AM General: Difference between revisions

AM General LLC
	AM General's Mishawaka Manufacturing Campus, in Indiana, 2021
Company type	Portfolio company
Industry	Automotive
Predecessor	Kaiser Jeep
Founded	1971; 54 years ago
Founder	American Motors
Headquarters	South Bend, Indiana, U.S.
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	James Cannon (CEO)
Products	HMMWV; M35 trucks; M939 trucks; Humvee C-Series; Hummer H2; Mercedes-Benz R-Class;
Revenue	740,000,000 United States dollar (2012)
Parent	KPS Capital Partners (2020–)
Subsidiaries	General Engine Products; General Transmission Products
Website	amgeneral.com

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AM General is an American heavy vehicle and contract automotive manufacturer based in South Bend, Indiana. It is best known for the civilian Hummer and the military Humvee that are assembled in Mishawaka, Indiana.^[4] From 1974–1979 the company also manufactured transit buses, making more than 5,400 of them.^[5]

AM General has also been a provider of vehicles for the CUCV program carried out by the United States Armed Forces.^[6]

History

Beginning

AM General traces its roots to the Standard Wheel Company of Terre Haute, Indiana, which expanded in 1903 to include the Overland Automotive Division.^[7] In 1908, John North Willys purchased the Overland company, then based in Indianapolis, Indiana, and renamed it Willys-Overland Motors. In the 1940s, as Willys, it collaborated with Ford to develop a vehicle to US Army specifications. It then mass-produced that vehicle as "America's first four-wheel-drive, one-fourth-ton, tactical utility truck"—the Jeep of World War II fame.^[7]

In 1953, Kaiser Motors purchased Willys-Overland, changing its name first to Kaiser-Willys Motor Company, and in 1963, to Kaiser-Jeep Corporation. In 1970, it was purchased by American Motors Corporation (AMC). In July 2020, KPS Capital Partners acquired the company.^[8]

Defense and Government Products Division

In 1964, Kaiser-Jeep purchased the Studebaker facilities on Chippewa Avenue in South Bend, Indiana, which included Studebaker's "General Products Division", along with its substantial defense contracts.

At the time, Kaiser had been awarded a US$87 million Army truck contract, and under government pressure, agreed to perform the work at the South Bend plant it had recently acquired from Studebaker.

American Motors

In 1970, American Motors Corporation (AMC) purchased the Jeep Corporation from Kaiser, when Kaiser decided to leave the auto business.^[9]

In 1971, AMC made the General Products Division of Jeep (producing military trucks as well as contract and non-commercial vehicles) a wholly owned subsidiary and renamed it "AM General Corporation".^[1]

In 1982, American Motors ceased to function as an independent automaker, when Renault purchased a controlling interest.^[10]

US government regulations at that time forbade ownership of defense contractors by foreign governments—and Renault was partially owned by the French government.^[11]

LTV Corporation

In 1983, LTV Corporation bought AM General and established it as a wholly owned subsidiary. In 1984, its headquarters moved from the American Motors AMTEK Building in Detroit, Michigan, to Livonia, Michigan, and two years later to South Bend, Indiana, where primary manufacturing operations were located.

Renco Group

In 1992, AM General was sold to Renco Group, which in 2002 converted it to a limited liability company.

Hummer brand

In 1984, AM General built a factory at 13200 McKinley Hwy in Mishawaka, for HMMWV production.

In 1992, AM General began marketing the HMMWV to the civilian market under the Hummer brand. In 1999, GM acquired the rights to the brand and continued production of the original civilian Hummer as the H1 until June 2006.^[12]

In 2002, the Hummer H2 went on the market, and was produced until January 2009. It was designed and marketed by GM, and manufactured by AM General at the Mishawaka plant. AM General did not build the H3 model.

GM was sued early in 2003 by DaimlerChrysler, owners of the Jeep brand, for the resemblance of the Hummer's seven-slot grille to Jeep's.^[13] The lawsuit was dismissed after acknowledgment of the shared corporate history of AMC and Jeep.^[14] GM in turn sued boutique automaker Avanti Motor Corporation of Cancun, Mexico after it introduced the Studebaker XUV at the Chicago Auto show in 2002. GM said Avanti infringed on the Hummer looks by planning a vehicle that closely resembled the Hummer. It seemed the AM General Hummer line had gone full circle back to the original Studebaker General Products Division which was responsible for all military contracts.

2004–present

In August 2004, it was announced that Ronald Perelman's MacAndrews & Forbes company would form a joint venture with AM General's then-owner, Renco Group, to give Perelman 70% ownership. The deal reportedly cost close to US$1 billion.^[15]

In 2008, AM General and the Vehicle Production Group (VPG), of Troy, Michigan, announced that contracts had been signed for AM General to begin producing purpose-built taxi-cabs in 2009.^[16] Production began in October 2011. The first vehicle off the line was presented to Marc Buoniconti, a former linebacker for The Citadel who was partially paralyzed in 1985.^[17]

In May 2010, Azure Dynamics announced it had chosen AM General to assemble its electric drivetrain for Ford Transit Connect vehicles for the North American market at its Livonia, Michigan, factory.^[18]

In September 2013, AM General reached an agreement to purchase the United States Department of Energy's secured loan to the Vehicle Production Group (VPG). Prior to this, AM General acted as the sole vehicle assembler for VPG. As a result of this transaction, AM General created a wholly owned company, Mobility Ventures LLC, to operate the Mobility Vehicle-1 (MV-1) business and receive all VPG assets.^[19]

In 2015, production of the Mercedes-Benz R-Class began at the Mishawaka assembly plant.^[20] Without this deal, "the German automaker would likely have had to shut down production of the vehicle, currently only sold in China."^[21] Production ended in October 2017.^{[citation needed]}

In July 2020, investment company KPS Capital Partners acquired AM General from its previous owner, MacAndrews & Forbes.^[3]^[22]

AM General submitted a prototype to become the United States Postal Service's Next Generation Delivery Vehicle, but their entry was not chosen.^[23]

Products

Jeep Dispatcher 100

A 1975 AM General RWD postal delivery van

Another familiar product from the AM General line was the Jeep DJ-5 series—a purpose-built "Dispatch Jeep" 2-wheel drive (RWD) version of the Jeep CJ-5—used in huge numbers as a right-hand drive mail delivery vehicle by the United States Postal Service.

Buses

The AM General Metropolitan buses were manufactured for city transit use from 1974 until 1979, producing a total of 5,431 buses, including 219 electric trolley buses.^[5] The Metropolitan was built under a 1971 agreement with Flyer Industries of Winnipeg, Manitoba. AM General licensed the rights to build and market the Western Flyer D700 for the US market. The D700 itself was similar in design to the contemporaneous GM New Look buses.^[24]

The front end of the D700 was restyled, and thus the resulting Metropolitan was not simply a Flyer design built under license but rather a jointly designed vehicle. Flyer later adopted the design changes for its own line as the models D800 and E800.^[5] Buses were built in lengths of either 35 ft (10.7 m) or 40 ft (12.2 m), and widths of 96 in (2,438 mm) or 102 in (2,591 mm).^[24]

The model numbers reflected the chosen dimensions. For example, model "10240" indicated a 102-inch wide, 40-foot long bus. Suffixes "A" or "B" were used for later models to indicate certain options. In total, 3,571 40-foot diesel buses and 1,641 35-foot diesel buses were produced.^[5]

Articulated buses

In 1977–1979, AM General worked under a partnership with MAN of Germany to build SG 220 articulated buses for US transit systems. MAN fabricated the bodyshells in Germany and shipped them to the US for AM General for final assembly.^[25] Two different lengths were offered, 55 ft (16.8 m) and 60 ft (18.3 m). 93 buses were built to the shorter length and the rest were 60 feet long. In October 1978,^[25] the company discontinued bus production, with the last unit completed in March 1979.^[5] The total number built was just under 400 (392^[25] or 399^[5]), the largest group being 150 for Seattle's Metro Transit.^[5] MAN subsequently set up its own factory for US production in Cleveland, North Carolina.^[5]

Trolleybuses

Production of complete motor buses (and of any two-axle motor buses) ended in 1978. Aside from the fitting-out of the last articulated MAN shells, the only production in 1979 was two batches of trolleybuses, the only such vehicles ever built by the company.^[26] These were all 40-foot (12.2 m) vehicles, model 10240T: 110 trackless trolleys for the Philadelphia trolleybus system, operated by SEPTA, and 109 for the Seattle trolleybus system, operated by Metro Transit, now King County Metro. One of the latter has been preserved since its retirement in 2003 by King County Metro (see King County Metro fleet).

