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{{Short description|Endangered Puquina language spoken in Bolivia}}
{{use mdy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Kallawaya
| name = Kallawaya
|nativename=
| nativename =
|states=[[Bolivia]]
| states = [[Bolivia]]
|region=[[La Paz Department (Bolivia)|La Paz Department]]: [[Charazani]]; highlands north of [[Lake Titicaca]]
| region = [[La Paz Department (Bolivia)|La Paz Department]]: [[Charazani]]; highlands north of [[Lake Titicaca]]
|speakers=none
| speakers = [[first language|L1]]: none
|ref=e18
| ref = e18
|speakers2=10–20 as 2nd language{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}
| speakers2 = [[second language|L2]]: 10–20{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}
|familycolor=mixed
| familycolor = American
|fam1=[[Puquina language|Puquina]]
| fam1 = [[Puquina language|Puquina]]
| nation = {{flag|Bolivia}}<ref name="Consti">{{cite web |title=Constitución política del Estado |url=http://www.gacetaoficialdebolivia.gob.bo/app/webroot/archivos/CONSTITUCION.pdf |publisher=Gaceta Oficial de Bolivia |access-date=23 November 2022 |page=2 |language=es-BO |date=2009-02-07 |quote=Artículo 5.1: Son idiomas oficiales del Estado el castellano y todos los idiomas de las naciones y pueblos indígena originario{{sic}} campesinos, que son el aymara, [...], machajuyai-kallawaya, [...] y zamuco.}}</ref>
|iso3=caw
| iso3 = caw
|glotto=call1235
| glotto = call1235
|glottorefname=Callawalla
| glottorefname = Callawalla
| altname = Pohena
| ethnicity = [[Kallawaya]]
}}
}}


'''Kallawaya''', also '''Callahuaya''' or '''Callawalla''', is an [[Endangered language|endangered]], secret, [[mixed language]] in [[Bolivia]]; another name sometimes used for the language is '''Pohena'''. It is spoken by the [[Kallawaya people]], a group of traditional itinerant healers in the [[Andes]] in their medicinal healing practice living in [[Charazani]], the highlands north of [[Lake Titicaca]],<ref name="Ethnologue22-Bolivia">{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BO/languages |title=Bolivia languages |work=[[Ethnologue]]: Languages of the World |edition=22nd |editor1-last=Eberhard |editor1-first=David M. |editor2-last=Simons |editor2-first=Gary F. |editor3-last=Fennig |editor3-first=Charles D. |date=2019 |location=Dallas |publisher=[[SIL International]]}}</ref> and [[Tipuani]].<ref name="Loukotka">{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |authorlink=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref>
'''Kallawaya''', also '''Callahuaya''' or '''Callawalla''', is an [[Endangered language|endangered]], secret, [[mixed language]] in [[Bolivia]]; another name sometimes used for the language is '''Pohena'''. It is spoken by the [[Kallawaya people]], a group of traditional itinerant healers in the [[Andes]] in their medicinal healing practice living in [[Charazani]], the highlands north of [[Lake Titicaca]],<ref name="Ethnologue22-Bolivia">{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BO/languages |title=Bolivia languages |work=[[Ethnologue]]: Languages of the World |edition=22nd |editor1-last=Eberhard |editor1-first=David M. |editor2-last=Simons |editor2-first=Gary F. |editor3-last=Fennig |editor3-first=Charles D. |date=2019 |location=Dallas |publisher=[[SIL International]]}}</ref> and [[Tipuani]].<ref name="Loukotka">{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |author-link=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref>


