Emergency Quota Act: Difference between revisions

Emergency Quota Act
Other short titles	Emergency Immigration Act of 1921; Immigration Restriction Act of 1921; Johnson Quota Act;
Long title	An Act to limit the immigration of migrants into the United States.
Nicknames	Per Centum Limit Act
Enacted by	the 67th United States Congress
Effective	May 19, 1921
Citations
Public law	Pub. L. 67–5
Statutes at Large	42 Stat. 5
Legislative history
	Introduced in the House as H.R. 4075 by Albert Johnson (R-WA); Passed the House on April 22, 1921 (passed voice vote); Passed the Senate on May 3, 1921 (90-2); Reported by the joint conference committee on May 5, 1921; agreed to by the House on May 13, 1921 (285-41) and by the Senate on May 13, 1921 (agreed); Signed into law by President Warren G. Harding on May 19, 1921;

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The Emergency Quota Act, also known as the Emergency Immigration Act of 1921, the Immigration Restriction Act of 1921, the Per Centum Law, and the Johnson Quota Act (ch. 8, 42 Stat. 5 of May 19, 1921), was formulated mainly in response to the large influx of Southern and Eastern Europeans and restricted their immigration to the United States. Although intended as temporary legislation, it "proved, in the long run, the most important turning-point in American immigration policy"^[2] because it added two new features to American immigration law: numerical limits on immigration and the use of a quota system for establishing those limits, which came to be known as the National Origins Formula.

The Emergency Quota Act restricted the number of immigrants admitted from any country annually to 3% of the number of residents from that country living in the United States as of the 1910 Census.^[3] That meant that people from Northern and Western Europe had a higher quota and were more likely to be admitted to the US than those from Eastern or Southern Europe or from non-European countries.

However, professionals were to be admitted without regard to their country of origin. Also, no limits were set on immigration from Canada, Newfoundland, Cuba, Mexico, or the countries of Central America and South America or "adjacent islands." The act did not apply to countries with bilateral agreements with the US or to Asian countries listed in the Immigration Act of 1917, known as the Asiatic Barred Zone Act.^[1]

The Immigration Act of 1924 reduced the quota to 2% of countries' representation in the 1890 census, when a fairly small percentage of the population was from the regions some regarded as less than desirable. To execute the new quota, a visa system was implemented in 1924.^[4] It mandated non-citizens seeking to enter the US to obtain and present a visa obtained from a US embassy or consulate before arriving in the US.^[5] The visa regulations were later substantially revised by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 and ultimately replaced by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. Non-citizens of the U.S. who are citizens or nationals of 40 countries are currently exempted from a visa requirement under the Visa Waiver Program.

Immigration inspectors differently handle visa packets depending on whether they are non-immigrant (visitor) or immigrant (permanent admission).^[5] Under the original, unmodified law, non-immigrant visas were kept at the ports of entry and were later destroyed, but immigrant visas were sent to the Central Office, in Washington, DC, for processing and filing.^[5]

Based on the new formula, the number of new immigrants admitted fell from 805,228 in 1920 to 309,556 in 1921–22.^[6] The average annual inflow of immigrants prior to 1921 was 175,983 from Northern and Western Europe and 685,531 from other countries, mainly Southern and Eastern Europe.^{[citation needed]} In 1921, there was a drastic reduction in immigration levels from other countries, principally Southern and Eastern Europe.^{[citation needed]}

The act, sponsored by US Representative Albert Johnson (R-Washington),^[7] was passed without a recorded vote in the US House of Representatives and by a vote of 90-2-4 in the US Senate.^[8]

The act was revised by the Immigration Act of 1924.

The use of the National Origins Formula continued until it was replaced by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, which introduced a system of preferences, based on immigrants' skills and family relationships with US citizens or US residents.