Development and production of the HMMWV

In 1979, AM General began preliminary design work on the M998 Series High Mobility Multi-Purpose Wheeled Vehicle HMMWV, pronounced Humvee, a 1.25-ton truck intended to replace the M151 and other Light Utility Vehicles. In 1981, the US Army awarded AM General a prototype contract. In 1982, development and operational testing was conducted over a five-month period. In March 1983, AM General won an initial $1.2 billion contract to produce 55,000 Humvees, to be delivered in five basic models and 15 different configurations over a five-year period.

In the fall of 1984, production began at the Mishawaka, Indiana, assembly plant. In early 1985, the first deliveries were made. The total international production by mid-1991 was more than 72,000. After 1991, an additional 20,000 HMMWVs ordered brought total international production to 100,000 in March 1995.

Late in 2000, AM General was awarded another contract for 2,962 M998A2 series trucks. The contract contained six single-year options running to the fiscal year 2007 and continues to be renewed. Nearly 250,000 units have been produced.

Humvees feature full-time four-wheel drive, an independent suspension, steep approach and departure angles, 60-percent grade ability and 16 inches (406 mm) of ground clearance. More recent production models include the M1151, M1152, M1165, and M1167. As of 2015, Humvees are in use by the US Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Navy. The combined fleet numbers 140,000.^[27] More than 50 nations have bought these vehicles.

Replacement

The Humvee's replacement, a completely new Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) design, has been in production by Oshkosh Corporation since 2016.^[27] AM General was unsuccessful in its bid for this $30-billion 25-year contract, and it is now focused on military Humvee support (they still outnumber JLTVs by three to one) and development of a new ambulance model.^[28]

In February 2023, the US Army granted AM General a production contract worth more than $8.66bn to deliver next-generation JLTV A2 vehicles, under the US Army and the US Marine Corps’ Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) programme.

Under the contract, AM General will produce approximately 20,682 JLTV vehicles and 9,883 trailers. The contract includes the integration of technological enhancements for delivery to the US Armed Forces.

Oshkosh Defense won the initial contract to supply its JLTV vehicles for the program.^[29]

Other military vehicles

AM General also acquired Department of Defense contracts for medium and heavy trucks, including the M151 series,^[30] 2 1/2 ton M35 series, and 5 ton M809 series in the 1970s, then the M939 series in the 1980s.

In 2005, AM General was contracted to take over militarization, sales, and marketing of LSSV vehicles.^[31]^[6]

Notes

^ Only manufactured that model (2002–09) under contract from General Motors
^ Only manufactured that model under contract.

References

^ ^a ^b Hyde, Charles K. (2009). Storied Independent Automakers: Nash, Hudson, and American Motors. Wayne State University Press. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-8143-3446-1.
^ James Cannon Joins AM General as Chief Executive Officer "James J. Cannon Joins AM General as Chief Executive Officer" (Press release).
^ ^a ^b KPS Capital Partners To Acquire AM General LLC on AM General, 22 Jul 2020
^ "Track Record - AM General". AM General. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Stauss, Ed (1988). The Bus World Encyclopedia of Buses. Stauss Publications. pp. 20–22, 116–117. ISBN 978-0-9619830-0-0.
^ ^a ^b Military Trucks: From the Dodge WC to the GM LSSV by Edward A. Sanchez on Motor Trend.com, 4 Jul 2013
^ ^a ^b "Company History". AM General. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
^ "Private equity firm buys Humvee-maker AM General". defensenews.com. 2020-07-22. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
^ Statham, Steve (2002). Jeep Color History. MotorBooks International. pp. 97–100. ISBN 978-0-7603-0636-9. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
^ Foster, Patrick (2002). "Biography: Roy Chapin, Jr". Automobile Quarterly. 42 (3): 109.
^ Olsen, Byron; Cabadas, Joseph P.; Cabadas, Joseph (2002). The American Auto Factory. MotorBooks International. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-7603-1059-5. Retrieved 21 September 2010. The Pentagon didn't want a French-controlled company making American military equipment
^ "GM: End of Production Line for Hummer H1". Fox News. Associated Press. 12 May 2006. Archived from the original on 22 October 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
^ "DaimlerChrysler Files Suit to Block Copycat Jeep Grille". autointell.com. 21 February 2001. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
^ Crain, K.C.; Jewett, Dale (25 November 2002). "GM wins another round in the Hummer-Jeep grille battle". Automotive News. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
^ Sorkin, Andrew Ross; Hakim, Danny (10 August 2004). "Perelman Seeks Controlling Stake in Maker of Hummer". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
^ "VPG Partners with AM General to Build the Standard Taxi!". Vehicle Production Group. Archived from the original on August 15, 2008. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
^ Ewing, Steven J. (6 October 2011). "2011 VPG Autos MV-1". autoblog.com. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
^ Snavely, Brent (28 May 2010). "AM General to assemble electric Transit Connect". Retrieved 17 May 2015.
^ "AM General Announces Agreement Leading To Ownership And Control Of The Vehicle Production Group" (Press release). AM General. 5 September 2013. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
^ Gardner, Greg (27 January 2015). "Mercedes-Benz moves R-Class output to AM General". USA Today. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
^ Naughton, Nora (11 August 2015). "Mercedes R class production launched at AM General". Automotive News. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
^ KPS Capital Partners adquirirá AM General LLC on PR Newswire, 22 Jul 2020
^ Rodríguez, José Jr. (25 February 2021). "Here Are All The Mail Trucks That Didn't Get Selected". Jalopnik. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
^ ^a ^b Brophy, Jim (March 12, 2016). "Bus Stop Classic: Flxible and AM General New Look Buses – Playing Second Fiddle to GM". Curbside Classic. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c "AM General Corporation (history of)". Motor Coach Age: 3–18. February 1985. ISSN 0739-117X.
^ Murray, Alan (2000). World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia. Trolleybooks. ISBN 978-0-904235-18-0.
^ ^a ^b Shalal, Andrea (2015-08-25). "Update: 3-Oshkosh Corp wins U.S. Army award for Humvee replacement". Reuters. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
^ Joint Light Tactical Vehicle Award Shakes Up Industry Archived 2017-02-09 at the Wayback Machine - Nationaldefensemagazine.org, October 2015
^ https://www.army-technology.com/projects/next-generation-joint-light-tactical-vehicle-a2-jltv-a2-usa/?cf-view
^ M151 Truck, Utility, l/4-Ton, 4×4
^ "Light Service Support Vehicle (LSSV)". Olive-Drab. Retrieved 17 May 2015.

External links

Official website

[gmcontract-3] Only manufactured that model (2002–09) under contract from General Motors

[mbcontract-4] Only manufactured that model under contract.