==Characteristics==
==Characteristics==
Kallawaya is a mixed language. The grammar is partially [[Quechua language|Quechua]] in morphology, but most of its words are from either unknown sources or from an otherwise extinct language family, [[Pukina language|Pukina]]. Pukina was abandoned in favor of Quechua, [[Aymara language|Aymara]], and [[Spanish language|Spanish]].<ref name=Advances>{{cite web |url=http://52ica.etnolinguistica.org/adelaar |title=The Puquina and Leko languages |accessdate=2007-09-19 |author=Willem Adelaar |author2=Simon van de Kerke |website=Symposium: Advances in Native South American Historical Linguistics, July 17–18, 2006, at the 52nd [[International Congress of Americanists]], Seville, Spain}}</ref>
Kallawaya is a mixed language. The grammar is partially [[Quechua language|Quechua]] in morphology, but most of its words are from either unknown sources or from an otherwise extinct language family, [[Pukina language|Pukina]]. Pukina was abandoned in favor of Quechua, [[Aymara language|Aymara]], and [[Spanish language|Spanish]].<ref name=Advances>{{cite web |url=http://52ica.etnolinguistica.org/adelaar |title=The Puquina and Leko languages |access-date=2007-09-19 |author=Willem Adelaar |author2=Simon van de Kerke |website=Symposium: Advances in Native South American Historical Linguistics, July 17–18, 2006, at the 52nd [[International Congress of Americanists]], Seville, Spain}}</ref>


Kallawaya is also a secret language, passed only by father to son, or grandfather to grandson, or rarely, to daughters if a practitioner has no sons. It is not used in normal family dialogue. Although its use is primarily ritual, used secretly for initiated men, Kallawaya may be a part of everyday conversation between those familiar with it.<ref name=secret>{{cite web |url=http://www.livingtongues.org/kallawaya.html |title=The Kallawaya Language Project |accessdate=2007-09-19 |format=online |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929224417/http://www.livingtongues.org/kallawaya.html |archivedate=2007-09-29 }}</ref>
Kallawaya is also a secret language, passed only by father to son, or grandfather to grandson, or rarely, to daughters if a practitioner has no sons. It is not used in normal family dialogue. Although its use is primarily ritual, used secretly for initiated men, Kallawaya may be a part of everyday conversation between those familiar with it.<ref name=secret>{{cite web |url=http://www.livingtongues.org/kallawaya.html |title=The Kallawaya Language Project |access-date=2007-09-19 |format=online |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929224417/http://www.livingtongues.org/kallawaya.html |archive-date=2007-09-29 }}</ref>


Kallawaya was one of the subjects of [[Ironbound Films]]' 2008 American documentary film ''[[The Linguists]]'', in which two linguists attempted to [[Language documentation|document]] several [[moribund language]]s.<ref name=hollywood>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/awards_festivals/fest_reviews/article_display.jsp?&rid=10471 |title=The Linguists |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |last=Honeycutt |first=Kirk |date=18 January 2008 |accessdate=22 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121013020/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/awards_festivals/fest_reviews/article_display.jsp?&rid=10471 |archivedate=November 21, 2008 }}</ref>
Kallawaya was one of the subjects of [[Ironbound Films]]' 2008 American documentary film ''[[The Linguists]]'', in which two linguists attempted to [[Language documentation|document]] several [[moribund language]]s.<ref name=hollywood>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/awards_festivals/fest_reviews/article_display.jsp?&rid=10471 |title=The Linguists |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |last=Honeycutt |first=Kirk |date=18 January 2008 |access-date=22 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121013020/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/awards_festivals/fest_reviews/article_display.jsp?&rid=10471 |archive-date=November 21, 2008 }}</ref>


Bolivians refer to the region where the speakers live as "Qollahuayas," meaning "place of the medicines", because the Kallawaya are renowned herbalists. Since they treat or cure with plants, minerals, animal products, and rituals, peasants refer to the speakers as "Qolla kapachayuh", meaning "lords of the medicine bag".
Bolivians refer to the region where the speakers live as "Qollahuayas,"{{Which lang|reason=There are several indigenous languages spoken in Bolivia.|date=November 2022}} meaning "place of the medicines", because the Kallawaya are renowned herbalists. Since they treat or cure with plants, minerals, animal products, and rituals, peasants refer to the speakers as "Qolla kapachayuh",{{Which lang|reason=There are several indigenous languages spoken in Bolivia.|date=November 2022}} meaning "lords of the medicine bag".

