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{{Short description|Lost comet}}
{{Infobox Comet
{{Infobox comet
| name=5D/Brorsen
| name = 5D/Brorsen
| image= [[File:5dbrorsen.jpg]]
| image = 5dbrorsen.jpg
| caption=Coma of 5D/Brorsen, as it appeared on May 14, 1868, drawn by Karl Christian Bruhns
| caption = Coma of 5D/Brorsen, as it appeared on 14 May 1868, drawn by [[Karl Christian Bruhns|K. Christian Bruhns]]
| discoverer=[[Theodor Brorsen]]
| discoverer = [[Theodor Brorsen]]
| discovery_date=26 February 1846
| discovery_site = [[Schleswig-Holstein|Holstein]], Germany
| designations= 1846 III; P/1846 D2; 1857 II;<br /> P/1857 F1; 1868 I; 1873 VI;<br /> 1879 I
| discovery_date = 26 February 1846
| epoch=March 31, 1879 {{Ref|LN}}
| mpc_name = P/1846 D2<br>P/1857 F1
| semimajor=3.100 [[Astronomical Unit|AU]]
| designations = 1846 III; 1857 II;<br />1868 I; 1873 VI;<br />1879 I
| perihelion=0.5898 AU
| orbit_ref = {{r|jpl1}}
| aphelion= 5.610 AU
| epoch = 1 April 1879 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2407440.5)
| eccentricity=0.8098
| observation_arc =
| period= 5.461 [[Julian year (astronomy)|a]]
| obs =
| inclination=29.382°
| perihelion = 0.5898 AU
| last_p=March 31, 1879<ref name=kronk>{{Cite web
| aphelion = 5.612 AU
|first=Gary W. |last=Kronk
| semimajor = 3.101 AU
|authorlink=Gary W. Kronk
| period = 5.461 years
|year=2001–2005
| eccentricity = 0.8098
|title=5D/Brorsen
| inclination = 29.382°
|url=http://cometography.com/pcomets/005d.html
| asc_node =
|accessdate=2005-12-26}} ([http://cometography.com Cometography Home Page])</ref>
| arg_peri =
| next_p= ''[[lost comet|Lost]]''
| tjup = 2.467
| Earth_moid = 0.367 AU
| Jupiter_moid =
| M1 = 8.3
| M2 =
| magnitude =
| last_p = 31 March 1879<br><small>(last observation)</small><br>17 April 2023{{r|Yoshida_2023}}<br><small>(calculated)</small>
| next_p = 28 November 2028{{r|Yoshida_2023}}<br><small>(calculated)</small>
}}
}}


'''5D/Brorsen''' (also known as '''Brorsen's Comet''' or '''Comet Brorsen''') was a [[List of periodic comets|periodic]] [[Jupiter-family comet|Jupiter-family]] comet discovered February 26, 1846, by the [[Denmark|Danish]] [[astronomer]] [[Theodor Brorsen]].
'''5D/Brorsen''' (also known as '''Brorsen's Comet''' or '''Comet Brorsen''') was a [[List of periodic comets|periodic]] [[Jupiter-family comet]] discovered on February 26, 1846, by [[Denmark|Danish]] [[astronomer]] [[Theodor Brorsen]]. The comet was last seen in 1879 and is now considered [[lost comet|lost]].


== Observational history ==
The [[perihelion]] of 5D/Brorsen was February 25, just a day before its discovery, and maintained the approach to Earth after that, passing closest to Earth on March 27 (at a distance of 0.52 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]).<ref name=kronk/> As a result of this close encounter to Earth the comet's coma diameter increased. [[Johann Friedrich Julius Schmidt]] estimating it as 3 to 4 [[Minute of arc|arcmin]] across on March 9, and 8 to 10 arcmin across on the 22nd of that same month.<ref name=kronk/> Last seen on April 22, it was stationed about 20 degrees from the [[Celestial pole|north celestial pole]]. By the end of this first apparition the orbital period was identified as 5.5 years.<ref name=kronk/> It was discovered that a close approach to [[Jupiter]] in 1842 put in its discovery orbit.<ref name=kronk/>
The comet was discovered on February 26, 1846, by [[Denmark|Danish]] [[astronomer]] [[Theodor Brorsen]]. The [[perihelion]] of 5D/Brorsen was February 25, just a day before its discovery, and it passed closest to Earth on March 27, at a distance of {{convert|0.52|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}.{{r|Kronk_2005}} As a result of this close encounter to Earth, the comet's coma diameter increased. [[Johann Friedrich Julius Schmidt]] estimated it as 3 to 4 [[Minute of arc|arcminutes]] across on March 9, and 8 to 10 arcminutes across on the 22nd of that same month.{{r|Kronk_2005}} On April 22, it was about 20 degrees from the [[Celestial pole|north celestial pole]]. By the end of this first apparition the orbital period was calculated as 5.5 years.{{r|Kronk_2005}} [[John Russell Hind|J. Russell Hind]] later calculated that this comet had a close approach to [[Jupiter]] on 20 May 1842, placing it to the initial orbit from which it was discovered.{{r|Nature_1881}}


