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There are currently seven United States [[congressional districts]] in [[South Carolina]]. There have been as few as four and as many as nine congressional districts in South Carolina. The {{Ushr|South Carolina|9|9th district}} and the {{Ushr|South Carolina|8|8th district}} were lost after the [[1840 United States census|1840 census]]. The {{Ushr|South Carolina|5|5th district}} and the {{Ushr|South Carolina|6|6th district}} were also briefly lost after the Civil War, but both had been regained by the [[1880 United States census|1880 census]]. Because of the state population growth in the [[2010 United States census|2010 census]], South Carolina regained its 7th district, which had remained unused since the [[American Civil War|Civil War]].
There are currently seven United States [[congressional districts]] in [[South Carolina]]. There have been as few as four and as many as nine congressional districts in South Carolina. The {{Ushr|South Carolina|9|9th district}} and the {{Ushr|South Carolina|8|8th district}} were lost after the [[1840 United States census|1840 census]]. The {{Ushr|South Carolina|5|5th district}} and the {{Ushr|South Carolina|6|6th district}} were also briefly lost after the Civil War, but both had been regained by the [[1880 United States census|1880 census]]. Because of the state population growth in the [[2010 United States census|2010 census]], South Carolina regained its 7th district, which had remained unused since the [[American Civil War|Civil War]].


On January 6, 2023, a three-judge panel from the [[U.S. District Court for the District of South Carolina]] ruled that the current [[South Carolina's 1st congressional district|1st district]] lines were unconstitutional due to [[Gerrymandering|racial gerrymandering]] and would have to be redrawn April of that year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Byrd |first=Caitlin |date=January 6, 2023 |title=Federal judges strike down SC's 1st Congressional District as racial gerrymandering |url=https://www.postandcourier.com/politics/federal-judges-strike-down-scs-1st-congressional-district-as-racial-gerrymandering/article_6bd4e4ca-8dd9-11ed-986e-d75f2862b11b.html |access-date=January 16, 2023 |website=The Post and Courier |language=en}}</ref> The case, ''[[Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP]]'', was argued on October 11, 2023, in the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]], and a ruling will be made during the 2023–24 term.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2023 |title=Talks on Alexander v SC State NAACP Amicus Briefs, case before US Supreme Court on October 11, now available online |url=https://my.lwv.org/south-carolina-state/article/talks-alexander-v-sc-state-naacp-amicus-briefs-case-us-supreme-court-october-11-now |access-date=October 15, 2023 |website=League of Women Voters of South Carolina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Montellaro |first=Zach |date=May 15, 2023 |title=Supreme Court to hear racial redistricting case from South Carolina |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/05/15/supreme-court-racial-redistricting-case-00096925 |access-date=September 13, 2023 |website=Politico |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 11, 2023 |title=Alexander v. South Carolina Conference of the NAACP Oral Argument |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?530715-1/alexander-v-south-carolina-conference-naacp-oral-argument |access-date=October 15, 2023 |website=C-Span}}</ref> On March 28, 2024, the same district court that ruled the current 1st district lines unconstitutional, allowed for its use in the [[2024 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina|2024 elections]]. It concluded that it would be impractical to create a new district map at the current time, mainly due to the upcoming military and overseas ballot mailing deadline of April 27 and statewide primaries on June 11. However, it still found the 1st district to be in violation of the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|14th amendment]], and future litigation is possible after the 2024 elections.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quinn |first=Melissa |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Federal court reinstates lines for South Carolina congressional district despite racial gerrymander ruling |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/south-carolina-district-court-reinstates-map-congressional-district-1-racial-gerrymander/ |access-date=March 28, 2024 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Greenberg |first=Madeleine |date=March 28, 2024 |title=South Carolina Will Use Gerrymandered Congressional Map in 2024, District Court Rules |url=https://www.democracydocket.com/news-alerts/south-carolina-will-use-gerrymandered-congressional-map-in-2024-district-court-rules/ |access-date=March 28, 2024 |website=Democracy Docket |language=en-US}}</ref>
On January 6, 2023, a three-judge panel from the [[U.S. District Court for the District of South Carolina]] ruled that the current [[South Carolina's 1st congressional district|1st district]] lines were unconstitutional due to [[Gerrymandering|racial gerrymandering]] and would have to be redrawn April of that year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Byrd |first=Caitlin |date=January 6, 2023 |title=Federal judges strike down SC's 1st Congressional District as racial gerrymandering |url=https://www.postandcourier.com/politics/federal-judges-strike-down-scs-1st-congressional-district-as-racial-gerrymandering/article_6bd4e4ca-8dd9-11ed-986e-d75f2862b11b.html |access-date=January 16, 2023 |website=The Post and Courier |language=en}}</ref> The case, ''[[Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP]]'', was argued on October 11, 2023, in the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2023 |title=Talks on Alexander v SC State NAACP Amicus Briefs, case before US Supreme Court on October 11, now available online |url=https://my.lwv.org/south-carolina-state/article/talks-alexander-v-sc-state-naacp-amicus-briefs-case-us-supreme-court-october-11-now |access-date=October 15, 2023 |website=League of Women Voters of South Carolina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Montellaro |first=Zach |date=May 15, 2023 |title=Supreme Court to hear racial redistricting case from South Carolina |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/05/15/supreme-court-racial-redistricting-case-00096925 |access-date=September 13, 2023 |website=Politico |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 11, 2023 |title=Alexander v. South Carolina Conference of the NAACP Oral Argument |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?530715-1/alexander-v-south-carolina-conference-naacp-oral-argument |access-date=October 15, 2023 |website=C-SPAN}}</ref> On March 28, 2024, the same district court that ruled the current 1st district lines unconstitutional, allowed for its use in the [[2024 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina|2024 elections]]. It concluded that it would be impractical to create a new district map at the current time, mainly due to the upcoming military and overseas ballot mailing deadline of April 27 and statewide primaries on June 11. However, it still found the 1st district to be in violation of the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|14th amendment]] and believed future litigation is possible after the 2024 elections.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quinn |first=Melissa |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Federal court reinstates lines for South Carolina congressional district despite racial gerrymander ruling |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/south-carolina-district-court-reinstates-map-congressional-district-1-racial-gerrymander/ |access-date=March 28, 2024 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Greenberg |first=Madeleine |date=March 28, 2024 |title=South Carolina Will Use Gerrymandered Congressional Map in 2024, District Court Rules |url=https://www.democracydocket.com/news-alerts/south-carolina-will-use-gerrymandered-congressional-map-in-2024-district-court-rules/ |access-date=March 28, 2024 |website=Democracy Docket |language=en-US}}</ref>