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]]
![[Voicelessness|<small>voiceless</small>]]
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPAlink|t}}
|{{IPAlink|tʃ}}
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|{{IPAlink|q}}
|-
!<small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
|{{IPAlink|pʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʃʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|kʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|qʰ}}
|-
!<small>[[Ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>
|{{IPAlink|pʼ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʼ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʃʼ}}
|{{IPAlink|kʼ}}
|{{IPAlink|qʼ}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
|
|{{IPAlink|s}}
|{{IPAlink|ʃ}}
|{{IPAlink|x}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPAlink|m}}
|{{IPAlink|n}}
|{{IPAlink|ɲ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPAlink|r}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Approximant]]
!<small>[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small>
|
|{{IPAlink|l}}
|{{IPA link|ʎ}}
|
|
|-
!<small>central</small>
|{{IPAlink|w}}
|
|{{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
|}

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPAlink|i}} {{IPAlink|iː}}
|
|{{IPAlink|u}} {{IPAlink|uː}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPAlink|e}} {{IPAlink|eː}}
|
|{{IPAlink|o}} {{IPAlink|oː}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPAlink|a}} {{IPAlink|aː}}
|
|}
<ref>Muysken (2009)</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 30: Line 129:
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* Aguiló, Federico. ''Diccionario kallawaya''. La Paz, Bolivia: MUSEF, 1991. '''(Spanish language)'''
* {{Cite book |last=Aguiló |first=Federico |title=Diccionario kallawaya |publisher=MUSEF |year=1991 |location=La Paz, Bolivia |oclc=29245388 |lang=es}}
* Bastien, JW. 1989. ''[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2648593&dopt=AbstractPlus Differences between Kallawaya-Andean and Greek-European Humoral Theory]''. Social Science & Medicine. 28, no. 1: 45-51.
* {{Cite journal |last=Bastien |first=Joseph W. |date=January 1989 |title=Differences between Kallawaya-Andean and Greek-European humoral theory |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=45–51 |doi=10.1016/0277-9536(89)90305-5 |pmid=2648593 |lang=en}}
* Girault, Louis. ''Kallawaya: el idioma secreto de los incas : diccionario''. [La Paz, Bolivia?]: UNICEF, 1989. '''(Spanish language)'''
* {{Cite book |last=Girault |first=Louis |title=Kallawaya: el idioma secreto de los incas: Diccionario |publisher=UNICEF |year=1989 |oclc=22491858 |lang=es}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2009 |title=Lenguas de Bolivia |publisher=Plural editores |location=La Paz |last=Muysken |first=Pieter |editor-last=Crevels |editor-first=Mily |volume=I: Ámbito andino |pages=147–167 |language=es |oclc=556975228 |chapter=Kallawaya |editor-first2=Pieter |editor-last2=Muysken}}
* Muysken, Pieter (2009). Kallawaya. In: Mily Crevels and Pieter Muysken (eds.) ''Lenguas de Bolivia'', vol. I, 147-167. La Paz: Plural editores. ('''in Spanish'''). See also the online edition at [http://www.ru.nl/lenguasdebolivia/ Lenguas de Bolivia]
* Oblitas Poblete, Enrique, and Jan Szemiński. ''Lexico Kallawaya''. [S.l: Bet Xemex?, 1994. '''(Spanish language)'''
* {{Cite book |last1=Oblitas Poblete |first1=Enrique |title=Lexico Kallawaya |last2=Szemiński |first2=Jan |year=1994 |oclc=56010096 |lang=es}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


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[[Category:Languages of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Languages of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Endangered languages]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of South America]]
[[Category:Ritual languages]]
[[Category:Ritual languages]]
[[Category:Mixed languages]]
[[Category:Mixed languages]]
[[Category:La Paz Department (Bolivia)]]
[[Category:Quechuan languages]]