The comet's 5.5 year period would mean that apparitions would alternate between good and poor.<ref name=kronk/> As expected, the comet was missed in its 1851 apparition, when the comet only came as close as 1.5 AU to earth.
The comet's 5.5-year period would mean that apparitions would alternate between good and poor.{{r|Kronk_2005}} As expected, the comet was missed in its 1851 apparition, when it only came as close as 1.5 AU to Earth. The comet's orbit was still relatively uncertain, made worse by its approach to Jupiter in 1854. [[Karl Christian Bruhns]] found a comet on 18 March 1857.{{r|Kronk_2005}} Soon an orbit was computed and it was found to be 5D/Brorsen, although predictions were three months off.{{r|Kronk_2005}} The comet was followed until June 1857, and the orbit was then well established.{{r|Kronk_2005}} Observers reported that the comet had a bright, almost star-like nucleus.{{r|Gould_1857}}


The comet was missed in 1862, and the next recovery was in 1868. A close approach to [[Jupiter]] shortened the period enough to make the comet visible in 1873.{{r|Bishop_1873|Hind_1873}} A very favorable apparition followed in 1879, allowing the comet to be observed for the longest time to date – four months.{{r|Tebbutt_1879}} The comet was missed in 1884, due to observing circumstances, but was also missed in 1890, a favorable apparition. The next favorable apparition occurred in 1901, but searches did not locate the comet.
The comet's orbit was still relatively uncertain, made worse by the fact it had approached Jupiter in 1854. In 1857, [[Karl Christian Bruhns]] found a comet on 18 March 1857.<ref name=kronk/> Soon an orbit was computed and it was found to be 5D/Brorsen, although predictions were three months off.<ref name=kronk/> The comet was followed until June 1857, and the orbit was now well known.<ref name=kronk/>


The next serious search was started by [[Brian G. Marsden]] in 1963, who believed the comet had faded out of existence, but computed the orbit for a very favorable 1973 apparition.{{r|Marsden_1963}} [[Takuo Kojima]] made intensive searches for the comet on January 1973, but nothing turned up, which finally led Marsden to conclude that the comet was [[lost comet|lost]].{{r|Marsden_1974}}
The comet was missed in 1862, and the next recovery was in 1868. A close approach to Jupiter shortened the period enough to make the comet visible in 1873.<ref name=kronk/> A very favorable apparition followed in 1879, allowing the comet to be observed for the longest time to date – four months.<ref name=kronk/> The comet was missed in 1884, due to observing circumstances, but was also missed in 1890, a favorable apparition. The next favorable apparition occurred in 1901, but searches did not locate the comet.


[[Zdenek Sekanina]] suggested that the comet underwent a [[Axial precession|change in the rotation axis]] of the nucleus in mid 19th century, resulting to non-gravitational changes in the orbit, while also mentioned that there are some evidence that the comet may have disintegrating.{{r|Sekanina_1984}} These evidence are the accounts of the large expansion of the coma after perihelion at the 1868 and 1879 apparitions, the presence of condensations in the inner coma during the 1857 and 1868 apparitions and the account by [[Johann Friedrich Julius Schmidt]] that on 20 May 1879 the comet was very faint and lacked a nucleus.{{r|Sekanina_1984}}
The next serious search was started by [[Brian Marsden]], who believed the comet had faded out of existence, but computed the orbit for a very favorable 1973 apparition.<ref name=kronk/> Japanese observers made intensive searches for the comet, but nothing turned up.<ref name=kronk/> The comet is currently considered lost (see [[lost comet]]).