On May 23, 2024, the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] ruled South Carolina's districts constitutional. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brianna Herlihy |first=Bill Mears |date=2024-05-23 |title=Supreme Court upholds GOP-drawn voting map in South Carolina gerrymandering case |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/supreme-court-upholds-gop-drawn-voting-map-south-carolina |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Fox News |language=en-US}}</ref>
On May 23, 2024, the Supreme Court—in a 6–3 decision—ruled the 1st district lines were constitutional, reversing the District of South Carolina's original ruling and officially allowing the current congressional map to be used for and past the 2024 elections.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Herlihy |first1=Brianna |last2=Mears |first2=Bill |date=May 23, 2024 |title=Supreme Court upholds GOP-drawn voting map in South Carolina gerrymandering case |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/supreme-court-upholds-gop-drawn-voting-map-south-carolina |access-date=May 23, 2024 |website=Fox News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherman |first=Mark |date=May 23, 2024 |title=Supreme Court finds no bias against Black voters in a South Carolina congressional district |url=https://apnews.com/article/supreme-court-redistricting-south-carolina-black-voters-864d1609b74ad74980604c26e9bfac52 |access-date=October 14, 2024 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Totenberg |first=Nina |date=May 23, 2024 |title=The Supreme Court rules in favor of South Carolina Republicans in voting map case |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/05/23/g-s1-292/supreme-court-south-carolina-gerrymandering-case |access-date=October 14, 2024 |website=NPR}}</ref> It also remanded the case back to the district court to rehear other claims made by the defendants.<ref name="nytimes decision">{{cite news |last=Liptak |first=Adam |date=May 23, 2024 |title=Supreme Court Sides With Republicans Over South Carolina Voting Map |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/23/us/supreme-court-south-carolina-voting-map.html |accessdate=May 23, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>


