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{{short description|Economist (University of Cambridge)}}
{{short description|British philosopher and economist}}
{{for|the Australian Olympic diver|Tony Lawson (diver)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox philosopher
{{Infobox philosopher
|name = Tony Lawson
|name = Tony Lawson
|image = Tonylawson.jpg
|image = Tonylawson.jpg
|caption = Tony Lawson at the [[Institute for New Economic Thinking]], 2010
|caption = Lawson in 2010
|alt = Tony Lawson at the [[Institute for New Economic Thinking]] in 2010
|region = [[Western philosophy]]
|region = [[Western philosophy]]
|school_tradition = [[Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences)|Critical Realism]]
|school_tradition = [[Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences)|Critical realism]]
|main_interests = [[Philosophy of economics]]<br />[[Ontology]]<br />[[Ethics]]<br />[[Gender]]
|main_interests = [[Philosophy of economics]], [[ontology]], [[ethics]], [[gender]]
|alma_mater = [[University of Cambridge]]
|alma_mater = [[University of Cambridge]]
|notable_ideas = Social positioning theory, critical ethical naturalism, contrast explanation
|notable_ideas = Social Positioning Theory<br />Critical Ethical Naturalism<br />Social Reality Constituted as Emergent Relational Totalities in Motion<br />Contrast Explanation<br />Positioning Theory of Money<br />Positioning Theory of the Corporation<br />Conception of the Nature of Neoclassical Economics
|influences = [[Aristotle]]<br />[[Roy Bhaskar]]<br />[[J. M. Keynes]]<br />[[Karl Marx]]<br />[[J. R. Searle]]<br />[[Thorstein Veblen]]
|influences = [[Aristotle]], [[Roy Bhaskar]], [[John Maynard Keynes]], [[Karl Marx]], [[John Searle]], [[Thorstein Veblen]]
|influenced = Jochen Runde<br />Stephen Pratten<br />Phil Faulkner<br />Steve Fleetwood<br />Jamie Morgan
|influenced = Jochen Runde, Stephen Pratten, Phil Faulkner, Steve Fleetwood, Jamie Morgan
|website = {{URL|http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/people/emeritus/tl27|Homepage at [[University of Cambridge]]}}
|website = [http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/people/emeritus/tl27 Homepage] at [[University of Cambridge]]
|birth_place = [[Minehead]], [[Somerset]]
|birth_place = [[Minehead]], [[Somerset]]
}}
}}
'''Tony Lawson''' is a British [[philosopher]] and [[economist]]. He is professor of economics and philosophy in the [[Faculty of Economics]] at the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/people/emeritus/tl27 |title=Professor Tony Lawson |last=Administrator |date=2016-12-09 |website=www.econ.cam.ac.uk |access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> He is a co-editor of the ''[[Cambridge Journal of Economics]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://academic.oup.com/cje/pages/Editorial_Board |title=Editorial_Board |website=Cambridge Journal of Economics |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> a former director of the University of Cambridge Centre for [[Gender studies|Gender Studies]], and co-founder of the Cambridge Realist Workshop and the Cambridge Social Ontology Group.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Social Ontology and Modern Economics |last=Pratten |first=Stephen |date=2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9780415858304 |location=New York |pages= |oclc=891449934}}</ref> Lawson is noted for his contributions to [[heterodox economics]] and to philosophical issues in [[Social theory|social theorising]], most especially to [[social ontology]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Ontology and economics: Tony Lawson and his critics |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |others=Fullbrook, Edward |isbn=978-0203888773 |location=New York |oclc=227191562}}</ref>
'''Tony Lawson''' is a British [[philosopher]] and [[economist]]. He is professor of economics and philosophy in the [[Faculty of Economics]] at the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/people/emeritus/tl27 |title=Professor Tony Lawson |last=Administrator |date=2016-12-09 |website=www.econ.cam.ac.uk |access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> He is a co-editor of the ''[[Cambridge Journal of Economics]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://academic.oup.com/cje/pages/Editorial_Board |title=Editorial_Board |website=Cambridge Journal of Economics |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> a former director of the University of Cambridge Centre for Gender Studies, and co-founder of the Cambridge Realist Workshop and the Cambridge Social Ontology Group.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Social Ontology and Modern Economics |last=Pratten |first=Stephen |date=2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9780415858304 |location=New York |oclc=891449934}}</ref> Lawson is noted for his contributions to [[heterodox economics]] and to philosophical issues in [[Social theory|social theorising]], most especially to [[social ontology]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Ontology and economics: Tony Lawson and his critics |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |others=Fullbrook, Edward |isbn=978-0203888773 |location=New York |oclc=227191562}}</ref>


