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Coordinates: 58°12′0″N 62°37′34″W / 58.20000°N 62.62611°W / 58.20000; -62.62611
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{{redirect|Hebron resettlement controversy|resettlement in Hebron, Palestine|Hebron}}
{{redirect|Hebron resettlement controversy|resettlement in Hebron, Palestine|Hebron}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
[[Image:Hebronlabrador.jpeg|250px|right|thumb|The mission at Hebron, Labrador, around 1860. Original drawing by Moravian Bishop Levin Theodor Reichel (1812-1878).]]
[[Image:Hebronlabrador.jpeg|upright=1.35|right|thumb|The mission at Hebron, Labrador, around 1860. Original drawing by Moravian Bishop Levin Theodor Reichel (1812-1878).]]
'''Hebron''' was a [[Moravian Church|Moravian]] mission and the northernmost settlement in [[Labrador]]. Founded in 1831, the mission disbanded in 1959. The Inuit [[Abraham Ulrikab]] and his family, exhibited in ''[[human zoo]]s'' in [[Europe]] in 1880, were from Hebron.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/abraham-ulrikab|title = Abraham Ulrikab &#124; the Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/remains-of-abraham-ulrikab-may-be-returned-to-labrador-1.3072310| title = Remains of Abraham Ulrikab may be returned to Labrador {{!}} CBC News}} </ref>
'''Hebron''' ([[Inuttitut|Nunatsiavummiutitut]]: ''Kangerdluksoak'',<ref name= "Jarvis">Jarvis, Dale Gilbert. ''Exploring God's Acre: The Moravian Church Mission Graveyard at Hebron, Labrador''. p. 93</ref> ''Kangikluksoak''<ref name="Dispossessed">Carol Brice-Bennett, ''Dispossessed. The Eviction of Inuit from Hebron, Labrador''. Montréal:Imaginaire | Nord, “Isberg” series, 2017. pp. 3, 13-15</ref> or ''Kangertluksoak''<ref name= "Loring">Loring, Stephen and Beatrix Arendt. 2009. ''« ... They Gave Hebron, the City of Refuge... (Joshua 21:13): an Archeological Reconnaissance at Hebron, Labrador »''. p. 35</ref>)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rivet |first=France |date=2019-11-18 |title=Hebron Mission National Historic Site of Canada |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hebron-mission-national-historic-site-of-canada |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref> was a [[Moravian Church|Moravian]] mission and the northernmost settlement in [[Labrador]]. The traditional Nunatsiavummiutitut name for the area means "the Great Bay".<ref name=":0" /> Founded in 1831, the mission disbanded in 1959. The Inuk [[Abraham Ulrikab]] and his family, exhibited in [[human zoo]]s in [[Europe]] in 1880, were from Hebron.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rivet |first=France |date=2019-09-08 |title=Abraham Ulrikab |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/abraham-ulrikab |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/remains-of-abraham-ulrikab-may-be-returned-to-labrador-1.3072310| title = Remains of Abraham Ulrikab may be returned to Labrador {{!}} CBC News}}</ref>