[hyde1-1] Hyde, Charles K. (2009). Storied Independent Automakers: Nash, Hudson, and American Motors. Wayne State University Press. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-8143-3446-1.

[2] James Cannon Joins AM General as Chief Executive Officer "James J. Cannon Joins AM General as Chief Executive Officer" (Press release).

[kps1-5] KPS Capital Partners To Acquire AM General LLC on AM General, 22 Jul 2020

[6] "Track Record - AM General". AM General. Retrieved 10 September 2016.

[Stauss-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Stauss, Ed (1988). The Bus World Encyclopedia of Buses. Stauss Publications. pp. 20–22, 116–117. ISBN 978-0-9619830-0-0.

[trend-8] Military Trucks: From the Dodge WC to the GM LSSV by Edward A. Sanchez on Motor Trend.com, 4 Jul 2013

[AM-history-9] "Company History". AM General. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2015.

[10] "Private equity firm buys Humvee-maker AM General". defensenews.com. 2020-07-22. Retrieved 2020-10-02.

[11] Statham, Steve (2002). Jeep Color History. MotorBooks International. pp. 97–100. ISBN 978-0-7603-0636-9. Retrieved 17 May 2015.

[12] Foster, Patrick (2002). "Biography: Roy Chapin, Jr". Automobile Quarterly. 42 (3): 109.

[13] Olsen, Byron; Cabadas, Joseph P.; Cabadas, Joseph (2002). The American Auto Factory. MotorBooks International. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-7603-1059-5. Retrieved 21 September 2010. The Pentagon didn't want a French-controlled company making American military equipment

[14] "GM: End of Production Line for Hummer H1". Fox News. Associated Press. 12 May 2006. Archived from the original on 22 October 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2015.

[15] "DaimlerChrysler Files Suit to Block Copycat Jeep Grille". autointell.com. 21 February 2001. Retrieved 17 May 2015.

[16] Crain, K.C.; Jewett, Dale (25 November 2002). "GM wins another round in the Hummer-Jeep grille battle". Automotive News. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020.

[17] Sorkin, Andrew Ross; Hakim, Danny (10 August 2004). "Perelman Seeks Controlling Stake in Maker of Hummer". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 May 2015.

[18] "VPG Partners with AM General to Build the Standard Taxi!". Vehicle Production Group. Archived from the original on August 15, 2008. Retrieved December 29, 2017.

[19] Ewing, Steven J. (6 October 2011). "2011 VPG Autos MV-1". autoblog.com. Retrieved 17 May 2015.

[20] Snavely, Brent (28 May 2010). "AM General to assemble electric Transit Connect". Retrieved 17 May 2015.

[21] "AM General Announces Agreement Leading To Ownership And Control Of The Vehicle Production Group" (Press release). AM General. 5 September 2013. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2015.

[22] Gardner, Greg (27 January 2015). "Mercedes-Benz moves R-Class output to AM General". USA Today. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 24 November 2016.

[23] Naughton, Nora (11 August 2015). "Mercedes R class production launched at AM General". Automotive News. Retrieved 24 November 2016.

[pw1-24] KPS Capital Partners adquirirá AM General LLC on PR Newswire, 22 Jul 2020

[25] Rodríguez, José Jr. (25 February 2021). "Here Are All The Mail Trucks That Didn't Get Selected". Jalopnik. Retrieved 14 August 2021.

[CC-AMG-26] Brophy, Jim (March 12, 2016). "Bus Stop Classic: Flxible and AM General New Look Buses – Playing Second Fiddle to GM". Curbside Classic. Retrieved 28 January 2019.

[mca-feb85-27] "AM General Corporation (history of)". Motor Coach Age: 3–18. February 1985. ISSN 0739-117X.

[Murray-28] Murray, Alan (2000). World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia. Trolleybooks. ISBN 978-0-904235-18-0.

[Shalal-29] Shalal, Andrea (2015-08-25). "Update: 3-Oshkosh Corp wins U.S. Army award for Humvee replacement". Reuters. Retrieved 2015-08-25.

[30] Joint Light Tactical Vehicle Award Shakes Up Industry Archived 2017-02-09 at the Wayback Machine - Nationaldefensemagazine.org, October 2015

[31] ttps://www.army-technology.com/projects/next-generation-joint-light-tactical-vehicle-a2-jltv-a2-usa/?cf-view