== Work ==
== Work ==


=== Economics ===
=== Economics ===
Lawson's early contributions were on philosophical topics such as uncertainty, knowledge and prediction as well as on substantive analyses of the [[Labor process theory|labour process]] and the [[Deindustrialization|industrial decline]] of the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=1985|title=Uncertainty and Economic Analysis|jstor=2233256|journal=The Economic Journal|volume=95|issue=380|pages=909–927|doi=10.2307/2233256}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=1987|title=The Relative/Absolute Nature of Knowledge and Economic Analysis|jstor=2233082|journal=The Economic Journal|volume=97|issue=388|pages=951–970|doi=10.2307/2233082}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=1994-07-01|title=The Nature of Post Keynesianism and Its Links to Other Traditions: A Realist Perspective|journal=Journal of Post Keynesian Economics|volume=16|issue=4|pages=503–538|doi=10.1080/01603477.1994.11489998|issn=0160-3477}}</ref> Lawson's further work has focussed on achieving greater relevance in social theorising, especially economics. This has involved developing an ontologically informed critique of mainstream economics and elaborating methods more relevant to social analysis. Perhaps most importantly, Lawson has introduced ontological reflection into all aspects of economic discussion, including [[methodology]], basic theory and [[history of economic thought]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=1999|title=What Has Realism Got To Do With It?|journal=Economics & Philosophy|volume=15|issue=2|pages=269–282|doi=10.1017/s0266267100004016|issn=1474-0028}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=2001|title=The Varying Fortunes of the Project of Mathematising Economics|url=|journal=European Journal of Economic and Social Systems|volume=15|pages=241–268|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=1999-01-01|title=Feminism, Realism, and Universalism|journal=Feminist Economics|volume=5|issue=2|pages=25–59|doi=10.1080/135457099337932|issn=1354-5701}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=2003-01-01|title=Ontology and Feminist Theorizing|journal=Feminist Economics|volume=9|issue=1|pages=119–150|doi=10.1080/1354570022000035760|issn=1354-5701|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2adfbc8cb191cd36e5716de717b55caa736d933a}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=2006-07-01|title=The nature of heterodox economics|journal=Cambridge Journal of Economics|volume=30|issue=4|pages=483–505|doi=10.1093/cje/bei093|issn=0309-166X|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f28dce00765417d8ffe30a2aca9d92ebba0fec42}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=2012-03-01|title=Ontology and the study of social reality: emergence, organisation, community, power, social relations, corporations, artefacts and money|journal=Cambridge Journal of Economics|volume=36|issue=2|pages=345–385|doi=10.1093/cje/ber050|issn=0309-166X}}</ref> Lawson argues repeatedly that if social science is to be successful then it must fashion methods that are appropriate to its subject matter.<ref name=":3" /> He argues that this requires an explicit orientation to social ontology. The reason that [[mathematical modelling]] in economics fails to provide insight, he reasons, is simply because such methods are quite inappropriate, given the nature of social material.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Economics and reality|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=1997|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415154208|location=London|pages=|oclc=34545173}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Reorienting economics|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415253369|location=London|pages=|oclc=810086031}}</ref> Lawson develops dialectical methods that he systematises as contrast explanation. More basically Lawson advocates [[Pluralism in economics|pluralism]] in method for modern economics.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Economic pluralism|last=|first=|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415747417|location=London and New York|pages=|oclc=859038420}}</ref>
Lawson's early contributions were on philosophical topics such as uncertainty, knowledge and prediction as well as on substantive analyses of the [[Labor process theory|labour process]] and the [[Deindustrialization|industrial decline]] of the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=1985|title=Uncertainty and Economic Analysis|jstor=2233256|journal=The Economic Journal|volume=95|issue=380|pages=909–927|doi=10.2307/2233256}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=1987|title=The Relative/Absolute Nature of Knowledge and Economic Analysis|jstor=2233082|journal=The Economic Journal|volume=97|issue=388|pages=951–970|doi=10.2307/2233082}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=1994-07-01|title=The Nature of Post Keynesianism and Its Links to Other Traditions: A Realist Perspective|journal=Journal of Post Keynesian Economics|volume=16|issue=4|pages=503–538|doi=10.1080/01603477.1994.11489998|issn=0160-3477}}</ref> Lawson's further work has focussed on achieving greater relevance in social theorising, especially economics. This has involved developing an ontologically informed critique of mainstream economics and elaborating methods more relevant to social analysis. Perhaps most importantly, Lawson has introduced ontological reflection into all aspects of economic discussion, including [[methodology]], basic theory and [[history of economic thought]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=1999|title=What Has Realism Got To Do With It?|journal=Economics & Philosophy|volume=15|issue=2|pages=269–282|doi=10.1017/s0266267100004016|s2cid=153432601 |issn=1474-0028}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=2001|title=The Varying Fortunes of the Project of Mathematising Economics|journal=European Journal of Economic and Social Systems|volume=15|pages=241–268}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=1999-01-01|title=Feminism, Realism, and Universalism|journal=Feminist Economics|volume=5|issue=2|pages=25–59|doi=10.1080/135457099337932|issn=1354-5701}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=2003-01-01|title=Ontology and Feminist Theorizing|journal=Feminist Economics|volume=9|issue=1|pages=119–150|doi=10.1080/1354570022000035760|s2cid=9622266 |issn=1354-5701}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=2006-07-01|title=The nature of heterodox economics|journal=Cambridge Journal of Economics|volume=30|issue=4|pages=483–505|doi=10.1093/cje/bei093|s2cid=28097842 |issn=0309-166X}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=2012-03-01|title=Ontology and the study of social reality: emergence, organisation, community, power, social relations, corporations, artefacts and money|journal=Cambridge Journal of Economics|volume=36|issue=2|pages=345–385|doi=10.1093/cje/ber050|issn=0309-166X}}</ref> Lawson argues repeatedly that if social science is to be successful then it must fashion methods that are appropriate to its subject matter.<ref name=":3" /> He argues that this requires an explicit orientation to social ontology. The reason that [[mathematical modelling]] in economics fails to provide insight, he reasons, is simply because such methods are quite inappropriate, given the nature of social material.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Economics and reality|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=1997|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415154208|location=London|oclc=34545173}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Reorienting economics|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415253369|location=London|oclc=810086031}}</ref> Lawson develops dialectical methods that he systematises as contrast explanation. More basically Lawson advocates [[Pluralism in economics|pluralism]] in method for modern economics.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Economic pluralism|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415747417|location=London and New York|oclc=859038420}}</ref>