==Climate==
==Climate==
The site has an unusual sub-type of arctic ([[tundra]]) climate, characterized by a high average annual precipitation {{convert|798|mm|sigfig=3|abbr=on}} with half the precipitation occurring during the five coldest months (51% of the total falling from October through March). January, for example, averages -21&nbsp;°C (-6&nbsp;°F) and has {{convert|81|mm|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} of water-equivalent precipitation on average, perhaps the most humid air at that temperature experienced anywhere on earth.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=719022&cityname=Hebron-Newfoundland-Canada&units=metric | website= weatherbase.com| title= Hebron, Newfoundland, Canada weather| access-date= }}</ref>
Hebron has a [[tundra climate|polar tundra climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''ET'').<ref name="Weatherbase" /> The site has an unusual sub-type of arctic ([[tundra]]) climate, characterized by relatively high average annual precipitation {{convert|798|mm|sigfig=3|abbr=on}} with half the precipitation occurring during the six coldest months (51% of the total falling from October through March). January, for example, averages -21&nbsp;°C (-6&nbsp;°F) and has {{convert|81|mm|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} of water-equivalent precipitation on average, perhaps the most humid air at that temperature experienced anywhere on earth.
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = Hebron, Newfoundland and Labrador
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan mean C = &minus;21.1
| Feb mean C = &minus;20.4
| Mar mean C = &minus;15
| Apr mean C = &minus;7.2
| May mean C = &minus;0.4
| Jun mean C = 4.2
| Jul mean C = 7.7
| Aug mean C = 8.2
| Sep mean C = 4.3
| Oct mean C = &minus;0.7
| Nov mean C = &minus;6.7
| Dec mean C = &minus;15
| year mean C = &minus;5.2
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 81
| Feb precipitation mm = 56
| Mar precipitation mm = 79
| Apr precipitation mm = 43
| May precipitation mm = 47
| Jun precipitation mm = 65
| Jul precipitation mm = 84
| Aug precipitation mm = 70
| Sep precipitation mm = 81
| Oct precipitation mm = 52
| Nov precipitation mm = 63
| Dec precipitation mm = 77
| year precipitation mm = 798
| Jan light = 8.1
| Feb light = 10.1
| Mar light = 12.6
| Apr light = 15.2
| May light = 17.8
| Jun light = 19.4
| Jul light = 18.5
| Aug light = 16
| Sep light = 13.4
| Oct light = 10.9
| Nov light = 8.6
| Dec light = 7.4
| year light= 13.2
| source 1 = <ref>{{Cite web |title=HEBRON CANADA, Weather History and Climate Data |url=http://www.worldclimate.com/cgi-bin/data.pl?ref=N58W062+1202+0004500G2 |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=www.worldclimate.com}}</ref>
| source 2 = <ref name="Weatherbase">{{Cite web |title=Hebron, Newfoundland and Labrador Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase) |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=719022&cityname=Hebron-Newfoundland-and-Labrador-Canada&units=metric |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=Weatherbase}}</ref>
| source =
}}

== Wildlife ==
The area features numerous fauna such as [[Harp seal|harp seals]], [[Ringed seal|ringed seals]], [[Bearded seal|bearded seals]], [[Walrus|walruses]], [[Beluga whale|beluga whales]], [[Polar bear|polar bears]], [[Red fox|red foxes]], [[Otter|otters]], [[caribou]], [[American black bear|black bears]], [[Arctic hare]], [[Arctic char]], [[cod]], [[Goose|geese]], [[Eider|eiders]], [[Merganser|mergansers]], [[Loon|loons]] and [[Harlequin duck|harlequin ducks]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Footprints">Brice-Bennett, Carol. ''Our Footprints are Everywhere: Inuit Land Use and Occupancy in Labrador''., Labrador Inuit Association, 1977. pp. 109, 189-190 </ref>


==History==
==History==
[[File:Hebron Moravian Church, NL, cupola.JPG|thumb|250px|Hebron Moravian church [[cupola]]]]
[[File:Hebron Moravian Church, NL, cupola.JPG|thumb|upright=1.15|Hebron Moravian church [[cupola]]]]
Prior to European contact, Inuit from different regions used Hebron as a meeting place.<ref name=Dispossessed /><ref name=":0" /> It is used mainly as hunting and fishing grounds.
⚫
[[Moravian Church|Moravians]] began establishing missions in Labrador in 1771. The first was located at [[Nain, Newfoundland and Labrador|Nain]]. The Moravians sought to [[evangelize]] the [[Inuit]] people in Labrador.


⚫
[[Moravian Church|Moravians]] began establishing missions in Labrador in 1771. The first was located at [[Nain, Newfoundland and Labrador|Nain]]. The Moravians sought to [[evangelize]] the [[Inuit]] in Labrador.
In 1831, the [[Moravian Church|Moravian church]] established a mission at Hebron, a site located about {{convert|200|km|abbr=on}} north of Nain.