[32] M151 Truck, Utility, l/4-Ton, 4×4

[33] "Light Service Support Vehicle (LSSV)". Olive-Drab. Retrieved 17 May 2015.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Infobox company
 | name = AM General LLC
-| logo = File:AM General Logo.png
+| logo = Am general green logo.png
-| logo_size = 260px
+| logo_size = 200
+| image = AM General Mishawaka Plant cropped.jpg
-| type = [[Limited liability company|LLC]]
+| image_size =
-| industry = Vehicles, automotive, military
+| image_caption = AM General's Mishawaka Manufacturing Campus, in Indiana, 2021
-| predecessor = [[Kaiser Jeep]]<br>General Products Division
+| type = [[Portfolio company]]
-| founded = {{start date and age|1971}}
+| industry = [[automotive industry|Automotive]]
-| founder =
+| founded = {{Start date and age|1971}}<ref name=hyde1/>
-| hq_location_city = [[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]], [[Indiana]]
+| founder = [[American Motors Corporation|American Motors]]
+| predecessor = [[Kaiser Jeep]]
+| hq_location_city = [[South Bend, Indiana]]
 | hq_location_country = [[United States|U.S.]]
 | area_served = Worldwide
-| key_people = [[James J. (Jim) Cannon]] ([[CEO]])<ref>|title=James J. Cannon Joins AM General as Chief Executive Officer {{cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/james-j-cannon-joins-am-general-as-chief-executive-officer-301380253.html}}</ref> <br/>
+| key_people = James Cannon ([[CEO]])<ref>James Cannon Joins AM General as Chief Executive Officer {{cite press release|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/james-j-cannon-joins-am-general-as-chief-executive-officer-301380253.html|title=James J. Cannon Joins AM General as Chief Executive Officer}}</ref>
+| products = {{plainlist|
-| products = [[HMMWV]]/[[Hummer H2]], [[M35 2½ ton cargo truck|M35]], and [[M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck|5-ton trucks]], [[Humvee|Humvee C-Series]], [[Mercedes-Benz R-Class]] (former)
+* [[HMMWV]]
-| parent = [[KPS Capital Partners]]
+* [[M35 series 2½-ton 6×6 cargo truck|M35 trucks]]
+* [[M939 series 5-ton 6×6 truck|M939 trucks]]
+* [[Humvee|Humvee C-Series]]
+* [[Hummer H2]]{{refn|Only manufactured that model (2002–09) under [[contract manufacturer|contract]] from [[General Motors]]|group=n|name=gmcontract}}
+* [[Mercedes-Benz R-Class]]{{refn|Only manufactured that model under contract.|group=n|name=mbcontract}}
+}}
+| owner =
+| parent = [[KPS Capital Partners]] (2020–)<ref name=kps1>[https://www.amgeneral.com/kps-capital-partners-to-acquire-am-general-llc/ KPS Capital Partners To Acquire AM General LLC] on AM General, 22 Jul 2020</ref>
 | subsid = General Engine Products<br>General Transmission Products
+| brands =
-| homepage = [http://www.amgeneral.com/ www.amgeneral.com]
+| homepage = {{url|https://www.amgeneral.com/|amgeneral.com}}
 | footnotes =
 | intl =
 }}
+'''AM General''' is an American heavy vehicle and [[contract manufacturer|contract]] automotive manufacturer based in [[South Bend, Indiana]]. It is best known for the civilian [[Hummer H1|Hummer]] and the military [[Humvee]] that are assembled in [[Mishawaka, Indiana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amgeneral.com/our-story/track-record|title=Track Record - AM General|publisher=AM General|access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> From 1974–1979 the company also manufactured [[transit bus]]es, making more than 5,400 of them.<ref name="Stauss"/>
+AM General has also been a provider of vehicles for the [[Commercial Utility Cargo Vehicle|CUCV]] program carried out by the [[United States Armed Forces]].<ref name=trend>[https://www.motortrend.com/features/163-1305-military-trucks/ Military Trucks: From the Dodge WC to the GM LSSV] by Edward A. Sanchez on Motor Trend.com, 4 Jul 2013</ref>
-'''AM General''' is an American heavy vehicle and contract automotive manufacturer based in [[South Bend, Indiana]]. It is best known for the civilian [[Hummer H1|Hummer]] and the military [[Humvee]] that are assembled in [[Mishawaka, Indiana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amgeneral.com/our-story/track-record|title=Track Record - AM General|publisher=AM General|access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> For a relatively brief period, 1974–1979, the company also manufactured [[transit bus]]es, making more than 5,400.<ref name="Stauss"/>
-== Corporate history ==
+== History ==
+=== Beginning ===
-AM General traces its roots to the [[Standard Wheel Company]] of [[Terre Haute, Indiana]], which expanded in 1903 to include the [[Overland Automobile|Overland Automotive]] Division.<ref name="AM-history">{{cite web |url=http://www.amgeneral.com/corporate/history.php |title=Company History |publisher=AM General |access-date=17 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826093659/http://www.amgeneral.com/corporate/history.php |archive-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1908, [[John North Willys]] purchased the Overland company, then based in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]], and renamed it [[Willys-Overland]] Motors. In the 1940s, it collaborated with [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] and developed a vehicle to [[United States Army|US Army]] specifications and later mass-produced "America's first four-wheel drive one-fourth-ton tactical utility truck"—the [[Jeep#World War II Jeeps|Jeep]] of [[World War II]] fame.<ref name="AM-history" /> In 1953, [[Kaiser Motors]] purchased Willys-Overland, changing its name to first to Kaiser-Willys Motor Company and [[Kaiser-Jeep]] Corporation in 1963. In 1970, it was purchased by [[American Motors Corporation]] (AMC).
+AM General traces its roots to the [[Standard Wheel Company]] of [[Terre Haute, Indiana]], which expanded in 1903 to include the [[Overland Automobile|Overland Automotive]] Division.<ref name="AM-history">{{cite web |url=http://www.amgeneral.com/corporate/history.php |title=Company History |publisher=AM General |access-date=17 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826093659/http://www.amgeneral.com/corporate/history.php |archive-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1908, [[John North Willys]] purchased the Overland company, then based in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]], and renamed it [[Willys-Overland]] Motors. In the 1940s, as Willys, it collaborated with [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] to develop a vehicle to [[United States Army|US Army]] specifications. It then mass-produced that vehicle as "America's first four-wheel-drive, one-fourth-ton, tactical utility truck"—the [[Willys MB|Jeep]] of [[World War II]] fame.<ref name="AM-history" />
-In July 2020, [[KPS Capital Partners]] acquired the company.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.defensenews.com/land/2020/07/22/private-equity-firm-buys-humvee-maker-am-general/|title=Private equity firm buys Humvee-maker AM General|website=defensenews.com|date=2020-07-22 |access-date=2020-10-02}}</ref>
+In 1953, [[Kaiser Motors]] purchased Willys-Overland, changing its name first to Kaiser-Willys Motor Company, and in 1963, to [[Kaiser-Jeep]] Corporation. In 1970, it was purchased by [[American Motors Corporation]] (AMC). In July 2020, [[KPS Capital Partners]] acquired the company.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.defensenews.com/land/2020/07/22/private-equity-firm-buys-humvee-maker-am-general/|title=Private equity firm buys Humvee-maker AM General|website=defensenews.com|date=2020-07-22 |access-date=2020-10-02}}</ref>
-==Defense and Government Products Division==
+=== Defense and Government Products Division ===
 In 1964, Kaiser-Jeep purchased the [[Studebaker#Studebaker Factories|Studebaker facilities on Chippewa Avenue]] in [[South Bend, Indiana]], which included Studebaker's "General Products Division", along with its substantial defense contracts.
 At the time, Kaiser had been awarded a [[United States dollar|US$]]87 million Army truck contract, and under government pressure, agreed to perform the work at the South Bend plant it had recently acquired from Studebaker.
-===American Motors===
+=== American Motors ===
-[[American Motors|American Motors Corporation]] (AMC) purchased the Jeep Corporation from Kaiser in 1970 when Kaiser decided to leave the auto business.<ref>{{cite book|last=Statham |first=Steve |title=Jeep Color History |year=2002 |publisher=MotorBooks International |isbn=978-0-7603-0636-9 |pages=97–100 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dR3wmKlfnrMC&q=Kaiser+sold+the+Jeep+division+to+American+Motors&pg=PA99 |access-date=17 May 2015}}</ref>
+In 1970, [[American Motors|American Motors Corporation]] (AMC) purchased the Jeep Corporation from Kaiser, when Kaiser decided to leave the auto business.<ref>{{cite book|last=Statham |first=Steve |title=Jeep Color History |year=2002 |publisher=MotorBooks International |isbn=978-0-7603-0636-9 |pages=97–100 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dR3wmKlfnrMC&q=Kaiser+sold+the+Jeep+division+to+American+Motors&pg=PA99 |access-date=17 May 2015}}</ref>