=== Philosophy ===
=== Philosophy ===
As a result of his argument that economics should concern itself with [[ontology]], Lawson has developed and defended his own theory of the constitution and nature of social reality.<ref name=":1" /> The main philosophical influence for this is the Cambridge Social Ontology Group. An early influence was the work of [[Roy Bhaskar]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=A realist theory of science|last=Bhaskar|first=Roy|date=1978|publisher=Harvester Press|isbn=978-0391005761|location=Hassocks, Sussex|pages=|oclc=4614842}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The possibility of naturalism : a philosophical critique of the contemporary human sciences|last=Bhaskar|first=Roy|year=|isbn=978-1138798885|edition=Fourth|location=London|pages=|oclc=872522672}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=1989-03-01|title=Abstraction, tendencies and stylised facts: a realist approach to economic analysis|journal=Cambridge Journal of Economics|volume=13|issue=1|pages=59–78|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035091|issn=0309-166X}}</ref> Indeed, in his early work, Lawson joined Bhaskar and others in referring to the account of social reality defended as "[[transcendental realism]]".<ref name=":3" /> Since 1997, however, Lawson has developed his own conception of social ontology, largely in collaboration with the Cambridge Social Ontology Group, and refers to it as social positioning theory.
As a result of his argument that economics should concern itself with [[ontology]], Lawson has developed and defended his own theory of the constitution and nature of social reality.<ref name=":1" /> The main philosophical influence for this is the Cambridge Social Ontology Group. An early influence was the work of [[Roy Bhaskar]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=A realist theory of science|last=Bhaskar|first=Roy|date=1978|publisher=Harvester Press|isbn=978-0391005761|location=Hassocks, Sussex|oclc=4614842}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The possibility of naturalism : a philosophical critique of the contemporary human sciences|last=Bhaskar|first=Roy|date=26 October 2023 |isbn=978-1138798885|edition=Fourth|location=London|oclc=872522672}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=1989-03-01|title=Abstraction, tendencies and stylised facts: a realist approach to economic analysis|journal=Cambridge Journal of Economics|volume=13|issue=1|pages=59–78|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035091|issn=0309-166X}}</ref> Indeed, in his early work, Lawson joined Bhaskar and others in referring to the account of social reality defended as "[[transcendental realism]]".<ref name=":3" /> Since 1997, however, Lawson has developed his own conception of social ontology, largely in collaboration with the Cambridge Social Ontology Group, and refers to it as social positioning theory.