Mission work started at Hebron in 1818,<ref name=Jarvis /> a site located about {{convert|200|km|abbr=on}} north of Nain. It wasn't until 1827 that a small blockhouse was built as a seasonal outpost for missionaries.<ref name=Dispossessed /> In 1831, temporary quarters having been completed, the first permanent missionaries were appointed to Hebron.<ref name=Dispossessed /> The construction of the 53-meter-long, ten-metre-wide and one-storey-high building needed to house the church, the missionaries’ quarters and storage was started in spring 1835 and completed in October 1837.<ref name=Dispossessed /><ref name="Founding">The Founding of Hebron: The arrival of missionaries and the expansion to the north: disease, trade and conversion. In ''Kinatuinamut Ilingajuk''. Fall 1999. pp. 8-12.</ref> That building still dominates Hebron's landscape.
⚫
Life was hard at the settlement. [[Epidemic]]s of [[whooping cough]], [[influenza]] and [[smallpox]] ran through the community periodically. In 1918, Moravian missionaries brought an outbreak of [[Spanish influenza]] that devastated Hebron and [[Okak, Labrador|Okak]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/taissumani-march-20/|title = The Labrador pandemic of 1918|date = 20 March 2020}}</ref> Approximately 86 of Hebron's 100 residents died.<ref>https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/1918-spanish-flu.php</ref> The flu epidemic of 1918 was believed to have wiped out a third of the 1,200-member Inuit population of Labrador.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.hvgb.net/~themdays/history.html| title= Labrador History| website= HVBG.net; Them Days| url-status= dead| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20041223172117/http://hvgb.net/~themdays/history.html| archivedate= 2004-12-23}}</ref>

[[File:Hebron Mission National Historic Site of Canada, Nunatsiavut.jpg|thumb|View of the Hebron Mission National Historic Site of Canada, July 2009]]

Inuit living in Hebron primarily relied on traditional subsistence activities. They lived in sod houses constructed with whalebone or wooden frame and seal-gut window.<ref name=":0" /><ref name= "Loring" />

⚫
Life was hard at the settlement. [[Epidemic]]s of [[whooping cough]], [[influenza]] and [[smallpox]] ran through the community periodically. Between the mid-1800s and early 1900s, the population in Hebron stayed at about 200 to 250 Inuit.<ref name=Dispossessed /><ref name=":0" /> In 1918, Moravian missionaries brought an outbreak of [[Spanish influenza]] that devastated Hebron and [[Okak, Labrador|Okak]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/taissumani-march-20/|title = The Labrador pandemic of 1918|date = 20 March 2020}}</ref> Approximately 86 of Hebron's 100 residents died.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/1918-spanish-flu.php | title=The 1918 Spanish Flu }}</ref> The flu epidemic of 1918 was believed to have wiped out a third of the 1,200-member Inuit population of Labrador.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.hvgb.net/~themdays/history.html| title= Labrador History| website= HVBG.net; Them Days| url-status= dead| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20041223172117/http://hvgb.net/~themdays/history.html| archivedate= 2004-12-23}}</ref>

In July 1943, US Army received permission from the Newfoundland government to secretly construct a weather station to [[North Atlantic weather war|improve Allies' weather forecasting in North Atlantic and Arctic oceans]] during WWII. The American soldiers stationed at Hebron also kept watch on the Moravian missionaries who were suspected of being sympathetic towards Germany.<ref name="Renatus">Enerson Junker, Rozanne. ''Renatus’ Kayak : A Labrador Inuk, an American G.I. and a Secret WWII Weather Station''. pp. 10-11 and afterword</ref> While the secret US weather station operated until February 1946, the existence of this station was made public in 2017 through the publication of a book.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Renatus />


===Abandonment===
===Abandonment===
In 1955, a member of the [[International Grenfell Association]], an organization dedicated to the health and welfare of residents of [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], wrote to the [[Government of Canada]] expressing concern about cramped living conditions at Hebron that had led to [[tuberculosis]] and a shortage of firewood.
In 1955, a member of the [[International Grenfell Association]], an organization dedicated to the health and welfare of residents of [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], wrote to the [[Government of Canada]] expressing concern about cramped living conditions at Hebron that had led to [[tuberculosis]] and a shortage of firewood.