In 2001, [[Lubos Neslusan]] tentatively identified the asteroid '''(297274) 1996 SK''' as the possible [[extinct comet|extinct]] nucleus of 5D/Brorsen based on the similarity of their respective orbits.{{r|jpl2|Neslusan_2001}}


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|refs=

# {{note|LN}} Orbital data taken from this preprint: Neslusan, Lubos: ''"The identification of asteroid 1996 SK with the extinct nucleus of comet 5D/Brorsen"'', '''Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana''', ''Spec. Vol.: Proc. Internat. Conf. held at Palermo, Italy, June 11-16, 2001'' [http://astro.savba.sk/~ne/Publications/palermo1.ps (Postscript version)]
<ref name="Bishop_1873">{{cite journal
| author1= G. Bishop
| title= Observations of the Periodical Comets of Tempel and Brorsen
| url= https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-pdf/34/1/40/18250026/mnras34-0040.pdf
| journal= Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
| year= 1873
| volume= 34
| issue= 1
| pages= 40
| doi= 10.1093/mnras/34.1.40
| doi-access= free }}
</ref>

<ref name="Gould_1857">{{cite journal
| author1= B. A. Gould
| title= Second Comet of 1857
| url= https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/link_gateway/1857AJ......5...48G/ADS_PDF
| journal= Astronomical Journal
| year= 1857
| volume= 5
| issue= 102
| pages= 48
| bibcode= 1857AJ......5...48G
| doi= 10.1086/100581
| doi-access= free }}
</ref>

<ref name="Hind_1873">{{cite journal
| author1= J. R. Hind
| title= Note on the Reappearance of Brorsen's Comet of Short Period
| url= https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-pdf/33/5/324/18187093/mnras33-0324.pdf
| journal= Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
| year= 1873
| volume= 33
| issue= 5
| pages= 324
| bibcode= 1873MNRAS..33..324H
| doi= 10.1093/mnras/33.5.324
| doi-access= free }}
</ref>

<ref name="jpl1">{{cite web
| title= 5D/Brorsen – JPL Small-Body Database Lookup
| url= https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=5D
| website= ssd.jpl.nasa.gov
| publisher= [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
| access-date= 13 November 2023 }}
</ref>

<ref name="jpl2">{{cite web
| title= (297274) 1996 SK – JPL Small-Body Database Lookup
| url= https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=297274
| website= ssd.jpl.nasa.gov
| publisher= [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
| access-date= 4 January 2025 }}
</ref>

<ref name="Kronk_2005">{{Cite web
| author1= G. W. Kronk
| title= 5D/Brorsen
| url= https://cometography.com/pcomets/005d.html
| website= Cometography.com
| access-date= 26 December 2005 }}
</ref>

<ref name="Marsden_1963">{{cite journal
| author1= B. G. Marsden
| title= On the Orbits of Some Long Lost Comets
| url= https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/link_gateway/1963AJ.....68..795M/ADS_PDF
| journal= Astronomical Journal
| year= 1963
| volume= 68
| pages= 795–801
| bibcode= 1963AJ.....68..795M
| doi= 10.1086/109217
| doi-access= free }}
</ref>

<ref name="Marsden_1974">{{cite journal
| author1= B. G. Marsden
| title= Comets in 1973
| url= https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/link_gateway/1974QJRAS..15..433M/ADS_PDF
| journal= Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society
| year= 1974
| volume= 15
| pages= 433–460
| bibcode= 1974QJRAS..15..433M }}
</ref>

<ref name="Nature_1881">{{cite journal
| title= Our Astronomical Column
| url= https://www.nature.com/articles/023298a0.pdf
| journal= Nature
| year= 1881
| volume= 23
| pages= 298–299
| doi= 10.1038/023298a0 }}
</ref>

<ref name="Neslusan_2001">{{cite conference
| author1= L. Neslusan
| title= The Identification of Asteroid 1996 SK with the Extinct Nucleus of comet 5D/Brorsen
| url= https://web.archive.org/web/20030717060629/http://astro.savba.sk/~ne/Publications/palermo1.ps
| conference= Memorie della Società Astronomica Italiana
| location= Palermo, Italy
| date= 11–16 June 2001 }}
</ref>

