-870-223 |page=308}}</ref> In 1942 [[John Dease]] began hosting ''Quiz Kids'' on [[Radio 2GB]], that ran every Sunday evening until 14 October 1962 (with an abortive attempt in 1956–57 to run concurrently on [[ATN|ATN-7]] and [[GTV (Australia)|GTV-9]] weekly from 9 June 1957 to 10 November 1957) and transferred to [[ABC (Australian TV channel)|ABC TV]] in March 1964.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jones, Barry |authorlink=Barry Jones (Australian politician) |title=Dease, Conly John Paget (Jack) (1906–1979) |work=[[Australian Dictionary of Biography]] |publisher=National Centre of Biography, [[Australian National University]] |url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/dease-conly-john-paget-jack-9935/text17597 |publication-date=1993 |format=hardcopy |accessdate=20 September 2015 }}</ref>
+An Australian radio program, after the American model, was first aired on Australian commercial radio in 1948.<ref>{{cite book |title=The A to Z of Australian Radio and Television |author1=Moran, Albert  |author2=Keating, Chris |publisher=Scarecrow Press |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-810-870-222 |page=308}}</ref> In 1952 [[John Dease]] began hosting ''Quiz Kids'' on [[Radio 2GB]], that ran every Sunday evening until 14 October 1962 (with an abortive attempt in 1956–57 to run concurrently on [[ATN|ATN-7]] and [[GTV (Australia)|GTV-9]] weekly from 9 June 1957 to 10 November 1957) and transferred to [[ABC (Australian TV channel)|ABC TV]] in March 1964.<ref>{{cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |author=Jones, Barry |author-link=Barry Jones (Australian politician) |title=Dease, Conly John Paget (Jack) (1906–1979) |id2=dease-conly-john-paget-jack-9935/text17597 |date=1993 |format=hardcopy |access-date=20 September 2015 }}</ref>
 ==References==
 {{reflist}}
-{{More footnotes|date=September 2015}}
 *{{cite book |title=Whatever Happened to the Quiz Kids? Perils and Profits of Growing Up Gifted |author=Feldman, Ruth Duskin |publisher=Chicago Review Press |date=1982 |edition=reprint by Backinprint.com, 2000 }}
 *{{cite book |title=Quiz Kids and the Crazy Question Mystery |author=Smith, Carl W. |publisher=Whitman |date=1946 }}
@@ Line 80: / Line 83: @@
 {{Italic title}}
+[[Category:NBC game shows]]
 [[Category:1940s American radio programs]]
 [[Category:1950s American radio programs]]
@@ Line 87: / Line 90: @@
 [[Category:1950s American children's game shows]]
 [[Category:Student quiz television series]]
-[[Category:Seven Network shows]]
+[[Category:Seven Network original programming]]
-[[Category:Nine Network shows]]
+[[Category:Nine Network original programming]]
-[[Category:1950s Australian television series]]
 [[Category:1957 Australian television series debuts]]
 [[Category:1957 Australian television series endings]]
-[[Category:Black-and-white Australian television programs]]
+[[Category:Black-and-white Australian television shows]]
-[[Category:Australian game shows]]
+[[Category:1940s Australian game shows]]
-[[Category:Television series based on radio programs]]
+[[Category:1950s Australian game shows]]
+[[Category:1960s Australian game shows]]
+[[Category:Television series based on radio series]]
 [[Category:1964 Australian television series debuts]]
 [[Category:1968 Australian television series endings]]
-[[Category:1960s Australian television series]]
 [[Category:NBC radio programs]]
-[[Category:ABC radio programs]]