After consultation with Moravian leaders, the decision was made to close the mission. The Inuit would be resettled into larger communities. "I see no other way than to suggest the Mission withdraw from Hebron this summer," said the Rev. Siegfried Hettasch.<ref name= dispossession>{{cite web| url= http://www.nunatsiaq.com/archives/nunavut980930/nvt80904_04.html| website= Nunatsiaq.com| title= The dispossession of the Hebronimiut |first= Julie| last= Green| date= September 3, 1998| place= Happy Valley-Goose Bay| access-date= January 4, 2017}}</ref> By April 1959, there were 58 families at Hebron. The decision was announced at an Easter Monday service in 1959. There was no consultation with community members.
After consultation with Moravian leaders, the decision was made to close the mission. The Inuit would be resettled into larger communities. "I see no other way than to suggest the Mission withdraw from Hebron this summer," said the Rev. Siegfried Hettasch.<ref name= dispossession>{{cite web |url= https://nunatsiaq.com/archives/nunavut980930/nvt80904_04.html |website= Nunatsiaq.com |title= The dispossession of the Hebronimiut |first= Julie |last= Green |date= September 3, 1998 |place= Happy Valley-Goose Bay |access-date= January 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010309001253/https://nunatsiaq.com/archives/nunavut980930/nvt80904_04.html |archive-date=9 March 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref> By April 1959, there were 58 families at Hebron. The decision was announced at an Easter Monday service in 1959.<ref name=Footprints /> There was no consultation with community members.


By the fall of that year, half of the families had moved on their own. The remainder left soon after the Grenfell nurse was withdrawn and the community store closed in the fall of 1959. The relocation broke up extended families to different communities. Some if not many were sent to communities where promised housing was not available.
By the fall of that year, half of the families had moved on their own. The remainder left soon after the Grenfell nurse was withdrawn and the community store closed in the fall of 1959. The relocation broke up extended families to different communities. Most were sent to [[Hopedale, Newfoundland and Labrador|Hopedale]], [[Makkovik]] or [[Nain, Newfoundland and Labrador|Nain]].<ref name=Dispossessed /> Houses were not ready when the relocatees arrived. When the accommodations were finally built, they were clustered in “little Hebron” villages, on the edges of the existing communities, reinforcing the isolation many Hebron Inuit already felt.<ref name=Dispossessed />


A report written for the [[Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples|Canadian Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples]] said the relocation led to poverty for several of the Inuit. "They were put in places where they weren't familiar with the local environment so they didn't know where to hunt, fish or trap and aside from that, all of the best places were already claimed by people who originally lived in those communities," said the report's author, Carol Brice-Bennet.<ref name= dispossession />
A report written for the [[Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples|Canadian Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples]] said the forced relocation led to poverty for several of the Inuit. "They were put in places where they weren't familiar with the local environment so they didn't know where to hunt, fish or trap and aside from that, all of the best places were already claimed by people who originally lived in those communities," said the report's author, Carol Brice-Bennett.<ref name= dispossession /><ref name= Dispossessed />


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
[[File:Hebron Moravian Church and Mission, NL.JPG|thumb|250px|Hebron Mission, July 2012]]
[[File:Hebron Moravian Church and Mission, NL.JPG|thumb|upright=1.15|Hebron Mission, July 2012]]
The site was designated a [[National Historic Sites of Canada|National Historic Site of Canada]] in 1976.<ref>{{CRHP|9620|Hebron Mission|8 July 2012}}</ref> It is frequently visited by cruise ships.
The site was designated a [[National Historic Sites of Canada|National Historic Site of Canada]] in 1976.<ref>{{CRHP|9620|Hebron Mission|8 July 2012}}</ref> It is frequently visited by cruise ships.