<ref name="Sekanina_1984">{{cite journal
| author1= Z. Sekanina
| title= Disappearance and Disintegration of Comets
| journal= [[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]]
| year= 1984
| volume= 58
| issue= 1
| pages= 81–100
| bibcode= 1984Icar...58...81S
| doi= 10.1016/0019-1035(84)90099-X }}
</ref>

<ref name="Tebbutt_1879">{{cite journal
| author1= J. Tebbutt
| title= Observations of Brorsen's Comet, February and March 1879
| url= https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-pdf/39/8/486/3602331/mnras39-0486.pdf
| journal= Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
| year= 1879
| volume= 39
| issue= 8
| pages= 486
| doi= 10.1093/mnras/39.8.486
| doi-access= free }}
</ref>

<ref name="Yoshida_2023">{{cite web
| author1= S. Yoshida
| title= 5D/Brorsen
| url= http://www.aerith.net/comet/catalog/0005D/index.html
| website= www.aerith.net
| access-date= 5 January 2025 }}
</ref>

}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{JPL Small Body|id=1000505}}
* {{JPL Small Body|name=(297274) 1996 SK|id=20297274}}
* [http://cometography.com/pcomets/005d.html 5D at Gary W. Kronk's Cometography]
* [http://cometography.com/pcomets/005d.html 5D at Gary W. Kronk's Cometography]


{{PeriodicComets Navigator|4P/Faye|6P/d'Arrest}}
{{PeriodicComets Navigator|4P/Faye|6P/d'Arrest}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Brorsen, 005D}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brorsen, 005D}}
[[Category:Numbered comets|0005]]

[[Category:Comets]]
[[Category:Periodic comets]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Theodor Brorsen]]
[[Category:Jupiter-family comets|005D]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1846]]
[[Category:Destroyed comets]]
[[Category:Lost comets]]

[[Category:Near-Earth comets|005D]]
[[be-x-old:Камэта Брорзэна]]
[[ca:Cometa 5D/Brorsen]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Theodor Brorsen|005D]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1846|18460226]]
[[de:5D/Brorsen]]
[[es:5D/Brorsen]]
[[fr:5D/Brorsen]]
[[it:5D/Brorsen]]
[[nl:5D/Brorsen]]
[[ja:ブローセン彗星]]
[[pl:5D/Brorsen]]
[[ru:5D/Брорзена]]
[[sk:5D/Brorsen]]
[[sl:Brorsenov komet]]
[[sv:Brorsens komet]]
[[zh:布羅森彗星]]

Latest revision as of 01:00, 4 January 2025

5D/Brorsen
Coma of 5D/Brorsen, as it appeared on 14 May 1868, drawn by K. Christian Bruhns
Discovery
Discovered byTheodor Brorsen
Discovery siteHolstein, Germany
Discovery date26 February 1846
Designations
P/1846 D2
P/1857 F1
1846 III; 1857 II;
1868 I; 1873 VI;
1879 I
Orbital characteristics[2]
Epoch1 April 1879 (JD 2407440.5)
Aphelion5.612 AU
Perihelion0.5898 AU
Semi-major axis3.101 AU
Eccentricity0.8098
Orbital period5.461 years
Inclination29.382°
Last perihelion31 March 1879
(last observation)
17 April 2023[1]
(calculated)
Next perihelion28 November 2028[1]
(calculated)
TJupiter2.467
Earth MOID0.367 AU
Comet total
magnitude (M1)		8.3

5D/Brorsen (also known as Brorsen's Comet or Comet Brorsen) was a periodic Jupiter-family comet discovered on February 26, 1846, by Danish astronomer Theodor Brorsen. The comet was last seen in 1879 and is now considered lost.