-In 1971, AMC made the General Products Division of [[Jeep]] (producing military trucks as well as contract and non-commercial vehicles) a [[wholly owned subsidiary]] and renamed it '''AM General Corporation'''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hyde|first=Charles K. |title=Storied Independent Automakers: Nash, Hudson, and American Motors |publisher=Wayne State University Press |year=2009 |page=194 |isbn=978-0-8143-3446-1}}</ref>
+In 1971, AMC made the General Products Division of [[Jeep]] (producing military trucks as well as contract and non-commercial vehicles) a [[wholly owned subsidiary]] and renamed it "AM General Corporation".<ref name=hyde1>{{cite book |last=Hyde|first=Charles K. |title=Storied Independent Automakers: Nash, Hudson, and American Motors |publisher=Wayne State University Press |year=2009 |page=194 |isbn=978-0-8143-3446-1}}</ref>
-American Motors ceased to function as an independent [[automaker]] in 1982 when a controlling interest was purchased by [[Renault]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Foster |first=Patrick |title=Biography: Roy Chapin, Jr. |journal=Automobile Quarterly |year=2002 |volume=42 |issue=3 |page=109}}</ref>
+In 1982, American Motors ceased to function as an independent [[automaker]], when [[Renault]] purchased a controlling interest.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Foster |first=Patrick |title=Biography: Roy Chapin, Jr. |journal=Automobile Quarterly |year=2002 |volume=42 |issue=3 |page=109}}</ref>
 US government regulations at that time forbade ownership of [[defense contractor]]s by foreign governments—and Renault was partially owned by the French government.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Byron |last1=Olsen |first2=Joseph P. |last2=Cabadas |first3=Joseph |last3=Cabadas |title=The American Auto Factory|year=2002|publisher=MotorBooks International|isbn=978-0-7603-1059-5|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iZJzb91qsE4C&q=the+Pentagon+didn't+want+a+French-+controlled+company+making+American+military+equipment&pg=PA127 |page=127 |quote=The Pentagon didn't want a French-controlled company making American military equipment |access-date=21 September 2010}}</ref>
-===LTV Corporation===
+=== LTV Corporation ===
 In 1983, [[LTV Corporation]] bought AM General and established it as a wholly owned subsidiary. In 1984, its headquarters moved from the American Motors AMTEK Building in [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]], [[Michigan]], to [[Livonia, Michigan]], and two years later to South Bend, Indiana, where primary manufacturing operations were located.
-===Renco Group===
+=== Renco Group ===
 In 1992, AM General was sold to [[Renco Group]], which in 2002 converted it to a [[limited liability company]].
-===Hummer brand===
+=== Hummer brand ===
-In 1984 AM General built a separate factory at 13200 McKinley Hwy in Mishawaka for the new [[Hummer H2]], designed by and marketed by GM. The vehicle went on the market in 2002 and was produced until January 2009. AM General did not build the H3 model.
+In 1984, AM General built a factory at 13200 McKinley Hwy in Mishawaka, for HMMWV production.
-In 1992 AM General began marketing the HMMWV to the civilian market under the [[Hummer]] brand. In 1999 GM acquired the rights to the brand and continued production of the original civilian Hummer as the [[Hummer H1|H1]] until June 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,195303,00.html?sPage=fnc.business/autos |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071022152436/https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,195303,00.html?sPage=fnc.business%2Fautos |archive-date=22 October 2007 |publisher=Fox News |title=GM: End of Production Line for Hummer H1 |agency=Associated Press |date=12 May 2006 |access-date=17 May 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In 1992, AM General began marketing the HMMWV to the civilian market under the [[Hummer]] brand. In 1999, GM acquired the rights to the brand and continued production of the original civilian Hummer as the [[Hummer H1|H1]] until June 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.foxnews.com/story/gm-end-of-production-line-for-hummer-h1 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071022152436/https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,195303,00.html?sPage=fnc.business%2Fautos |archive-date=22 October 2007 |publisher=Fox News |title=GM: End of Production Line for Hummer H1 |agency=Associated Press |date=12 May 2006 |access-date=17 May 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In 2002, the [[Hummer H2]] went on the market, and was produced until January 2009. It was designed and marketed by GM, and manufactured by AM General at the Mishawaka plant. AM General did not build the H3 model.
-GM was sued early in 2003 by [[DaimlerChrysler]], owners of the [[Jeep]] brand, for the resemblance of the Hummer's seven-slot grille to Jeep's.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.autointell.com/News-2001/February-2001/February-21-02-p2.htm |title=DaimlerChrysler Files Suit to Block Copycat Jeep Grille |website=autointell.com |date=21 February 2001 |access-date=17 May 2015}}</ref> The lawsuit was dismissed after acknowledgment of the shared corporate history of AMC and Jeep.<ref>{{cite web |first=K.C. |last=Crain |first2=Dale |last2=Jewett |title=GM wins another round in the Hummer-Jeep grille battle |url= https://www.autonews.com/article/20021125/ANA/211250721/gm-wins-another-round-in-the-hummer-jeep-grille-battle |work=Automotive News |access-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200610173721/https://www.autonews.com/article/20021125/ANA/211250721/gm-wins-another-round-in-the-hummer-jeep-grille-battle |archive-date=10 June 2020 |date=25 November 2002}}</ref>GM in turn sued boutique automaker Avanti Motor Corporation of Cancun, Mexico after it introduced the Studebaker XUV at the Chicago Auto show in 2002. GM said Avanti infringed on the Hummer looks by planning a vehicle that closely resembled the Hummer. It seemed the AM General Hummer line had gone full circle back to the original Studebaker General Products Division which was responsible for all Military Contracts.
+GM was sued early in 2003 by [[DaimlerChrysler]], owners of the [[Jeep]] brand, for the resemblance of the Hummer's seven-slot grille to Jeep's.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.autointell.com/News-2001/February-2001/February-21-02-p2.htm |title=DaimlerChrysler Files Suit to Block Copycat Jeep Grille |website=autointell.com |date=21 February 2001 |access-date=17 May 2015}}</ref> The lawsuit was dismissed after acknowledgment of the shared corporate history of AMC and Jeep.<ref>{{cite web |first1=K.C. |last1=Crain |first2=Dale |last2=Jewett |title=GM wins another round in the Hummer-Jeep grille battle |url= https://www.autonews.com/article/20021125/ANA/211250721/gm-wins-another-round-in-the-hummer-jeep-grille-battle |work=Automotive News |access-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200610173721/https://www.autonews.com/article/20021125/ANA/211250721/gm-wins-another-round-in-the-hummer-jeep-grille-battle |archive-date=10 June 2020 |date=25 November 2002}}</ref> GM in turn sued boutique automaker Avanti Motor Corporation of Cancun, Mexico after it introduced the Studebaker XUV at the Chicago Auto show in 2002. GM said Avanti infringed on the Hummer looks by planning a vehicle that closely resembled the Hummer. It seemed the AM General Hummer line had gone full circle back to the original Studebaker General Products Division which was responsible for all military contracts.
-=== 2004 - Present ===
-On August 20, 2004, it was announced that [[Ronald Perelman]]'s [[MacAndrews & Forbes]] company would form a joint venture with AM General's then-owner, Renco Group, to give Perelman 70% ownership. The deal reportedly cost close to US$1 billion.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Andrew Ross |last1=Sorkin |first2=Danny |last2=Hakim |title=Perelman Seeks Controlling Stake in Maker of Hummer |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/10/business/perelman-seeks-controlling-stake-in-maker-of-hummer.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=10 August 2004 |access-date=17 May 2015}}</ref>
+=== 2004–present ===