====Social Ontology ====
==== Social ontology ====
Lawson's conception of social ontology has been in part derived through [[Transcendental arguments|transcendental argument]].<ref name=":3" /> He defines as social anything "whose formation/coming into existence and/or continuing existence ''necessarily'' depend at least in part upon human beings and their interactions”.<ref name=":1" /> Lawson argues that there is a level of [[Emergence|emergent]] – from human interaction – reality that is reasonably demarcated as social.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Powers and capacities in philosophy : the new Aristotelianism|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|others=Groff, Ruth, 1963-, Greco, John.|isbn=9780415889889|location=New York|oclc=800035791}}</ref> This comes about through processes of social [[morphogenesis]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Social morphogenesis|date=2013|publisher=Springer|others=Archer, Margaret Scotford.|isbn=9789400761285|location=Dordrecht|oclc=828794257}}</ref> In general, Lawson argues, “we human beings for the most part do ''not create'' social reality, but rather, on finding it given to us at each moment, each draw upon it in acting in always situated ways, pursuing our particular situated concerns, in conditions clearly not of our own making, with understandings that are always fallible and extremely partial at best, and in so doing thereby contribute, along with the simultaneous actions of all others, to the continuous reproduction and transformation of social reality in a manner that is mostly unintended and poorly understood”.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=2016-12-01|title=Ontology and Social Relations: Reply to Doug Porpora and to Colin Wight|journal=Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=438–449|doi=10.1111/jtsb.12128|issn=1468-5914|url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265929}}</ref>
Lawson's conception of social ontology has been in part derived through [[Transcendental arguments|transcendental argument]].<ref name=":3" /> He defines as social anything "whose formation/coming into existence and/or continuing existence ''necessarily'' depend at least in part upon human beings and their interactions”.<ref name=":1" /> Lawson argues that there is a level of [[Emergence|emergent]] – from human interaction – reality that is reasonably demarcated as social.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Powers and capacities in philosophy : the new Aristotelianism|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|others=Groff, Ruth, 1963-, Greco, John.|isbn=9780415889889|location=New York|oclc=800035791}}</ref> This comes about through processes of social [[morphogenesis]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Social morphogenesis|date=2013|publisher=Springer|others=Archer, Margaret Scotford.|isbn=9789400761285|location=Dordrecht|oclc=828794257}}</ref> In general, Lawson argues, “we human beings for the most part do ''not create'' social reality, but rather, on finding it given to us at each moment, each draw upon it in acting in always situated ways, pursuing our particular situated concerns, in conditions clearly not of our own making, with understandings that are always fallible and extremely partial at best, and in so doing thereby contribute, along with the simultaneous actions of all others, to the continuous reproduction and transformation of social reality in a manner that is mostly unintended and poorly understood”.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=2016-12-01|title=Ontology and Social Relations: Reply to Doug Porpora and to Colin Wight|journal=Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=438–449|doi=10.1111/jtsb.12128|issn=1468-5914|url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265929}}</ref>