Observational history

[edit]

The comet was discovered on February 26, 1846, by Danish astronomer Theodor Brorsen. The perihelion of 5D/Brorsen was February 25, just a day before its discovery, and it passed closest to Earth on March 27, at a distance of 0.52 AU (78 million km).[3] As a result of this close encounter to Earth, the comet's coma diameter increased. Johann Friedrich Julius Schmidt estimated it as 3 to 4 arcminutes across on March 9, and 8 to 10 arcminutes across on the 22nd of that same month.[3] On April 22, it was about 20 degrees from the north celestial pole. By the end of this first apparition the orbital period was calculated as 5.5 years.[3] J. Russell Hind later calculated that this comet had a close approach to Jupiter on 20 May 1842, placing it to the initial orbit from which it was discovered.[4]

The comet's 5.5-year period would mean that apparitions would alternate between good and poor.[3] As expected, the comet was missed in its 1851 apparition, when it only came as close as 1.5 AU to Earth. The comet's orbit was still relatively uncertain, made worse by its approach to Jupiter in 1854. Karl Christian Bruhns found a comet on 18 March 1857.[3] Soon an orbit was computed and it was found to be 5D/Brorsen, although predictions were three months off.[3] The comet was followed until June 1857, and the orbit was then well established.[3] Observers reported that the comet had a bright, almost star-like nucleus.[5]

The comet was missed in 1862, and the next recovery was in 1868. A close approach to Jupiter shortened the period enough to make the comet visible in 1873.[6][7] A very favorable apparition followed in 1879, allowing the comet to be observed for the longest time to date – four months.[8] The comet was missed in 1884, due to observing circumstances, but was also missed in 1890, a favorable apparition. The next favorable apparition occurred in 1901, but searches did not locate the comet.

The next serious search was started by Brian G. Marsden in 1963, who believed the comet had faded out of existence, but computed the orbit for a very favorable 1973 apparition.[9] Takuo Kojima made intensive searches for the comet on January 1973, but nothing turned up, which finally led Marsden to conclude that the comet was lost.[10]

Zdenek Sekanina suggested that the comet underwent a change in the rotation axis of the nucleus in mid 19th century, resulting to non-gravitational changes in the orbit, while also mentioned that there are some evidence that the comet may have disintegrating.[11] These evidence are the accounts of the large expansion of the coma after perihelion at the 1868 and 1879 apparitions, the presence of condensations in the inner coma during the 1857 and 1868 apparitions and the account by Johann Friedrich Julius Schmidt that on 20 May 1879 the comet was very faint and lacked a nucleus.[11]

In 2001, Lubos Neslusan tentatively identified the asteroid (297274) 1996 SK as the possible extinct nucleus of 5D/Brorsen based on the similarity of their respective orbits.[12][13]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b S. Yoshida. "5D/Brorsen". www.aerith.net. Retrieved 5 January 2025.
  2. ^ "5D/Brorsen – JPL Small-Body Database Lookup". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g G. W. Kronk. "5D/Brorsen". Cometography.com. Retrieved 26 December 2005.
  4. ^ "Our Astronomical Column" (PDF). Nature. 23: 298–299. 1881. doi:10.1038/023298a0.
  5. ^ B. A. Gould (1857). "Second Comet of 1857". Astronomical Journal. 5 (102): 48. Bibcode:1857AJ......5...48G. doi:10.1086/100581.
  6. ^ G. Bishop (1873). "Observations of the Periodical Comets of Tempel and Brorsen" (PDF). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 34 (1): 40. doi:10.1093/mnras/34.1.40.
  7. ^ J. R. Hind (1873). "Note on the Reappearance of Brorsen's Comet of Short Period" (PDF). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 33 (5): 324. Bibcode:1873MNRAS..33..324H. doi:10.1093/mnras/33.5.324.
  8. ^ J. Tebbutt (1879). "Observations of Brorsen's Comet, February and March 1879" (PDF). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 39 (8): 486. doi:10.1093/mnras/39.8.486.
  9. ^ B. G. Marsden (1963). "On the Orbits of Some Long Lost Comets". Astronomical Journal. 68: 795–801. Bibcode:1963AJ.....68..795M. doi:10.1086/109217.
  10. ^ B. G. Marsden (1974). "Comets in 1973". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 15: 433–460. Bibcode:1974QJRAS..15..433M.
  11. ^ a b Z. Sekanina (1984). "Disappearance and Disintegration of Comets". Icarus. 58 (1): 81–100. Bibcode:1984Icar...58...81S. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(84)90099-X.
  12. ^ "(297274) 1996 SK – JPL Small-Body Database Lookup". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  13. ^ L. Neslusan (11–16 June 2001). The Identification of Asteroid 1996 SK with the Extinct Nucleus of comet 5D/Brorsen. Memorie della Società Astronomica Italiana. Palermo, Italy.
[edit]


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