-In 2008, AM General and the [[MV-1|Vehicle Production Group]] (VPG), of [[Troy, Michigan]], announced that contracts had been signed for AM General to begin producing purpose-built taxi-cabs in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.standardtaxi.com/documents/Issue_11.htm |title=VPG Partners with AM General to Build the Standard Taxi! |publisher=Vehicle Production Group |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080815041910/http://www.standardtaxi.com/documents/Issue_11.htm |archive-date=August 15, 2008 |access-date=December 29, 2017}}</ref> Actual production would not begin until October 2011. The first vehicle off the line was presented to Marc Buoniconti, a former linebacker for [[The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina|The Citadel]] who was partially paralyzed in 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.autoblog.com/2011/10/06/2011-vpg-autos-mv-1-quick-spin-review/ |date=6 October 2011 |title=2011 VPG Autos MV-1 |first=Steven J. |last=Ewing |website=autoblog.com |access-date=17 May 2015}}</ref>
+In August 2004, it was announced that [[Ronald Perelman]]'s [[MacAndrews & Forbes]] company would form a joint venture with AM General's then-owner, Renco Group, to give Perelman 70% ownership. The deal reportedly cost close to US$1 billion.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Andrew Ross |last1=Sorkin |first2=Danny |last2=Hakim |title=Perelman Seeks Controlling Stake in Maker of Hummer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/10/business/perelman-seeks-controlling-stake-in-maker-of-hummer.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=10 August 2004 |access-date=17 May 2015}}</ref>
+In 2008, AM General and the [[MV-1|Vehicle Production Group]] (VPG), of [[Troy, Michigan]], announced that contracts had been signed for AM General to begin producing purpose-built taxi-cabs in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.standardtaxi.com/documents/Issue_11.htm |title=VPG Partners with AM General to Build the Standard Taxi! |publisher=Vehicle Production Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080815041910/http://www.standardtaxi.com/documents/Issue_11.htm |archive-date=August 15, 2008 |access-date=December 29, 2017}}</ref> Production began in October 2011. The first vehicle off the line was presented to Marc Buoniconti, a former linebacker for [[The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina|The Citadel]] who was partially paralyzed in 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2011/10/06/2011-vpg-autos-mv-1-quick-spin-review/ |date=6 October 2011 |title=2011 VPG Autos MV-1 |first=Steven J. |last=Ewing |website=autoblog.com |access-date=17 May 2015}}</ref>
-In May 2010, [[Azure Dynamics]] announced it had chosen AM General to assemble its electric drivetrain for [[Ford Transit Connect]] vehicles for the North American market at its Livonia, Michigan, factory.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.freep.com/article/20100518/BUSINESS01/100518048/1210/AM-General-to-assemble-electric-Transit-Connect |first=Brent |last=Snavely |title=AM General to assemble electric Transit Connect |date=28 May 2010 |access-date=17 May 2015}}</ref>
+In May 2010, [[Azure Dynamics]] announced it had chosen AM General to assemble its electric drivetrain for [[Ford Transit Connect]] vehicles for the North American market at its Livonia, Michigan, factory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20100518/BUSINESS01/100518048/1210/AM-General-to-assemble-electric-Transit-Connect |first=Brent |last=Snavely |title=AM General to assemble electric Transit Connect |date=28 May 2010 |access-date=17 May 2015}}</ref>
-In September 2013, AM General reached an agreement to purchase the [[United States Department of Energy]]'s secured loan to the [[Vehicle Production Group]] (VPG). Prior to this, AM General acted as the sole vehicle assembler for VPG. As a result of this transaction, AM General created a wholly owned company, Mobility Ventures LLC, to operate the Mobility Vehicle-1 (MV-1) business and receive all VPG assets.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.amgeneral.com/corporate/news/amg-announces-agreement-for-vehicle-production-group |title=AM General Announces Agreement Leading To Ownership And Control Of The Vehicle Production Group |date=5 September 2013 |publisher=AM General |access-date=17 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129070847/http://www.amgeneral.com/corporate/news/amg-announces-agreement-for-vehicle-production-group |archive-date=29 November 2014 }}</ref>
+In September 2013, AM General reached an agreement to purchase the [[United States Department of Energy]]'s secured loan to the [[Vehicle Production Group]] (VPG). Prior to this, AM General acted as the sole vehicle assembler for VPG. As a result of this transaction, AM General created a wholly owned company, Mobility Ventures LLC, to operate the Mobility Vehicle-1 (MV-1) business and receive all VPG assets.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.amgeneral.com/corporate/news/amg-announces-agreement-for-vehicle-production-group |title=AM General Announces Agreement Leading To Ownership And Control Of The Vehicle Production Group |date=5 September 2013 |publisher=AM General |access-date=17 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129070847/http://www.amgeneral.com/corporate/news/amg-announces-agreement-for-vehicle-production-group |archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref>
-In 2015, production of the [[Mercedes-Benz R-Class]] began at the Mishawaka assembly plant.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2015/01/27/mercedes-benz-am-general/22413627/ |title=Mercedes-Benz moves R-Class output to AM General |first=Greg |last=Gardner |agency=Detroit Free Press |date=27 January 2015 |newspaper=USAToday |access-date=24 November 2016}}</ref> Without this deal, "the German automaker would likely have had to shut down production of the vehicle, currently only sold in China."<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.autonews.com/article/20150811/OEM01/150819973/mercedes-r-class-production-launched-at-am-general |title=Mercedes R class production launched at AM General |date=11 August 2015 |first=Nora |last=Naughton |newspaper=Automotive News |access-date=24 November 2016}}</ref> Production ended in October 2017.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}
+In 2015, production of the [[Mercedes-Benz R-Class]] began at the Mishawaka assembly plant.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2015/01/27/mercedes-benz-am-general/22413627/ |title=Mercedes-Benz moves R-Class output to AM General |first=Greg |last=Gardner |agency=Detroit Free Press |date=27 January 2015 |newspaper=USA Today |access-date=24 November 2016}}</ref> Without this deal, "the German automaker would likely have had to shut down production of the vehicle, currently only sold in China."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autonews.com/article/20150811/OEM01/150819973/mercedes-r-class-production-launched-at-am-general |title=Mercedes R class production launched at AM General |date=11 August 2015 |first=Nora |last=Naughton |newspaper=Automotive News |access-date=24 November 2016}}</ref> Production ended in October 2017.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}
-AM General submitted a prototype to become the [[United States Postal Service]]'s [[Next Generation Delivery Vehicle]], but their entry was not chosen.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jalopnik.com/here-are-all-the-mail-trucks-that-didn-t-get-selected-1846349662 |title=Here Are All The Mail Trucks That Didn’t Get Selected |last=Rodríguez |first=José Jr. |date=25 February 2021 |website=[[Jalopnik]] |access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref>
+In July 2020, investment company [[KPS Capital Partners]] acquired AM General from its previous owner, [[MacAndrews & Forbes]].<ref name=kps1/><ref name=pw1>[https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/kps-capital-partners-adquirira-am-general-llc-852949524.html KPS Capital Partners adquirirá AM General LLC] on PR Newswire, 22 Jul 2020</ref>
-==Jeep Dispatcher 100==
-[[File:Jeep-dj5.jpg|thumb|right|1975 AM General RHD postal delivery van]]
+AM General submitted a prototype to become the [[United States Postal Service]]'s [[Next Generation Delivery Vehicle]], but their entry was not chosen.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jalopnik.com/here-are-all-the-mail-trucks-that-didn-t-get-selected-1846349662 |title=Here Are All The Mail Trucks That Didn't Get Selected |last=Rodríguez |first=José Jr. |date=25 February 2021 |website=[[Jalopnik]] |access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref>
+== Products ==
+=== Jeep Dispatcher 100 ===
+[[File:Jeep-dj5.jpg|thumb|A 1975 AM General RWD postal delivery van]]
 Another familiar product from the AM General line was the [[Jeep DJ]]-5 series—a purpose-built "Dispatch Jeep" 2-wheel drive (RWD) version of the [[Jeep CJ-5]]—used in huge numbers as a right-hand drive mail delivery vehicle by the [[United States Postal Service]].
-== Buses ==
