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{{Short description|Chemical reaction adding water to a mineral's crystal structure}}
{{Refimprove|date=October 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2015}}
⚫
'''Mineral hydration''' is an inorganic chemical reaction where water is added to the [[crystal structure]] of a [[mineral]], usually creating a new mineral, usually called a ''[[hydrate]]''.


⚫
In [[inorganic chemistry]], '''mineral hydration''' is a reaction which adds water to the [[crystal structure]] of a [[mineral]], usually creating a new mineral, commonly called a ''[[hydrate]]''.
⚫
In [[geology|geological]] terms, the process of mineral hydration is known as ''retrograde alteration'' and is a process occurring in [[retrograde metamorphism]]. It commonly accompanies [[metasomatism]] and is often a feature of wall rock alteration around ore bodies. Hydration of minerals occurs generally in concert with [[hydrothermal circulation]] which may be driven by tectonic or igneous activity.


⚫
In [[geology|geological]] terms, the process of mineral hydration is known as ''retrograde alteration'' and is a process occurring in [[retrograde metamorphism]]. It commonly accompanies [[metasomatism]] and is often a feature of wall rock alteration around [[ore body|ore bodies]]. Hydration of minerals occurs generally in concert with [[hydrothermal circulation]] which may be driven by [[tectonics|tectonic]] or igneous activity.
⚫
Mineral hydration is also a process in the [[regolith]] that results in conversion of silicate minerals into [[clay]] minerals.


== Processes ==
⚫
There are two main ways in which minerals hydrate. One is conversion of an [[oxide]] to a double [[hydroxide]], as with the hydration of [[calcium oxide]]—CaO—to [[calcium hydroxide]]—Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>, the other is with the incorporation of water molecules directly into the crystalline structure of a new mineral, as in the hydration of [[feldspar]]s to [[clay mineral]]s, [[garnet]] to [[Chlorite group|chlorite]], or [[kyanite]] to [[muscovite]].


⚫
There are two main ways in which minerals hydrate. One is conversion of an [[oxide]] to a double [[hydroxide]], as with the hydration of [[calcium oxide]]—CaO—to [[calcium hydroxide]]—Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>. The other is with the incorporation of water molecules directly into the crystalline structure of a new mineral,<ref name=Rivkin2002>
⚫
Some mineral structures, for example, [[montmorillonite]], are capable of including a variable amount of water without significant change to the mineral structure.
{{cite book |title=Hydrated Minerals on Asteroids: The Astronomical Record |journal=Asteroids III |date=2002 |last1=Rivkin|first1=A.S. |last2=Howell|first2=E.S. |author2-link=Ellen Howell|last3=Vilas|first3=F. |last4=Lebofsky|first4=L.A. |doi=10.2307/j.ctv1v7zdn4.23 |isbn=9780816522811 |url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/books/AsteroidsIII/pdf/3031.pdf |accessdate=2018-03-10 |quote=Hydrated minerals include both silicates and nonsilicates in the scope of this review. Phyllosilicates (or “clay minerals”) are commonly found on Earth as weathering products of rocks or in hydrothermal systems. Nonsilicate hydrated minerals include such species as the oxides brucite and goethite, the carbonate hydromagnesite, and the sulfide tochilinite, each of which is known in the meteorite collection (Rubin, 1996). Although a full discussion of the petrogenesis and classification of hydrated minerals is beyond the scope of this paper, we note that formation of hydrated minerals, particularly clay minerals, occurs rapidly and easily in environments where anhydrous rock and water are together. }}</ref> as with the hydration of [[feldspar]]s to [[clay mineral]]s, [[garnet]] to [[Chlorite group|chlorite]], or [[kyanite]] to [[muscovite]].{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}


⚫
Mineral hydration is also a process in the [[regolith]] that results in conversion of silicate minerals into [[clay]] minerals.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}
⚫
Hydration is the mechanism by which [[cement|hydraulic binders]] such as [[Portland cement]] develop strength. A hydraulic binder is a material that can set and harden submerged in water by forming insoluble products in a hydration reaction. The term hydraulicity or hydraulic activity is indicative of the [[chemical affinity]] of the hydration reaction.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Snellings |first=R. |author2=Mertens G. |author3=Elsen J. |title=Supplementary cementitious materials |journal=Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry |year=2012 |volume=74 |pages=211–278 |doi=10.2138/rmg.2012.74.6}}</ref>