The result is a world in which [[human agency]] and [[social structure]] each presuppose the other though neither is reducible to, or completely explicable in terms of, the other. More specifically, Lawson argues that social reality is everywhere constituted through positioning people and things as components of social totalities, whereupon human actions and uses of positioned objects are guided by rights and obligations associated with the positions. Whole [[Community|communities]] can also be so positioned, as in the formation of [[corporation]]s. The result is a social realm organised by various forms of social structure of which there different types such as communities, collective practices, [[Social norm|norms]], [[social rules]], social positions, powers, social relations, and [[Cultural artifact|artefacts]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />
The result is a world in which [[human agency]] and [[social structure]] each presuppose the other though neither is reducible to, or completely explicable in terms of, the other. More specifically, Lawson argues that social reality is everywhere constituted through positioning people and things as components of social totalities, whereupon human actions and uses of positioned objects are guided by rights and obligations associated with the positions. Whole [[Community|communities]] can also be so positioned, as in the formation of [[corporation]]s. The result is a social realm organised by various forms of social structure of which there different types such as communities, collective practices, [[Social norm|norms]], [[social rules]], social positions, powers, social relations, and [[Cultural artifact|artefacts]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />
Line 39: Line 42:
=== Books (single author) ===
=== Books (single author) ===


*{{Cite book|title=The Nature of Social Reality: Issues in Social Ontology|last=Lawson|first=Tony|publisher=Routledge|year=2019|isbn=978-0367188931|location=London|pages=|oclc=1082243306}}
*{{Cite book|title=The Nature of Social Reality: Issues in Social Ontology|last=Lawson|first=Tony|publisher=Routledge|year=2019|isbn=978-0367188931|location=London|oclc=1082243306}}
*{{Cite book |title=Essays on the nature and state of modern economics|last=Lawson|first=Tony|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-1138851023|location=London|pages=|oclc=907773349}}
*{{Cite book |title=Essays on the nature and state of modern economics|last=Lawson|first=Tony|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-1138851023|location=London|oclc=907773349}}
*{{Cite book |date=2003|title=Reorienting Economics|last=Lawson|first=Tony|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415253369|location=London|pages=|oclc=810086031}}
*{{Cite book |date=2003|title=Reorienting Economics|last=Lawson|first=Tony|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415253369|location=London|oclc=810086031}}
*{{Cite book|title=Economics and Reality|last=Lawson|first=Tony|publisher=Routledge|year=1997|isbn=978-1134735105|location=London|pages=|oclc=225574891}}
*{{Cite book|title=Economics and Reality|last=Lawson|first=Tony|publisher=Routledge|year=1997|isbn=978-1134735105|location=London|oclc=225574891}}


===Selected articles===
===Selected articles===
*{{Cite journal|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=2022|title=Social positioning theory|journal=Cambridge Journal of Economics|volume=46|issue=1|pages=1–39|doi=10.1093/cje/beab040|doi-access=free}}
*{{Cite journal |title=The Constitution and Nature of Money |last=Lawson |first=Tony |date=2018 |journal=Cambridge Journal of Economics |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=851–873 |doi=10.1093/cje/bey005}}
*{{Cite journal |title=The Constitution and Nature of Money |last=Lawson |first=Tony |date=2018 |journal=Cambridge Journal of Economics |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=851–873 |doi=10.1093/cje/bey005}}
*{{Cite journal |title=Social positioning and the nature of money |last=Lawson |first=Tony |date=2016 |journal=Cambridge Journal of Economics |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=961–996 |doi=10.1093/cje/bew006}}
*{{Cite journal |title=Social positioning and the nature of money |last=Lawson |first=Tony |date=2016 |journal=Cambridge Journal of Economics |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=961–996 |doi=10.1093/cje/bew006}}
*{{Cite journal |title=Comparing Conceptions of Social Ontology: Emergent Social Entities and/or Institutional Facts? |last=Lawson |first=Tony |date=2016 |journal=Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=359–399 |doi=10.1111/jtsb.12126|url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/254263 }}
*{{Cite journal|title=Comparing Conceptions of Social Ontology: Emergent Social Entities and/or Institutional Facts?|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=2016|journal=Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour|volume=46|issue=4|pages=359–399|doi=10.1111/jtsb.12126|url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/254263}}
*{{Cite journal |title=Some Critical Issues in Social Ontology: Reply to John Searle |last=Lawson |first=Tony |date=2016 |journal=Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=426–437 |doi=10.1111/jtsb.12129|url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265853 }}
*{{Cite journal|title=Some Critical Issues in Social Ontology: Reply to John Searle|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=2016|journal=Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour|volume=46|issue=4|pages=426–437|doi=10.1111/jtsb.12129|url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265853}}
*{{Cite journal |title=Ontology and Social Relations: Reply to Doug Porpora and to Colin Wight |last=Lawson |first=Tony |date=2016 |journal=Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=438–449 |doi = 10.1111/jtsb.12128|url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265929 }}
*{{Cite journal|title=Ontology and Social Relations: Reply to Doug Porpora and to Colin Wight|last=Lawson|first=Tony|date=2016|journal=Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour|volume=46|issue=4|pages=438–449|doi=10.1111/jtsb.12128|url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265929}}