The buildings of the original mission still stand. The main mission building has been undergoing renovation by Inuit volunteers and are in reasonably good condition considering the passage of time.
The buildings of the original mission still stand. The main mission building has been undergoing renovation by Inuit volunteers and hired carpenters, who are relocatees or their descendants, organized by [[Nunatsiavut|Nunatsiavut government]] and are in reasonably good condition considering the passage of time.

In August 1999, a first reunion of the relocatees was held in Hebron. <ref name="Reconciling">Brice-Bennett, Carol, 2000 : ''Reconciling With Memories: A Record of the Reunion at Hebron 40 Years After Relocation''. Labrador Inuit Association, Nain.</ref>

⚫
In 2005, Newfoundland and Labrador Premier [[Danny Williams (Canadian politician)|Danny Williams]] apologized to Inuit affected by the relocations of Hebron and Nutak.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/labrador-s-inuit-cheer-land-agreement-1.566724|title=Labrador's Inuit cheer land agreement|publisher=CBC news|accessdate=September 10, 2020|date=January 22, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/inuit-mark-50th-anniversary-of-labrador-resettlement-1.825098|title=Inuit mark 50th anniversary of Labrador resettlement|accessdate=September 10, 2020|date=August 12, 2009|publisher=CBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/ceremony-to-mark-forced-relocation-of-inuit-village-1.1163442|title=Ceremony to mark forced relocation of Inuit village|publisher=CBC News|date=Aug 15, 2012 |accessdate=Oct 16, 2020 }}</ref> In August 2009, the provincial government unveiled a monument at the site of Hebron with an inscribed apology for the site closure.<ref>{{cite press release| url= http://www.releases.gov.nl.ca/releases/2009/laa/0810n07.htm |title= Memorial to Former Residents of Hebron Unveiled |publisher= Executive Council, Labrador and Aboriginal Affairs, Tourism, Culture and Recreation| date= August 10, 2009| access-date= January 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Relocated Labrador Inuit to get apology monument|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/relocated-labrador-inuit-to-get-apology-monument-1.852737|date=July 24, 2009|accessdate=September 10, 2020|publisher=CBC News}}</ref>

[[File:Apology Monument, Hebron Mission National Historic Site of Canada, Nunatsiavut.jpg|thumb|Monument unveiled in 2009 by the Newfoundland-and-Labrador government to apologize for the forced relocation of Inuit in 1959. July 2016.]]