⚫
Some mineral structures, for example, [[montmorillonite]], are capable of including a variable amount of water without significant change to the mineral structure.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

⚫
Hydration is the mechanism by which [[cement|hydraulic binders]] such as [[Portland cement]] develop strength. A hydraulic binder is a material that can set and harden submerged in water by forming insoluble products in a hydration reaction. The term hydraulicity or hydraulic activity is indicative of the [[chemical affinity]] of the hydration reaction.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Snellings |first=R. |author2=Mertens G. |author3=Elsen J. |title=Supplementary cementitious materials |journal=Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry |year=2012 |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=211–278 |doi=10.2138/rmg.2012.74.6|bibcode=2012RvMG...74..211S }}</ref>

== Examples of hydrated minerals ==

Examples of hydrated minerals include:
* [[silicate]]s ({{chem|SiO|4|4-}}, {{chem|SiO|2}})
** [[phyllosilicate]]s, clay minerals "commonly found on Earth as weathering products of rocks or in [[hydrothermal]] systems"<ref name=Rivkin2002/>
***[[Chlorite group|chlorite]]{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}<!-- described in previous section on Processes, yet with no source provided -->
*** [[muscovite]]{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}
* non-silicates
** oxides ({{chem|O|2-}}, {{chem|Al|2|O|3}}, {{chem|Fe|2|O|3}}, etc.) and oxy-hydroxides
*** [[brucite]], {{chem2|Mg(OH)2}}<ref name=Rivkin2002/>
*** [[goethite]], FeO(OH)<ref name=Rivkin2002/>
** [[carbonate]]s ({{chem|CO|3|2-}}, etc.)
*** [[hydromagnesite]], {{chem2|Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2*4H2O}}<ref name=Rivkin2002/>
*** [[ikaite]], {{chem2|CaCO3*6H2O}}, the unstable hexahydrate form of calcium carbonate
** [[hydroxylated]] minerals
*** [[saponite]]<ref name=Rivkin2002/>
*** [[talc]]<ref name=Rivkin2002/>
** hydroxysulfides (mixed sulfides-hydroxides)
*** [[tochilinite]], a hydroxysulfide or hydrated [[sulfide]]<ref name=Rivkin2002/> mineral of iron(II) and magnesium of chemical formula: <br />{{chem2|(Fe(2+))5.4(Mg,Fe(2+))5S6(OH)10}},<ref name="mindat1">{{Cite web |title=Tochilinite |author=mindat.org |work=mindat.org |date=6 February 2023 |access-date=16 February 2023 |url= https://www.mindat.org/min-3986.html |language=en }}</ref> also written {{chem2|6 Fe0.9S * 5 (Mg,Fe(2+))(OH)2}},<ref name="HBM1">{{Cite web |title=Tochilinite |author=Handbook of mineralogy |work=handbookofmineralogy.org |date=2005 |access-date=16 February 2023 |url= https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/tochilinite.pdf |language=en }}</ref><ref name="mindat1" /> in [[International Mineralogical Association|IMA]] notation
*** [[valleriite]], an uncommon sulfide-hydroxide mineral of iron(II) and copper of chemical formula: <br />{{chem2|(Fe(2+),Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6}},<ref name=mindat2>[http://www.mindat.org/min-4136.html Valleriite on Mindat.org]</ref> or {{chem2|4 (Fe,Cu)S * 3 (Mg,Al)(OH)2}}<ref name=HBM2>[http://rruff.info/doclib/hom/valleriite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy]</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Clay-water interaction]]
* [[Clay-water interaction]]
* [[Hydration reaction]]
* [[Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide]]
* [[Ferrihydrite]]


== References ==
== References ==
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[[Category:Hydrates]]
[[Category:Hydrates]]
[[Category:Inorganic reactions]]
[[Category:Inorganic reactions]]

[[es:Hidratación mineral]]

Latest revision as of 11:08, 4 January 2025

In inorganic chemistry, mineral hydration is a reaction which adds water to the crystal structure of a mineral, usually creating a new mineral, commonly called a hydrate.

