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{{Short description|Uprising during the Russian Civil War}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict
{{Infobox Military Conflict
| image = Tombstone on the mass grave of the Red Army punitive expedition victims during the suppression of the Pitchfork uprising.jpg
|image=
| caption = Tombstone on the mass grave of the Red Army punitive expedition victims during the suppression of the Pitchfork uprising
|caption=
|conflict=Pitchfork uprising
| conflict = Pitchfork Uprising
| partof = [[Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks]]
|partof=[[Russian Civil War]]
|place=[[Ufa Governorate]], [[Russian SFSR]]
| place = [[Ufa Governorate]], [[Russian SFSR]]
|date=February 4 - mid-March, 1920
| date = February 4 – mid-March, 1920
|result=Decisive [[Red Army]] victory
| result = [[Red Army]] victory
|combatant1= Peasant rebels
| combatant1 = [[file:Darker green and Black flag.svg|border|22px]] Peasant rebels
|combatant2= {{flagicon|Russian SFSR|1918}} [[Red Army]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Russian SFSR|1918}} [[Red Army]]
|commander1= [[I. Milovanov]]
| commander1 = [[I. Milovanov]]
|commander2= {{flagicon|Russian SFSR|1918}} [[Miñlegäräy Äxmätşin]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Russian SFSR|1918}} [[Miñlegäräy Äxmätşin]]
|strength1=50,000
| strength1 = 50,000
|strength2=N/A
| strength2 = N/A
|casualties1=3,000
| casualties1 = 3,000
|casualties2=800
| casualties2 = 800
}}
}}
{{Eastern Front of Russian Civil War}}
{{Eastern Front of Russian Civil War}}
The '''Pitchfork uprising of 1920''', also known as '''Black Eagle uprising''', was a peasant uprising against the Soviet policy of the [[war communism]] in what is today Eastern [[Tatarstan]] and Western [[Bashkortostan]].
The '''Pitchfork Uprising of 1920''', also known as '''Black Eagle Uprising''', was a peasant uprising against the Soviet policy of the [[war communism]] in what is today Eastern [[Tatarstan]] and Western [[Bashkortostan]].
It started in the village of [[Yanga Yelan]], [[Menzelinsky Uyezd]], [[Ufa Governorate]] on February 4, 1920, where local peasants tried to resist [[prodrazvyorstka|confiscation of their food]]. When they refused to give up their produce, the leader of the military confiscation unit ("prodotryad") arrested some of them. Peasants asked him to free the hostages, but he refused. Peasants killed the members of prodotryad and circulated the appeal to rise.
It started in the village of [[Yanga Yelan]], [[Menzelinsky Uyezd]], [[Ufa Governorate]] on February 4, 1920, where local peasants tried to resist [[prodrazvyorstka|confiscation of their food]]. When they refused to give up their produce, the leader of the military food requisitioning unit ("[[prodotryad]]") arrested some of them. Peasants asked him to free the hostages, but he refused. Peasants killed the members of prodotryad and circulated the appeal to rise.


On February 9 the chairman of [[Menzelinsk]] committee and the chief of [[Zainsk]] militia were killed in Yanga Yelan. On February 10 the peasants killed the Soviet representative in [[Zainsk]]. The uprising spread to the [[Belebey]]sky, [[Birsk]]y [[uyezd]]s of the [[Ufa Governorate]], [[Chistopolsky Uyezd]] of the [[Kazan Governorate]], [[Bugulminsky Uyezd]] of the [[Samara Governorate]]. The staff of the uprising was found under I. Milovanov. Their slogans were ''Down with the communist and the Civil War, long live the [[Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly|Constituent Assembly]]!''
On February 9 the chairman of [[Menzelinsk]] committee and the chief of [[Zainsk]] militia were killed in Yanga Yelan. On February 10 the peasants killed the Soviet representative in [[Zainsk]]. The uprising spread to the [[Belebey]]sky, [[Birsk]]y [[uyezd]]s of the [[Ufa Governorate]], [[Chistopolsky Uyezd]] of the [[Kazan Governorate]], [[Bugulminsky Uyezd]] of the [[Samara Governorate]]. The staff of the uprising was found under I. Milovanov. Their slogans were ''Down with the communist and the Civil War, long live the [[Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly|Constituent Assembly]]!''