+=== Buses ===
-[[File:Portland AM General bus in 1984.jpg|thumb|right|A 1976 AM General bus of Tri-Met, in Portland, Oregon, showing AM General logo on front]]
+[[File:Portland AM General bus in 1984.jpg|thumb|A 1976 AM General bus of Tri-Met, in Portland, Oregon, with an AM General logo on the front]]
-The [[AM General Metropolitan]] [[transit bus|bus]]es were manufactured for city transit use from 1974 until 1979, producing a total of 5,431 buses (including 219 [[trolleybus|electric trolley bus]]es).<ref name="Stauss">{{cite book|last=Stauss |first=Ed |year=1988 | title=The Bus World Encyclopedia of Buses |pages=20–22, 116–117 |publisher=Stauss Publications |isbn=978-0-9619830-0-0}}</ref> The Metropolitan was built under a 1971 agreement with [[New Flyer Industries|Flyer Industries]] of [[Winnipeg]], Manitoba; AM General licensed the rights to build and market the [[Western Flyer D700]] for the US market. The D700 itself was similar in design to the contemporaneous [[GM New Look bus]]es.<ref name=CC-AMG/> The front end of the D700 was restyled and thus the resulting Metropolitan was not simply a Flyer design built under license but rather a jointly designed vehicle. Flyer later adopted the design changes for its own line as the [[Flyer 700/800/900 series|models D800 and E800]].<ref name="Stauss" /> Buses were built in lengths of either {{convert|35|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} or {{convert|40|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}, and widths of {{convert|96|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} or {{convert|102|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=CC-AMG>{{cite web |url=http://www.curbsideclassic.com/bus-stop-classic/bus-stop-classic-flxible-and-am-general-new-look-buses-playing-second-fiddle-to-gm/ |title=Bus Stop Classic: Flxible and AM General New Look Buses – Playing Second Fiddle to GM |author=Brophy, Jim |date=March 12, 2016 |publisher=Curbside Classic |access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref> The model numbers reflected the chosen dimensions; for example, model "10240" indicated a 102-inch wide, 40-foot long bus. Suffixes "A" or "B" were used for later models to indicate certain options. In total, 3,571 40-foot diesel buses and 1,641 35-foot diesel buses were produced.<ref name="Stauss"/>
+The [[AM General Metropolitan]] [[transit bus|bus]]es were manufactured for city transit use from 1974 until 1979, producing a total of 5,431 buses, including 219 [[trolleybus|electric trolley bus]]es.<ref name="Stauss">{{cite book|last=Stauss |first=Ed |year=1988 | title=The Bus World Encyclopedia of Buses |pages=20–22, 116–117 |publisher=Stauss Publications |isbn=978-0-9619830-0-0}}</ref> The Metropolitan was built under a 1971 agreement with [[New Flyer Industries|Flyer Industries]] of [[Winnipeg]], Manitoba. AM General licensed the rights to build and market the [[Western Flyer D700]] for the US market. The D700 itself was similar in design to the contemporaneous [[GM New Look bus]]es.<ref name=CC-AMG/>
+The front end of the D700 was restyled, and thus the resulting Metropolitan was not simply a Flyer design built under license but rather a jointly designed vehicle. Flyer later adopted the design changes for its own line as the [[Flyer 700/800/900 series|models D800 and E800]].<ref name="Stauss" /> Buses were built in lengths of either {{convert|35|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} or {{convert|40|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}, and widths of {{convert|96|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} or {{convert|102|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=CC-AMG>{{cite web |url=http://www.curbsideclassic.com/bus-stop-classic/bus-stop-classic-flxible-and-am-general-new-look-buses-playing-second-fiddle-to-gm/ |title=Bus Stop Classic: Flxible and AM General New Look Buses – Playing Second Fiddle to GM |author=Brophy, Jim |date=March 12, 2016 |publisher=Curbside Classic |access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref>
-===Articulated buses===
-[[File:Seattle 1979 MAN articulated bus on Lenora St in 1994.jpg|thumb|right|A [[MAN Truck & Bus|MAN]] [[articulated bus]] in Seattle that was completed by AM General]]
-In 1977–1979, AM General also worked under a partnership with [[MAN Truck & Bus|MAN]] of Germany to build [[MAN SG 220|SG 220]] [[articulated bus]]es for US transit systems. MAN fabricated the bodyshells in Germany and shipped them to the US for AM General for final assembly.<ref name="mca-feb85">{{cite journal|title=AM General Corporation (history of) |journal=Motor Coach Age |date=February 1985 |pages=3–18 |issn=0739-117X }}</ref> Two different lengths were offered, {{convert|55|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} and {{convert|60|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}; 93 buses were built to the shorter length while the rest were 60&nbsp;feet long. By October 1978,<ref name="mca-feb85"/> the company discontinued bus production with the last unit completed in March 1979.<ref name="Stauss"/> The total number built was just under 400 (392<ref name="mca-feb85"/> or 399<ref name="Stauss"/>), the largest group by far being 150 for Seattle's [[King County Metro|Metro Transit]].<ref name="Stauss"/> MAN subsequently set up its own factory for US production in [[Cleveland, North Carolina]].<ref name="Stauss"/>
+The model numbers reflected the chosen dimensions. For example, model "10240" indicated a 102-inch wide, 40-foot long bus. Suffixes "A" or "B" were used for later models to indicate certain options. In total, 3,571 40-foot diesel buses and 1,641 35-foot diesel buses were produced.<ref name="Stauss"/>
-===Trolleybuses===
-Production of complete [[motor bus]]es (and of any two-axle motor buses) had ended in 1978 and aside from the fitting-out of the last articulated MAN shells, the only production in 1979 was two batches of [[trolleybus]]es (and the only such vehicles ever built by the company).<ref name="Murray">{{cite book|last=Murray |first=Alan |year=2000 |title=World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia |publisher=Trolleybooks |isbn= 978-0-904235-18-0 }}</ref> These were all {{convert|40|ft|m|1|adj=on}} vehicles, model 10240T: 110 trackless trolleys for the [[Trolleybuses in Philadelphia|Philadelphia trolleybus system]], operated by [[SEPTA]]; and 109 for the [[Trolleybuses in Seattle|Seattle trolleybus system]], operated by [[King County Metro|Metro Transit]] (now King County Metro). One of the latter has been preserved since its retirement in 2003 by King County Metro (see [[King County Metro fleet]]).
+=== Articulated buses ===
+[[File:Seattle 1979 MAN articulated bus on Lenora St in 1994.jpg|thumb|A [[MAN Truck & Bus|MAN]] [[articulated bus]] in Seattle that was completed by AM General]]
+In 1977–1979, AM General worked under a partnership with [[MAN Truck & Bus|MAN]] of Germany to build [[MAN SG 220|SG 220]] [[articulated bus]]es for US transit systems. MAN fabricated the bodyshells in Germany and shipped them to the US for AM General for final assembly.<ref name="mca-feb85">{{cite journal|title=AM General Corporation (history of) |journal=Motor Coach Age |date=February 1985 |pages=3–18 |issn=0739-117X }}</ref> Two different lengths were offered, {{convert|55|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} and {{convert|60|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}. 93 buses were built to the shorter length and the rest were 60&nbsp;feet long. In October 1978,<ref name="mca-feb85"/> the company discontinued bus production, with the last unit completed in March 1979.<ref name="Stauss"/> The total number built was just under 400 (392<ref name="mca-feb85"/> or 399<ref name="Stauss"/>), the largest group being 150 for Seattle's [[King County Metro|Metro Transit]].<ref name="Stauss"/> MAN subsequently set up its own factory for US production in [[Cleveland, North Carolina]].<ref name="Stauss"/>
+=== Trolleybuses ===
+Production of complete [[motor bus]]es (and of any two-axle motor buses) ended in 1978. Aside from the fitting-out of the last articulated MAN shells, the only production in 1979 was two batches of [[trolleybus]]es, the only such vehicles ever built by the company.<ref name="Murray">{{cite book|last=Murray |first=Alan |year=2000 |title=World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia |publisher=Trolleybooks |isbn= 978-0-904235-18-0 }}</ref> These were all {{convert|40|ft|m|1|adj=on}} vehicles, model 10240T: 110 trackless trolleys for the [[Trolleybuses in Philadelphia|Philadelphia trolleybus system]], operated by [[SEPTA]], and 109 for the [[Trolleybuses in Seattle|Seattle trolleybus system]], operated by [[King County Metro|Metro Transit]], now King County Metro. One of the latter has been preserved since its retirement in 2003 by King County Metro (see [[King County Metro fleet]]).