In geological terms, the process of mineral hydration is known as retrograde alteration and is a process occurring in retrograde metamorphism. It commonly accompanies metasomatism and is often a feature of wall rock alteration around ore bodies. Hydration of minerals occurs generally in concert with hydrothermal circulation which may be driven by tectonic or igneous activity.

Processes

[edit]

There are two main ways in which minerals hydrate. One is conversion of an oxide to a double hydroxide, as with the hydration of calcium oxide—CaO—to calcium hydroxide—Ca(OH)2. The other is with the incorporation of water molecules directly into the crystalline structure of a new mineral,[1] as with the hydration of feldspars to clay minerals, garnet to chlorite, or kyanite to muscovite.[citation needed]

Mineral hydration is also a process in the regolith that results in conversion of silicate minerals into clay minerals.[citation needed]

Some mineral structures, for example, montmorillonite, are capable of including a variable amount of water without significant change to the mineral structure.[citation needed]

Hydration is the mechanism by which hydraulic binders such as Portland cement develop strength. A hydraulic binder is a material that can set and harden submerged in water by forming insoluble products in a hydration reaction. The term hydraulicity or hydraulic activity is indicative of the chemical affinity of the hydration reaction.[2]

Examples of hydrated minerals

[edit]

Examples of hydrated minerals include:

  • silicates (SiO4−
    4    , SiO
    2    )
  • non-silicates
    • oxides (O2−
      , Al
      2      O
      3      , Fe
      2      O
      3      , etc.) and oxy-hydroxides
      • brucite, Mg(OH)2[1]
      • goethite, FeO(OH)[1]
    • carbonates (CO2−
      3      , etc.)
    • hydroxylated minerals
    • hydroxysulfides (mixed sulfides-hydroxides)
      • tochilinite, a hydroxysulfide or hydrated sulfide[1] mineral of iron(II) and magnesium of chemical formula:
        (Fe2+)5.4(Mg,Fe2+)5S6(OH)10,[3] also written 6 Fe0.9S · 5 (Mg,Fe2+)(OH)2,[4][3] in IMA notation
      • valleriite, an uncommon sulfide-hydroxide mineral of iron(II) and copper of chemical formula:
        (Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6,[5] or 4 (Fe,Cu)S · 3 (Mg,Al)(OH)2[6]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Rivkin, A.S.; Howell, E.S.; Vilas, F.; Lebofsky, L.A. (2002). Hydrated Minerals on Asteroids: The Astronomical Record (PDF). doi:10.2307/j.ctv1v7zdn4.23. ISBN 9780816522811. Retrieved 2018-03-10. Hydrated minerals include both silicates and nonsilicates in the scope of this review. Phyllosilicates (or "clay minerals") are commonly found on Earth as weathering products of rocks or in hydrothermal systems. Nonsilicate hydrated minerals include such species as the oxides brucite and goethite, the carbonate hydromagnesite, and the sulfide tochilinite, each of which is known in the meteorite collection (Rubin, 1996). Although a full discussion of the petrogenesis and classification of hydrated minerals is beyond the scope of this paper, we note that formation of hydrated minerals, particularly clay minerals, occurs rapidly and easily in environments where anhydrous rock and water are together. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  2. ^ Snellings, R.; Mertens G.; Elsen J. (2012). "Supplementary cementitious materials". Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 74 (1): 211–278. Bibcode:2012RvMG...74..211S. doi:10.2138/rmg.2012.74.6.
  3. ^ a b mindat.org (6 February 2023). "Tochilinite". mindat.org. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  4. ^ Handbook of mineralogy (2005). "Tochilinite" (PDF). handbookofmineralogy.org. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  5. ^ Valleriite on Mindat.org
  6. ^ Handbook of Mineralogy
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