==Current districts and representatives==
==Current districts and representatives==
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|-
|-
! {{ushr|SC|1|R}}
! {{ushr|SC|1|R}}
| data-sort-value="Mace, Nancy" | [[File:Nancy Mace (cropped).jpg|100px]]<br/>'''[[Nancy Mace]]'''<br/>{{Small|([[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]])}}
| data-sort-value="Mace, Nancy" | [[File:Nancy Mace.jpg|100px]]<br/>'''[[Nancy Mace]]'''<br/>{{Small|([[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]])}}
| {{party shading/Text/Republican}}
| {{party shading/Text/Republican}}
| January 3, 2021
| January 3, 2021
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|-
|-
! {{ushr|SC|2|R}}
! {{ushr|SC|2|R}}
| data-sort-value="Wilson, Joe" | [[File:Joe Wilson official congressional photo (cropped).jpg|100px]]<br/>'''[[Joe Wilson (American politician)|Joe Wilson]]'''<br/>{{Small|([[Springdale, Lexington County, South Carolina|Springdale]])}}
| data-sort-value="Wilson, Joe" | [[File:Joe Wilson official congressional photo.jpg|100px]]<br/>'''[[Joe Wilson (American politician)|Joe Wilson]]'''<br/>{{Small|([[Springdale, Lexington County, South Carolina|Springdale]])}}
| {{party shading/Text/Republican}}
| {{party shading/Text/Republican}}
| December 18, 2001
| December 18, 2001
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|-
|-
! {{ushr|SC|3|R}}
! {{ushr|SC|3|R}}
| data-sort-value="Duncan, Jeff" | [[File:Jeff Duncan, Official Portrait, 112th Congress (cropped).jpg|100px]]<br/>'''[[Jeff Duncan (politician)|Jeff Duncan]]'''<br/>{{Small|([[Laurens, South Carolina|Laurens]])}}
| data-sort-value="Biggs, Sheri" | [[File:Rep. Sheri Biggs official photo, 119th Congress (3x4 full crop).jpg |100px]]<br/>'''[[Sheri Biggs]]'''<br/>{{Small|([[Salem, South Carolina|Salem]])}}
| {{party shading/Text/Republican}}
| {{party shading/Text/Republican}}
| January 3, 2011
| January 3, 2025
| {{Shading PVI|R|21}}
| {{Shading PVI|R|21}}
| [[File:South Carolina's 3rd congressional district (since 2023).svg|300px]]
| [[File:South Carolina's 3rd congressional district (since 2023).svg|300px]]
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|-
|-
! {{ushr|SC|4|R}}
! {{ushr|SC|4|R}}
| data-sort-value="Timmons, William" | [[File:William Timmons, official portrait, 116th Congress (cropped).jpg|100px]]<br/>'''[[William Timmons (politician)|William Timmons]]'''<br/>{{Small|([[Greenville, South Carolina|Greenville]])}}
| data-sort-value="Timmons, William" | [[File:William Timmons, official portrait, 116th Congress.jpg|100px]]<br/>'''[[William Timmons (politician)|William Timmons]]'''<br/>{{Small|([[Greenville, South Carolina|Greenville]])}}
| {{party shading/Text/Republican}}
| {{party shading/Text/Republican}}
| January 3, 2019
| January 3, 2019
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|-
|-
! {{ushr|SC|5|R}}
! {{ushr|SC|5|R}}
| data-sort-value="Norman, Ralph" | [[File:Ralph Norman official photo (cropped).jpg|100px]]<br/>'''[[Ralph Norman]]'''<br/>{{Small|([[Rock Hill, South Carolina|Rock Hill]])}}
| data-sort-value="Norman, Ralph" | [[File:Ralph Norman official photo.jpg|100px]]<br/>'''[[Ralph Norman]]'''<br/>{{Small|([[Rock Hill, South Carolina|Rock Hill]])}}
| {{party shading/Text/Republican}}
| {{party shading/Text/Republican}}
| June 20, 2017
| June 20, 2017
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<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:1986-1990 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|thumb|1986-1990 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins)|'''1986'''
File:1986-1990 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|'''1986'''
File:1986-1990 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|'''1988'''
File:1986-1990 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|thumb|1986-1990 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins)|'''1988'''
File:1986-1990 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|'''1990'''
File:1992 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|'''1992'''
File:1986-1990 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|thumb|1986-1990 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins)|'''1990'''
File:1994-2000 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|'''1994'''
File:1994-2000 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|'''1996'''
File:1992 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|thumb|1992 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins)|'''1992'''
File:1994-2000 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|'''1998'''
File:1994-2000 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|'''2000'''
File:1994-2000 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|thumb|1994-2000 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins)|'''1994'''
File:2002-2008 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|'''2002'''
File:2002-2008 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|'''2004'''
File:1994-2000 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|thumb|1994-2000 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins)|'''1996'''
File:2002-2008 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|'''2006'''
File:2002-2008 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|'''2008'''
File:1994-2000 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|thumb|1994-2000 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins)|'''1998'''
File:2010 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|'''2010'''
File:2012-2016,2020 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|'''2012'''
File:1994-2000 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|thumb|1994-2000 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins)|'''2000'''
File:2012-2016,2020 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|'''2014'''
File:2012-2016,2020 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|'''2016'''
File:2002-2008 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|thumb|2002-2008 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins)|'''2002'''
File:2018 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|'''2018'''
File:2012-2016,2020 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|'''2020'''
File:2002-2008 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|thumb|2002-2008 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins)|'''2004'''
File:2022 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|'''2022'''
File:2002-2008 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|thumb|2002-2008 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins)|'''2006'''
File:2002-2008 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|thumb|2002-2008 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins)|'''2008'''
File:2010 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|thumb|2010 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins)|'''2010'''
File:2012-2016,2020 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|thumb|2012-2016,2020 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins)|'''2012'''
File:2012-2016,2020 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|thumb|2012-2016,2020 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins)|'''2014'''
File:2012-2016,2020 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|thumb|2012-2016,2020 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins)|'''2016'''
File:2018 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|thumb|2018 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins)|'''2018'''
File:2012-2016,2020 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|thumb|2012-2016,2020 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins)|'''2020'''
File:2022 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins).png|thumb|2022 South Carolina United States House of Representatives election by Congressional District (no margins)|'''2022'''
</gallery>
</gallery>