In May 2024, the [[Arctic Inspiration Prize]] awarded $298,000 to the Hebron and Nutak Reunions to provide an opportunity for the remaining able-bodied evictees to return to their homeland together at Hebron and Nutak/Okkak Bay in the summer of 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arcticinspirationprize.ca/over-3-2-million-awarded-to-ten-teams-across-the-north/|title=Over $3.2 million awarded to ten teams across the North|publisher=Arctic Inspiration Prize|date=May 8, 2024 |accessdate=July 21, 2024 }}</ref>
⚫
In 2005, Newfoundland and Labrador Premier [[Danny Williams (politician)|Danny Williams]] apologized to Inuit affected by the relocations of Hebron and [[Nutak]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/labrador-s-inuit-cheer-land-agreement-1.566724|title=Labrador's Inuit cheer land agreement|publisher=CBC news|accessdate=September 10, 2020|date=January 22, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/inuit-mark-50th-anniversary-of-labrador-resettlement-1.825098|title=Inuit mark 50th anniversary of Labrador resettlement|accessdate=September 10, 2020|date=August 12, 2009|publisher=CBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/ceremony-to-mark-forced-relocation-of-inuit-village-1.1163442|title=Ceremony to mark forced relocation of Inuit village|publisher=CBC News|date=Aug 15, 2012 |accessdate=Oct 16, 2020 }}</ref> In August 2009, the provincial government unveiled a monument at the site of Hebron with an inscribed apology for the site closure.<ref>{{cite press release| url= http://www.releases.gov.nl.ca/releases/2009/laa/0810n07.htm |title= Memorial to Former Residents of Hebron Unveiled |publisher= Executive Council, Labrador and Aboriginal Affairs, Tourism, Culture and Recreation| date= August 10, 2009| access-date= January 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Relocated Labrador Inuit to get apology monument|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/relocated-labrador-inuit-to-get-apology-monument-1.852737|date=July 24, 2009|accessdate=September 10, 2020|publisher=CBC News}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 37: Line 105:
*[http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=9620 Hebron Mission, National Historic Site of Canada]
*[http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=9620 Hebron Mission, National Historic Site of Canada]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041223172117/http://hvgb.net/~themdays/history.html History of Labrador]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041223172117/http://hvgb.net/~themdays/history.html History of Labrador]
*[http://www.heritage.nf.ca/aboriginal/inuit.html The Inuit] at [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]]
*[http://www.heritage.nf.ca/aboriginal/inuit.html The Inuit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201020623/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/aboriginal/inuit.html |date=2005-12-01 }} at [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]]
*[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/relocated-labrador-inuit-to-get-apology-monument-1.852737 Relocated Labrador Inuit to get apology monument, CBC News, 2009-07-24]
*[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/relocated-labrador-inuit-to-get-apology-monument-1.852737 Relocated Labrador Inuit to get apology monument, CBC News, 2009-07-24]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063926/http://www.thetelegram.com/News/2012-08-15/article-3053194/Monument-unveiled-to-commemorate-apology-to-Labrador-Inuit/1 Monument unveiled to commemorate apology to Labrador Inuit, The Telegram, 2012-08-15]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063926/http://www.thetelegram.com/News/2012-08-15/article-3053194/Monument-unveiled-to-commemorate-apology-to-Labrador-Inuit/1 Monument unveiled to commemorate apology to Labrador Inuit, The Telegram, 2012-08-15]
Line 52: Line 120:
[[Category:Hudson's Bay Company trading posts]]
[[Category:Hudson's Bay Company trading posts]]
[[Category:National Historic Sites in Newfoundland and Labrador]]
[[Category:National Historic Sites in Newfoundland and Labrador]]
[[Category:Forcibly depopulated communities]]
[[Category:Forcibly depopulated communities in Canada]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Newfoundland and Labrador]]

Latest revision as of 11:36, 5 January 2025

"Hebron resettlement controversy" redirects here. For resettlement in Hebron, Palestine, see Hebron.

The mission at Hebron, Labrador, around 1860. Original drawing by Moravian Bishop Levin Theodor Reichel (1812-1878).

Hebron (Nunatsiavummiutitut: Kangerdluksoak,[1] Kangikluksoak[2] or Kangertluksoak[3])[4] was a Moravian mission and the northernmost settlement in Labrador. The traditional Nunatsiavummiutitut name for the area means "the Great Bay".[4] Founded in 1831, the mission disbanded in 1959. The Inuk Abraham Ulrikab and his family, exhibited in human zoos in Europe in 1880, were from Hebron.[5][6]

Climate

[edit]

Hebron has a polar tundra climate (Köppen: ET).[7] The site has an unusual sub-type of arctic (tundra) climate, characterized by relatively high average annual precipitation 798 mm (31.4 in) with half the precipitation occurring during the six coldest months (51% of the total falling from October through March). January, for example, averages -21 °C (-6 °F) and has 81 mm (3.2 in) of water-equivalent precipitation on average, perhaps the most humid air at that temperature experienced anywhere on earth.

Climate data for Hebron, Newfoundland and Labrador
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Daily mean °C (°F) −21.1
(−6.0) 		−20.4
(−4.7) 		−15
(5) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		4.2
(39.6) 		7.7
(45.9) 		8.2
(46.8) 		4.3
(39.7) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		−6.7
(19.9) 		−15
(5) 		−5.2
(22.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 81
(3.2) 		56
(2.2) 		79
(3.1) 		43
(1.7) 		47
(1.9) 		65
(2.6) 		84
(3.3) 		70
(2.8) 		81
(3.2) 		52
(2.0) 		63
(2.5) 		77
(3.0) 		798
(31.4)
Mean daily daylight hours 8.1 10.1 12.6 15.2 17.8 19.4 18.5 16 13.4 10.9 8.6 7.4 13.2
Source 1: [8]
Source 2: [7]