=== Secondary Sources ===
=== Secondary sources ===


*{{Cite journal|url=https://academic.oup.com/cje/issue/41/5|title=Special issue: Cambridge Social Ontology: Clarification, Development and Deployment|last=|first=|date=2017|journal=Cambridge Journal of Economics|volume=41:5|pages=|via=}}
*{{Cite journal|url=https://academic.oup.com/cje/issue/41/5|title=Special issue: Cambridge Social Ontology: Clarification, Development and Deployment|date=2017|journal=Cambridge Journal of Economics|volume=41|issue=5 }}
*{{Cite book |date=2009|title=Ontology and economics : Tony Lawson and his critics|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415546492|location=New York|oclc=227191562|last=Fullbrook|first=Edward|pages=}}
*{{Cite book |date=2009|title=Ontology and economics : Tony Lawson and his critics|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415546492|location=New York|oclc=227191562|last=Fullbrook|first=Edward}}
* [[doi:10.1080/14767430.2020.1846009|"Cambridge social ontology, the philosophical critique of modern economics and social positioning theory: an interview with Tony Lawson, part 1"]]. ''Journal of Critical Realism''. '''20:1''', 72–97. 2021.
*[[doi:10.1080/14767430.2021.1914904|"Cambridge social ontology, the philosophical critique of modern economics and social positioning theory: an interview with Tony Lawson, part 2"]]. ''Journal of Critical Realism''. '''20:2''', 201–237. 2021.


== References ==
== References ==
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[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Minehead]]
[[Category:British philosophers]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]

Latest revision as of 13:26, 5 January 2025

For the Australian Olympic diver, see Tony Lawson (diver).

Tony Lawson
Tony Lawson at the Institute for New Economic Thinking in 2010
Lawson in 2010
Born
Minehead, Somerset
Alma materUniversity of Cambridge
RegionWestern philosophy
SchoolCritical realism
Main interests
Philosophy of economics, ontology, ethics, gender
Notable ideas
Social positioning theory, critical ethical naturalism, contrast explanation
WebsiteHomepage at University of Cambridge

Tony Lawson is a British philosopher and economist. He is professor of economics and philosophy in the Faculty of Economics at the University of Cambridge.[1] He is a co-editor of the Cambridge Journal of Economics,[2] a former director of the University of Cambridge Centre for Gender Studies, and co-founder of the Cambridge Realist Workshop and the Cambridge Social Ontology Group.[3] Lawson is noted for his contributions to heterodox economics and to philosophical issues in social theorising, most especially to social ontology.[4]

Work

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Economics

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Lawson's early contributions were on philosophical topics such as uncertainty, knowledge and prediction as well as on substantive analyses of the labour process and the industrial decline of the United Kingdom.[5][6][7] Lawson's further work has focussed on achieving greater relevance in social theorising, especially economics. This has involved developing an ontologically informed critique of mainstream economics and elaborating methods more relevant to social analysis. Perhaps most importantly, Lawson has introduced ontological reflection into all aspects of economic discussion, including methodology, basic theory and history of economic thought.[8][9][10][11][12][13] Lawson argues repeatedly that if social science is to be successful then it must fashion methods that are appropriate to its subject matter.[14] He argues that this requires an explicit orientation to social ontology. The reason that mathematical modelling in economics fails to provide insight, he reasons, is simply because such methods are quite inappropriate, given the nature of social material.[14][15] Lawson develops dialectical methods that he systematises as contrast explanation. More basically Lawson advocates pluralism in method for modern economics.[4][16]