Latest revision as of 05:06, 4 January 2025

South Carolina's congressional districts from 2023

There are currently seven United States congressional districts in South Carolina. There have been as few as four and as many as nine congressional districts in South Carolina. The 9th district and the 8th district were lost after the 1840 census. The 5th district and the 6th district were also briefly lost after the Civil War, but both had been regained by the 1880 census. Because of the state population growth in the 2010 census, South Carolina regained its 7th district, which had remained unused since the Civil War.

On January 6, 2023, a three-judge panel from the U.S. District Court for the District of South Carolina ruled that the current 1st district lines were unconstitutional due to racial gerrymandering and would have to be redrawn April of that year.[1] The case, Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP, was argued on October 11, 2023, in the Supreme Court.[2][3][4] On March 28, 2024, the same district court that ruled the current 1st district lines unconstitutional, allowed for its use in the 2024 elections. It concluded that it would be impractical to create a new district map at the current time, mainly due to the upcoming military and overseas ballot mailing deadline of April 27 and statewide primaries on June 11. However, it still found the 1st district to be in violation of the 14th amendment and believed future litigation is possible after the 2024 elections.[5][6]

On May 23, 2024, the Supreme Court—in a 6–3 decision—ruled the 1st district lines were constitutional, reversing the District of South Carolina's original ruling and officially allowing the current congressional map to be used for and past the 2024 elections.[7][8][9] It also remanded the case back to the district court to rehear other claims made by the defendants.[10]