Latest revision as of 18:04, 4 January 2025

Kallawaya
Pohena
Native toBolivia
RegionLa Paz Department: Charazani; highlands north of Lake Titicaca
EthnicityKallawaya
Native speakers
L1: none[2]
L2: 10–20[citation needed]
Puquina
  • Kallawaya
Official status
Official language in
 Bolivia[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3caw
Glottologcall1235
ELPKallawaya

Kallawaya, also Callahuaya or Callawalla, is an endangered, secret, mixed language in Bolivia; another name sometimes used for the language is Pohena. It is spoken by the Kallawaya people, a group of traditional itinerant healers in the Andes in their medicinal healing practice living in Charazani, the highlands north of Lake Titicaca,[3] and Tipuani.[4]

Characteristics

[edit]

Kallawaya is a mixed language. The grammar is partially Quechua in morphology, but most of its words are from either unknown sources or from an otherwise extinct language family, Pukina. Pukina was abandoned in favor of Quechua, Aymara, and Spanish.[5]

Kallawaya is also a secret language, passed only by father to son, or grandfather to grandson, or rarely, to daughters if a practitioner has no sons. It is not used in normal family dialogue. Although its use is primarily ritual, used secretly for initiated men, Kallawaya may be a part of everyday conversation between those familiar with it.[6]

Kallawaya was one of the subjects of Ironbound Films' 2008 American documentary film The Linguists, in which two linguists attempted to document several moribund languages.[7]

Bolivians refer to the region where the speakers live as "Qollahuayas,"[what language is this?] meaning "place of the medicines", because the Kallawaya are renowned herbalists. Since they treat or cure with plants, minerals, animal products, and rituals, peasants refer to the speakers as "Qolla kapachayuh",[what language is this?] meaning "lords of the medicine bag".

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless p t tʃ k q
aspirated pʰ tʰ tʃʰ kʰ qʰ
ejective pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ
Fricative s ʃ x
Nasal m n ɲ
Trill r
Approximant lateral l ʎ
central w j

Vowels

[edit]
Front Central Back
Close i iː u uː
Mid e eː o oː
Open a aː

[8]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Constitución política del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Gaceta Oficial de Bolivia. February 7, 2009. p. 2. Retrieved November 23, 2022. Artículo 5.1: Son idiomas oficiales del Estado el castellano y todos los idiomas de las naciones y pueblos indígena originario [sic] campesinos, que son el aymara, [...], machajuyai-kallawaya, [...] y zamuco.
  2. ^ Kallawaya at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  3. ^ Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). "Bolivia languages". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22nd ed.). Dallas: SIL International.
  4. ^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  5. ^ Willem Adelaar; Simon van de Kerke. "The Puquina and Leko languages". Symposium: Advances in Native South American Historical Linguistics, July 17–18, 2006, at the 52nd International Congress of Americanists, Seville, Spain. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  6. ^ "The Kallawaya Language Project". Archived from the original (online) on September 29, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  7. ^ Honeycutt, Kirk (January 18, 2008). "The Linguists". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved February 22, 2009.
  8. ^ Muysken (2009)

Further reading

[edit]
  • Aguiló, Federico (1991). Diccionario kallawaya (in Spanish). La Paz, Bolivia: MUSEF. OCLC 29245388.
  • Bastien, Joseph W. (January 1989). "Differences between Kallawaya-Andean and Greek-European humoral theory". Social Science & Medicine. 28 (1): 45–51. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(89)90305-5. PMID 2648593.
  • Girault, Louis (1989). Kallawaya: el idioma secreto de los incas: Diccionario (in Spanish). UNICEF. OCLC 22491858.
  • Muysken, Pieter (2009). "Kallawaya". In Crevels, Mily; Muysken, Pieter (eds.). Lenguas de Bolivia (in Spanish). Vol. I: Ámbito andino. La Paz: Plural editores. pp. 147–167. OCLC 556975228.
  • Oblitas Poblete, Enrique; Szemiński, Jan (1994). Lexico Kallawaya (in Spanish). OCLC 56010096.
[edit]
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