Wildlife

[edit]

The area features numerous fauna such as harp seals, ringed seals, bearded seals, walruses, beluga whales, polar bears, red foxes, otters, caribou, black bears, Arctic hare, Arctic char, cod, geese, eiders, mergansers, loons and harlequin ducks.[4][9]

History

[edit]
Hebron Moravian church cupola

Prior to European contact, Inuit from different regions used Hebron as a meeting place.[2][4] It is used mainly as hunting and fishing grounds.

Moravians began establishing missions in Labrador in 1771. The first was located at Nain. The Moravians sought to evangelize the Inuit in Labrador.

Mission work started at Hebron in 1818,[1] a site located about 200 km (120 mi) north of Nain. It wasn't until 1827 that a small blockhouse was built as a seasonal outpost for missionaries.[2] In 1831, temporary quarters having been completed, the first permanent missionaries were appointed to Hebron.[2] The construction of the 53-meter-long, ten-metre-wide and one-storey-high building needed to house the church, the missionaries’ quarters and storage was started in spring 1835 and completed in October 1837.[2][10] That building still dominates Hebron's landscape.

View of the Hebron Mission National Historic Site of Canada, July 2009

Inuit living in Hebron primarily relied on traditional subsistence activities. They lived in sod houses constructed with whalebone or wooden frame and seal-gut window.[4][3]

Life was hard at the settlement. Epidemics of whooping cough, influenza and smallpox ran through the community periodically. Between the mid-1800s and early 1900s, the population in Hebron stayed at about 200 to 250 Inuit.[2][4] In 1918, Moravian missionaries brought an outbreak of Spanish influenza that devastated Hebron and Okak.[11] Approximately 86 of Hebron's 100 residents died.[12] The flu epidemic of 1918 was believed to have wiped out a third of the 1,200-member Inuit population of Labrador.[13]

In July 1943, US Army received permission from the Newfoundland government to secretly construct a weather station to improve Allies' weather forecasting in North Atlantic and Arctic oceans during WWII. The American soldiers stationed at Hebron also kept watch on the Moravian missionaries who were suspected of being sympathetic towards Germany.[14] While the secret US weather station operated until February 1946, the existence of this station was made public in 2017 through the publication of a book.[4][14]

Abandonment

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In 1955, a member of the International Grenfell Association, an organization dedicated to the health and welfare of residents of Newfoundland and Labrador, wrote to the Government of Canada expressing concern about cramped living conditions at Hebron that had led to tuberculosis and a shortage of firewood.

After consultation with Moravian leaders, the decision was made to close the mission. The Inuit would be resettled into larger communities. "I see no other way than to suggest the Mission withdraw from Hebron this summer," said the Rev. Siegfried Hettasch.[15] By April 1959, there were 58 families at Hebron. The decision was announced at an Easter Monday service in 1959.[9] There was no consultation with community members.

By the fall of that year, half of the families had moved on their own. The remainder left soon after the Grenfell nurse was withdrawn and the community store closed in the fall of 1959. The relocation broke up extended families to different communities. Most were sent to Hopedale, Makkovik or Nain.[2] Houses were not ready when the relocatees arrived. When the accommodations were finally built, they were clustered in “little Hebron” villages, on the edges of the existing communities, reinforcing the isolation many Hebron Inuit already felt.[2]

A report written for the Canadian Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples said the forced relocation led to poverty for several of the Inuit. "They were put in places where they weren't familiar with the local environment so they didn't know where to hunt, fish or trap and aside from that, all of the best places were already claimed by people who originally lived in those communities," said the report's author, Carol Brice-Bennett.[15][2]

Aftermath

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Hebron Mission, July 2012

The site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1976.[16] It is frequently visited by cruise ships.

The buildings of the original mission still stand. The main mission building has been undergoing renovation by Inuit volunteers and hired carpenters, who are relocatees or their descendants, organized by Nunatsiavut government and are in reasonably good condition considering the passage of time.