 == Development and production of the HMMWV ==
-[[File:060322-N-5438H-018 U.S. Army soldiers assigned to the Bravo Battery 3rd Battalion 320th Field Artillery Regiment along with Iraq Army soldiers from the 1st Battalion 1st Brigade 4th Division perform a routine patrol.jpg|thumb|right|AM General HMMWV in Iraq]]
+[[File:060322-N-5438H-018 U.S. Army soldiers assigned to the Bravo Battery 3rd Battalion 320th Field Artillery Regiment along with Iraq Army soldiers from the 1st Battalion 1st Brigade 4th Division perform a routine patrol.jpg|thumb|An AM General HMMWV in Iraq]]
-In 1979, AM General began preliminary design work on the [[Humvee|M998 Series High Mobility Multi-Purpose Wheeled Vehicle]] (HMMWV, pronounced Humvee), a 1.25-ton truck intended to replace the [[M151]] and other [[Light Utility Vehicle]]s. The US Army awarded AM General a prototype contract in 1981 with development and operational testing conducted over a five-month period in 1982. In March 1983, AM General won an initial $1.2 billion contract to produce 55,000 Humvees to be delivered in five basic models and 15 different configurations over a five-year period.
+In 1979, AM General began preliminary design work on the [[Humvee|M998 Series High Mobility Multi-Purpose Wheeled Vehicle]] HMMWV, pronounced Humvee, a 1.25-ton truck intended to replace the [[M151]] and other [[Military light utility vehicle|Light Utility Vehicle]]s. In 1981, the US Army awarded AM General a prototype contract. In 1982, development and operational testing was conducted over a five-month period. In March 1983, AM General won an initial $1.2 billion contract to produce 55,000 Humvees, to be delivered in five basic models and 15 different configurations over a five-year period.
-Production began at the [[Mishawaka, Indiana]], assembly plant in the fall of 1984 and the first deliveries were made in early 1985. The total international production by mid-1991 was more than 72,000. Since 1991, an additional 20,000 HMMWVs ordered brought total international production to 100,000 in March 1995.
+In the fall of 1984, production began at the [[Mishawaka, Indiana]], assembly plant. In early 1985, the first deliveries were made. The total international production by mid-1991 was more than 72,000. After 1991, an additional 20,000 HMMWVs ordered brought total international production to 100,000 in March 1995.
 Late in 2000, AM General was awarded another contract for 2,962 M998A2 series trucks. The contract contained six single-year options running to the fiscal year 2007 and continues to be renewed. Nearly 250,000 units have been produced.
@@ Line 96: / Line 119: @@
 Humvees feature full-time four-wheel drive, an independent suspension, steep [[approach and departure angles]], 60-percent grade ability and {{convert|16|in|mm|0}} of ground clearance. More recent production models include the M1151, M1152, M1165, and M1167. As of 2015, Humvees are in use by the US Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Navy. The combined fleet numbers 140,000.<ref name="Shalal" /> More than 50 nations have bought these vehicles.
+=== Replacement ===
-The Humvee's replacement, a completely new [[Joint Light Tactical Vehicle]] (JLTV) design, has been in production by [[Oshkosh Corporation]] since 2016.<ref name="Shalal">{{cite news|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-military-humvees-idUSL1N1102HJ20150825 |date=2015-08-25 |title=Update: 3-Oshkosh Corp wins U.S. Army award for Humvee replacement |first=Andrea |last=Shalal |work=Reuters |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref> AM General was unsuccessful in its bid for this $30-billion 25-year contract, leading to fears that the company might not remain independent, but it is now focused on military Humvee support (they still outnumber JLTVs by three to one) and development of a new ambulance model.<ref>[http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2015/October/Pages/JointLightTacticalVehicleAwardShakesUpIndustry.aspx Joint Light Tactical Vehicle Award Shakes Up Industry] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209031019/http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2015/October/pages/JointLightTacticalVehicleAwardShakesUpIndustry.aspx |date=2017-02-09 }} - Nationaldefensemagazine.org, October 2015</ref>
+{{Main|Joint Light Tactical Vehicle}}
+The Humvee's replacement, a completely new [[Joint Light Tactical Vehicle]] (JLTV) design, has been in production by [[Oshkosh Corporation]] since 2016.<ref name="Shalal">{{cite news|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-military-humvees-idUSL1N1102HJ20150825 |date=2015-08-25 |title=Update: 3-Oshkosh Corp wins U.S. Army award for Humvee replacement |first=Andrea |last=Shalal |work=Reuters |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref> AM General was unsuccessful in its bid for this $30-billion 25-year contract, and it is now focused on military Humvee support (they still outnumber JLTVs by three to one) and development of a new ambulance model.<ref>[http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2015/October/Pages/JointLightTacticalVehicleAwardShakesUpIndustry.aspx Joint Light Tactical Vehicle Award Shakes Up Industry] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209031019/http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2015/October/pages/JointLightTacticalVehicleAwardShakesUpIndustry.aspx |date=2017-02-09 }} - Nationaldefensemagazine.org, October 2015</ref>
+In February 2023, the US Army granted AM General a production contract worth more than $8.66bn to deliver next-generation JLTV A2 vehicles, under the US Army and the US Marine Corps’ Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) programme.
+Under the contract, AM General will produce approximately 20,682 JLTV vehicles and 9,883 trailers. The contract includes the integration of technological enhancements for delivery to the US Armed Forces.
+Oshkosh Defense won the initial contract to supply its JLTV vehicles for the program.<ref>https://www.army-technology.com/projects/next-generation-joint-light-tactical-vehicle-a2-jltv-a2-usa/?cf-view</ref>
 == Other military vehicles ==
-AM General also acquired [[US Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] contracts for medium and heavy trucks, including the [[M151A2|M151 series]],<ref>[[M151 Truck, Utility, l/4-Ton, 4×4]]</ref> 2 1/2 ton [[M35 2-1/2 ton cargo truck|M35 series]], and 5 ton [[M809|M809 series]] in the 1970s then the [[M939 Truck|M939 series]] in the 1980s.
+AM General also acquired [[US Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] contracts for medium and heavy trucks, including the [[M151A2|M151 series]],<ref>[[M151 Truck, Utility, l/4-Ton, 4×4]]</ref> 2 1/2 ton [[M35 2-1/2 ton cargo truck|M35 series]], and 5 ton [[M809 series 5-ton 6×6 truck|M809 series]] in the 1970s, then the [[M939 Truck|M939 series]] in the 1980s.
+In 2005, AM General was contracted to take over militarization, sales, and marketing of [[CUCV#LSSV|LSSV]] vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Light Service Support Vehicle (LSSV) |url= http://olive-drab.com/idphoto/id_photos_lssv.php |work=Olive-Drab |access-date=17 May 2015}}</ref><ref name=trend/>
+== Notes ==
-In 2005, AM General was contracted to take over militarization, sales, and marketing of [[CUCV#LSSV|LSSV]] vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Light Service Support Vehicle (LSSV) |url= http://olive-drab.com/idphoto/id_photos_lssv.php |work=Olive-Drab |access-date=17 May 2015}}</ref>
+{{reflist|group=n}}
 == References ==
-{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
+{{Reflist|2}}
 == External links ==
-{{Commons category|AM General}}
+{{Commons category}}
+* {{official website}}
-* [http://www.amgeneral.com/ AM General official site]
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060208095449/http://www.amgeneral.com/corporate_history.php AM General Site History Page]
+{{AM General}}
-{{portalbar|Cars|Companies|United States}}
 {{North American bus builders}}
 {{Automotive industry in the United States}}
-{{AM General}}
 {{Renco Group}}
 {{MacAndrews & Forbes}}
 {{Authority control}}
+{{portalbar|Cars|Companies|United States}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Am General}}
+[[Category:AM General]]
 [[Category:Defense companies of the United States]]
 [[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1971]]

v t e AM General
Established 1971; 54 years ago (1971)
Brands	Hummer (1992–99)
Products	H1 H2 Humvee Jeep DJ M1151 M35 truck M939 truck
Related companies	American Motors MacAndrews & Forbes Renco Group Vehicle Production Group
Related topics	Commercial Utility Cargo Vehicle Humvee replacement process
Category Commons

v t e Renco Group
Subsidiaries	AM General Doe Run Company Inteva Products St. Joe Minerals
People	Ira Rennert