Philosophy

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As a result of his argument that economics should concern itself with ontology, Lawson has developed and defended his own theory of the constitution and nature of social reality.[3] The main philosophical influence for this is the Cambridge Social Ontology Group. An early influence was the work of Roy Bhaskar.[17][18][19] Indeed, in his early work, Lawson joined Bhaskar and others in referring to the account of social reality defended as "transcendental realism".[14] Since 1997, however, Lawson has developed his own conception of social ontology, largely in collaboration with the Cambridge Social Ontology Group, and refers to it as social positioning theory.

Social ontology

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Lawson's conception of social ontology has been in part derived through transcendental argument.[14] He defines as social anything "whose formation/coming into existence and/or continuing existence necessarily depend at least in part upon human beings and their interactions”.[3] Lawson argues that there is a level of emergent – from human interaction – reality that is reasonably demarcated as social.[20] This comes about through processes of social morphogenesis.[21] In general, Lawson argues, “we human beings for the most part do not create social reality, but rather, on finding it given to us at each moment, each draw upon it in acting in always situated ways, pursuing our particular situated concerns, in conditions clearly not of our own making, with understandings that are always fallible and extremely partial at best, and in so doing thereby contribute, along with the simultaneous actions of all others, to the continuous reproduction and transformation of social reality in a manner that is mostly unintended and poorly understood”.[22]

The result is a world in which human agency and social structure each presuppose the other though neither is reducible to, or completely explicable in terms of, the other. More specifically, Lawson argues that social reality is everywhere constituted through positioning people and things as components of social totalities, whereupon human actions and uses of positioned objects are guided by rights and obligations associated with the positions. Whole communities can also be so positioned, as in the formation of corporations. The result is a social realm organised by various forms of social structure of which there different types such as communities, collective practices, norms, social rules, social positions, powers, social relations, and artefacts.[13][15]

Ethics

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Lawson defends a conception of ethics named Critical Ethical Naturalism in which the goal is a society in which we all flourish in our differences, and the mechanism ever nudging us towards it turns on the fact that the flourishing of any one of us depends on the flourishing of all and at some level we all recognise this.[23][24]

Debates

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Lawson has engaged in debates with numerous contributors, including, early on, over the use of econometrics, and later, regarding the value of ontology to social theorising, including to feminist theorising. In addition, Edward Fullbrook’s Ontology and Economics: Tony Lawson and his Critics, contains a series of debates between Lawson and leading heterodox economists.[25] Recently Lawson has debated the relative advantages of competing conceptions of social ontology with several ontologists such as John Searle, Doug Porpora and Colin Wight.[22] Moreover, he has debated the nature of specific social existents, such as money, with Searle and Geoffrey Ingham.[26]

Bibliography

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Books (single author)

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  • Lawson, Tony (2019). The Nature of Social Reality: Issues in Social Ontology. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0367188931. OCLC 1082243306.
  • Lawson, Tony (2015). Essays on the nature and state of modern economics. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1138851023. OCLC 907773349.
  • Lawson, Tony (2003). Reorienting Economics. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415253369. OCLC 810086031.
  • Lawson, Tony (1997). Economics and Reality. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1134735105. OCLC 225574891.