In August 1999, a first reunion of the relocatees was held in Hebron. [17]

In 2005, Newfoundland and Labrador Premier Danny Williams apologized to Inuit affected by the relocations of Hebron and Nutak.[18][19][20] In August 2009, the provincial government unveiled a monument at the site of Hebron with an inscribed apology for the site closure.[21][22]

Monument unveiled in 2009 by the Newfoundland-and-Labrador government to apologize for the forced relocation of Inuit in 1959. July 2016.

In May 2024, the Arctic Inspiration Prize awarded $298,000 to the Hebron and Nutak Reunions to provide an opportunity for the remaining able-bodied evictees to return to their homeland together at Hebron and Nutak/Okkak Bay in the summer of 2024.[23]

References

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  1. ^ a b Jarvis, Dale Gilbert. Exploring God's Acre: The Moravian Church Mission Graveyard at Hebron, Labrador. p. 93
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Carol Brice-Bennett, Dispossessed. The Eviction of Inuit from Hebron, Labrador. Montréal:Imaginaire | Nord, “Isberg” series, 2017. pp. 3, 13-15
  3. ^ a b Loring, Stephen and Beatrix Arendt. 2009. « ... They Gave Hebron, the City of Refuge... (Joshua 21:13): an Archeological Reconnaissance at Hebron, Labrador ». p. 35
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Rivet, France (2019-11-18). "Hebron Mission National Historic Site of Canada". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
  5. ^ Rivet, France (2019-09-08). "Abraham Ulrikab". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
  6. ^ "Remains of Abraham Ulrikab may be returned to Labrador | CBC News".
  7. ^ a b "Hebron, Newfoundland and Labrador Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
  8. ^ "HEBRON CANADA, Weather History and Climate Data". www.worldclimate.com. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
  9. ^ a b Brice-Bennett, Carol. Our Footprints are Everywhere: Inuit Land Use and Occupancy in Labrador., Labrador Inuit Association, 1977. pp. 109, 189-190
  10. ^ The Founding of Hebron: The arrival of missionaries and the expansion to the north: disease, trade and conversion. In Kinatuinamut Ilingajuk. Fall 1999. pp. 8-12.
  11. ^ "The Labrador pandemic of 1918". 20 March 2020.
  12. ^ "The 1918 Spanish Flu".
  13. ^ "Labrador History". HVBG.net; Them Days. Archived from the original on 2004-12-23.
  14. ^ a b Enerson Junker, Rozanne. Renatus’ Kayak : A Labrador Inuk, an American G.I. and a Secret WWII Weather Station. pp. 10-11 and afterword
  15. ^ a b Green, Julie (September 3, 1998). "The dispossession of the Hebronimiut". Nunatsiaq.com. Happy Valley-Goose Bay. Archived from the original on 9 March 2001. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
  16. ^ Hebron Mission. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
  17. ^ Brice-Bennett, Carol, 2000 : Reconciling With Memories: A Record of the Reunion at Hebron 40 Years After Relocation. Labrador Inuit Association, Nain.
  18. ^ "Labrador's Inuit cheer land agreement". CBC news. January 22, 2005. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  19. ^ "Inuit mark 50th anniversary of Labrador resettlement". CBC News. August 12, 2009. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  20. ^ "Ceremony to mark forced relocation of Inuit village". CBC News. Aug 15, 2012. Retrieved Oct 16, 2020.
  21. ^ "Memorial to Former Residents of Hebron Unveiled" (Press release). Executive Council, Labrador and Aboriginal Affairs, Tourism, Culture and Recreation. August 10, 2009. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
  22. ^ "Relocated Labrador Inuit to get apology monument". CBC News. July 24, 2009. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  23. ^ "Over $3.2 million awarded to ten teams across the North". Arctic Inspiration Prize. May 8, 2024. Retrieved July 21, 2024.
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58°12′0″N 62°37′34″W / 58.20000°N 62.62611°W / 58.20000; -62.62611

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