Current districts and representatives

[edit]

List of members of the United States House delegation from South Carolina, their terms, their district boundaries, and the district political ratings according to the CPVI. The House delegation has 7 members, including 6 Republicans and 1 Democrat as of 2023.[11]

Current U.S. representatives from South Carolina
District Member
(Residence)[12]
Party Incumbent since CPVI
(2022)[13]
District map
1st
Nancy Mace
(Charleston)
Republican January 3, 2021 R+7
2nd
Joe Wilson
(Springdale)
Republican December 18, 2001 R+8
3rd
Sheri Biggs
(Salem)
Republican January 3, 2025 R+21
4th
William Timmons
(Greenville)
Republican January 3, 2019 R+12
5th
Ralph Norman
(Rock Hill)
Republican June 20, 2017 R+12
6th
Jim Clyburn
(Columbia)
Democratic January 3, 1993 D+14
7th
Russell Fry
(Murrells Inlet)
Republican January 3, 2023 R+11

Historical Results

[edit]



District cities and counties

[edit]
2020 election results, showing partisan membership

First congressional district

[edit]

Counties

[edit]

Second congressional district

[edit]

Counties

[edit]

Third congressional district

[edit]

Counties

[edit]

Fourth congressional district

[edit]

Counties

[edit]

District contains the two major cities of Greenville and Spartanburg.

Fifth congressional district

[edit]

Counties

[edit]

Sixth congressional district

[edit]

Counties

[edit]

Seventh congressional district

[edit]

Counties

[edit]

Historical and present district boundaries

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Table of United States congressional district boundary maps in the State of South Carolina, presented chronologically.[14] All redistricting events that took place in South Carolina between 1973 and 2013 are shown.

Year Statewide map Charleston highlight
1973–1982
1983–1992
1993–2002
2003–2013
Since 2013

Obsolete districts

[edit]

Eighth congressional district

[edit]

The eighth congressional district seat was eliminated after the 1840 census.

Ninth congressional district

[edit]

The ninth congressional district seat was eliminated after the 1840 census.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Byrd, Caitlin (January 6, 2023). "Federal judges strike down SC's 1st Congressional District as racial gerrymandering". The Post and Courier. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
  2. ^ "Talks on Alexander v SC State NAACP Amicus Briefs, case before US Supreme Court on October 11, now available online". League of Women Voters of South Carolina. October 8, 2023. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
  3. ^ Montellaro, Zach (May 15, 2023). "Supreme Court to hear racial redistricting case from South Carolina". Politico. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
  4. ^ "Alexander v. South Carolina Conference of the NAACP Oral Argument". C-SPAN. October 11, 2023. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
  5. ^ Quinn, Melissa (March 28, 2024). "Federal court reinstates lines for South Carolina congressional district despite racial gerrymander ruling". CBS News. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
  6. ^ Greenberg, Madeleine (March 28, 2024). "South Carolina Will Use Gerrymandered Congressional Map in 2024, District Court Rules". Democracy Docket. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
  7. ^ Herlihy, Brianna; Mears, Bill (May 23, 2024). "Supreme Court upholds GOP-drawn voting map in South Carolina gerrymandering case". Fox News. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
  8. ^ Sherman, Mark (May 23, 2024). "Supreme Court finds no bias against Black voters in a South Carolina congressional district". AP News. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
  9. ^ Totenberg, Nina (May 23, 2024). "The Supreme Court rules in favor of South Carolina Republicans in voting map case". NPR. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
  10. ^ Liptak, Adam (May 23, 2024). "Supreme Court Sides With Republicans Over South Carolina Voting Map". The New York Times. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
  11. ^ "Representatives". house.gov. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  12. ^ "Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives". clerk.house.gov. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  13. ^ "2022 Cook PVI: District Map and List". The Cook Political Report. July 12, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  14. ^ "Digital Boundary Definitions of United States Congressional Districts, 1789–2012". Retrieved October 18, 2014.