The peasant army known as "Black Eagle" counted 50,000 rebels. However, they were armed only with pitchforks, axes, and spades, which gave the name to the uprising.
The peasant army known as "Black Eagle" counted 50,000 rebels. However, they were armed only with pitchforks, axes, and spades, which gave the name to the uprising.
Troops for the Internal Defense of the Republic ([[Cheka]]) used heavy machine guns and artillery against them. <ref name="Black">Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, [[Stéphane Courtois]], ''The [[Black Book of Communism]]: Crimes, Terror, Repression'', [[Harvard University Press]], 1999, hardcover, 858 pages, ISBN 0-674-07608-7 </ref> In a few days (mid-March 1920) thousands of rebels were killed and hundreds of villages burned. The casualty count was approximately 800 Soviet troops and more than 3,000 peasant rebels.
Troops for the Internal Defense of the Republic ([[Cheka]]) used heavy machine guns and artillery against them. <ref name="Black">Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, [[Stéphane Courtois]], ''The [[Black Book of Communism]]: Crimes, Terror, Repression'', [[Harvard University Press]], 1999, hardcover, 858 pages, {{ISBN|0-674-07608-7}} </ref> In a few days (mid-March 1920) thousands of rebels were killed and hundreds of villages burned. The casualty count was approximately 800 Soviet troops and more than 3,000 peasant rebels.


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
*{{TES|Sänäkçelär fetnäse 1921/Сәнәкчеләр фетнәсе 1921}}
*{{TES|Sänäkçelär fetnäse 1921/Сәнәкчеләр фетнәсе 1921}}
*{{ru icon}} История Татарстана, Казань, "ТаРИХ", 2001.
*{{in lang|ru}} История Татарстана, Казань, "ТаРИХ", 2001.
[[Category:Rebellions in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Anti-Bolshevik uprisings]]
[[Category:History of Tatarstan]]
[[Category:History of Tatarstan]]
[[Category:Russian Civil War]]
[[Category:Political repression in Russia]]
[[Category:Political repression in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Soviet war crimes in the Russian Civil War]]
⚫
[[Category:Rebellions in Russia]]
[[Category:Peasant revolts]]
[[Category:Peasant revolts]]
[[Category:20th-century rebellions]]
[[Category:Uprisings of the Russian Civil War]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1920]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Russian Civil War in 1920]]
[[Category:1920 in Russia]]
[[Category:1920 in Russia]]
[[Category:February 1920 events]]
[[Category:March 1920 events]]
[[Category:Massacres of the Russian Civil War]]
[[Category:Battles involving Soviet Russia (1917–1922)]]
[[Category:1920 mass shootings]]
⚫
[[Category:Mass shootings in Russia]]
[[Category:Residential building arson attacks in Europe]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in Russia]]
[[Category:Arson in the 1920s]]
[[Category:1920 fires]]
[[Category:1920s fires in Europe]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1920s]]

Latest revision as of 21:04, 4 January 2025

Pitchfork Uprising
Part of Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks

Tombstone on the mass grave of the Red Army punitive expedition victims during the suppression of the Pitchfork uprising
DateFebruary 4 – mid-March, 1920
Location
Ufa Governorate, Russian SFSR
Result Red Army victory
Belligerents
Peasant rebels Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Red Army
Commanders and leaders
I. Milovanov Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Miñlegäräy Äxmätşin
Strength
50,000 N/A
Casualties and losses
3,000 800

The Pitchfork Uprising of 1920, also known as Black Eagle Uprising, was a peasant uprising against the Soviet policy of the war communism in what is today Eastern Tatarstan and Western Bashkortostan. It started in the village of Yanga Yelan, Menzelinsky Uyezd, Ufa Governorate on February 4, 1920, where local peasants tried to resist confiscation of their food. When they refused to give up their produce, the leader of the military food requisitioning unit ("prodotryad") arrested some of them. Peasants asked him to free the hostages, but he refused. Peasants killed the members of prodotryad and circulated the appeal to rise.

On February 9 the chairman of Menzelinsk committee and the chief of Zainsk militia were killed in Yanga Yelan. On February 10 the peasants killed the Soviet representative in Zainsk. The uprising spread to the Belebeysky, Birsky uyezds of the Ufa Governorate, Chistopolsky Uyezd of the Kazan Governorate, Bugulminsky Uyezd of the Samara Governorate. The staff of the uprising was found under I. Milovanov. Their slogans were Down with the communist and the Civil War, long live the Constituent Assembly!

The peasant army known as "Black Eagle" counted 50,000 rebels. However, they were armed only with pitchforks, axes, and spades, which gave the name to the uprising. Troops for the Internal Defense of the Republic (Cheka) used heavy machine guns and artillery against them. [1] In a few days (mid-March 1920) thousands of rebels were killed and hundreds of villages burned. The casualty count was approximately 800 Soviet troops and more than 3,000 peasant rebels.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, Stéphane Courtois, The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 1999, hardcover, 858 pages, ISBN 0-674-07608-7
  • "Sänäkçelär fetnäse 1921/Сәнәкчеләр фетнәсе 1921". Tatar Encyclopaedia (in Tatar). Kazan: The Republic of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences. Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 2002.
  • (in Russian) История Татарстана, Казань, "ТаРИХ", 2001.
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