Selected articles

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Secondary sources

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References

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  1. ^ Administrator (9 December 2016). "Professor Tony Lawson". www.econ.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  2. ^ "Editorial_Board". Cambridge Journal of Economics. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  3. ^ a b c Pratten, Stephen (2015). Social Ontology and Modern Economics. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415858304. OCLC 891449934.
  4. ^ a b Ontology and economics: Tony Lawson and his critics. Fullbrook, Edward. New York: Routledge. 2009. ISBN 978-0203888773. OCLC 227191562.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  5. ^ Lawson, Tony (1985). "Uncertainty and Economic Analysis". The Economic Journal. 95 (380): 909–927. doi:10.2307/2233256. JSTOR 2233256.
  6. ^ Lawson, Tony (1987). "The Relative/Absolute Nature of Knowledge and Economic Analysis". The Economic Journal. 97 (388): 951–970. doi:10.2307/2233082. JSTOR 2233082.
  7. ^ Lawson, Tony (1 July 1994). "The Nature of Post Keynesianism and Its Links to Other Traditions: A Realist Perspective". Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 16 (4): 503–538. doi:10.1080/01603477.1994.11489998. ISSN 0160-3477.
  8. ^ Lawson, Tony (1999). "What Has Realism Got To Do With It?". Economics & Philosophy. 15 (2): 269–282. doi:10.1017/s0266267100004016. ISSN 1474-0028. S2CID 153432601.
  9. ^ Lawson, Tony (2001). "The Varying Fortunes of the Project of Mathematising Economics". European Journal of Economic and Social Systems. 15: 241–268.
  10. ^ Lawson, Tony (1 January 1999). "Feminism, Realism, and Universalism". Feminist Economics. 5 (2): 25–59. doi:10.1080/135457099337932. ISSN 1354-5701.
  11. ^ Lawson, Tony (1 January 2003). "Ontology and Feminist Theorizing". Feminist Economics. 9 (1): 119–150. doi:10.1080/1354570022000035760. ISSN 1354-5701. S2CID 9622266.
  12. ^ Lawson, Tony (1 July 2006). "The nature of heterodox economics". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 30 (4): 483–505. doi:10.1093/cje/bei093. ISSN 0309-166X. S2CID 28097842.
  13. ^ a b Lawson, Tony (1 March 2012). "Ontology and the study of social reality: emergence, organisation, community, power, social relations, corporations, artefacts and money". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 36 (2): 345–385. doi:10.1093/cje/ber050. ISSN 0309-166X.
  14. ^ a b c d Lawson, Tony (1997). Economics and reality. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415154208. OCLC 34545173.
  15. ^ a b Lawson, Tony (2003). Reorienting economics. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415253369. OCLC 810086031.
  16. ^ Economic pluralism. London and New York: Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-0415747417. OCLC 859038420.
  17. ^ Bhaskar, Roy (1978). A realist theory of science. Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press. ISBN 978-0391005761. OCLC 4614842.
  18. ^ Bhaskar, Roy (26 October 2023). The possibility of naturalism : a philosophical critique of the contemporary human sciences (Fourth ed.). London. ISBN 978-1138798885. OCLC 872522672.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  19. ^ Lawson, Tony (1 March 1989). "Abstraction, tendencies and stylised facts: a realist approach to economic analysis". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 13 (1): 59–78. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035091. ISSN 0309-166X.
  20. ^ Powers and capacities in philosophy : the new Aristotelianism. Groff, Ruth, 1963-, Greco, John. New York: Routledge. 2013. ISBN 9780415889889. OCLC 800035791.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  21. ^ Social morphogenesis. Archer, Margaret Scotford. Dordrecht: Springer. 2013. ISBN 9789400761285. OCLC 828794257.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  22. ^ a b Lawson, Tony (1 December 2016). "Ontology and Social Relations: Reply to Doug Porpora and to Colin Wight". Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour. 46 (4): 438–449. doi:10.1111/jtsb.12128. ISSN 1468-5914.
  23. ^ Lawson, Tony (1 December 2013). "Ethical Naturalism and Forms of Relativism". Society. 50 (6): 570–575. doi:10.1007/s12115-013-9712-7. ISSN 0147-2011.
  24. ^ Lawson, Tony (1 December 2014). Critical Ethical Naturalism: An Orientation to Ethics.
  25. ^ Ontology and economics : Tony Lawson and his critics. Fullbrook, Edward. New York: Routledge. 2009. ISBN 9780415476133. OCLC 227191562.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  26. ^ Lawson, Tony (1 July 2016). "Social positioning and the nature of money". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 40 (4): 961–996. doi:10.1093/cje/bew006. ISSN 0309-166X.
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