Quotas by country under successive laws

Listed below are historical quotas on immigration from the Eastern Hemisphere, by country, as applied in given fiscal years ending June 30, calculated according to successive immigration laws and revisions from the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 to the final quota year of 1965. The 1922 and 1925 systems based on dated census records of the foreign-born population were intended as temporary measures, and were replaced by the 1924 Act's National Origins Formula based on the 1920 Census of the total U.S. population, effective July 1, 1929.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

Annual National Quota	Act of 1921		Act of 1924				Act of 1952
Annual National Quota	1922^[a]	%	1925^[b]	%	1930^[c]	%	1965^[d]	%
Albania	288	0.08%	100	0.06%	100	0.07%	100	0.06%
Armenia	230	0.06%	124	0.08%	100	0.07%	100	0.06%
Austria	7,451	2.08%	785	0.48%	1,413	0.92%	1,405	0.89%
Belgium	1,563	0.44%	512	0.31%	1,304	0.85%	1,297	0.82%
Bulgaria	302	0.08%	100	0.06%	100	0.07%	100	0.06%
Czechoslovakia	14,357	4.01%	3,073	1.87%	2,874	1.87%	2,859	1.80%
Danzig	301	0.08%	228	0.14%	100	0.07%
Denmark	5,619	1.57%	2,789	1.69%	1,181	0.77%	1,175	0.74%
Estonia	1,348	0.38%	124	0.08%	116	0.08%	115	0.07%
Finland	3,921	1.10%	471	0.29%	569	0.37%	566	0.36%
Fiume	71	0.02%
France	5,729	1.60%	3,954	2.40%	3,086	2.01%	3,069	1.94%
Germany	67,607	18.90%	51,227	31.11%	25,957	16.89%	25,814	16.28%
Greece	3,294	0.92%	100	0.06%	307	0.20%	308	0.19%
Hungary	5,638	1.58%	473	0.29%	869	0.57%	865	0.55%
Iceland	75	0.02%	100	0.06%	100	0.07%	100	0.06%
Ireland	^[e]		28,567	17.35%	17,853	11.61%	17,756	11.20%
Italy	42,057	11.75%	3,854	2.34%	5,802	3.77%	5,666	3.57%
Latvia	1,540	0.43%	142	0.09%	236	0.15%	235	0.15%
Lithuania	2,460	0.69%	344	0.21%	386	0.25%	384	0.24%
Luxembourg	92	0.03%	100	0.06%	100	0.07%	100	0.06%
Netherlands	3,607	1.01%	1,648	1.00%	3,153	2.05%	3,136	1.98%
Norway	12,202	3.41%	6,453	3.92%	2,377	1.55%	2,364	1.49%
Poland	31,146	8.70%	5,982	3.63%	6,524	4.24%	6,488	4.09%
Portugal	2,465	0.69%	503	0.31%	440	0.29%	438	0.28%
Romania	7,419	2.07%	603	0.37%	295	0.19%	289	0.18%
Russia / Soviet Union ^[f]	24,405	6.82%	2,248	1.37%	2,784	1.81%	2,697	1.70%
Spain	912	0.25%	131	0.08%	252	0.16%	250	0.16%
Sweden	20,042	5.60%	9,561	5.81%	3,314	2.16%	3,295	2.08%
Switzerland	3,752	1.05%	2,081	1.26%	1,707	1.11%	1,698	1.07%
Turkey	2,388	0.67%	100	0.06%	226	0.15%	225	0.14%
United Kingdom ^[e]	77,342	21.62%	34,007	20.65%	65,721	42.76%	65,361	41.22%
Yugoslavia	6,426	1.80%	671	0.41%	845	0.55%	942	0.59%
Australia and New Zealand	359	0.10%	221	0.13%	200	0.13%	700	0.44%
Total from Europe	356,135	99.53%	161,546	98.10%	150,591	97.97%	149,697	94.41%
Total from Asia	1,066	0.30%	1,300	0.79%	1,323	0.86%	3,690	2.33%
Total from Africa	122	0.03%	1,200	0.73%	1,200	0.78%	4,274	2.70%
Total from all Countries	357,803	100%	164,667	100%	153,714	100%	158,561	100%

^ Quota per country limited to 3% of the number of foreign-born persons of that nationality residing in the U.S. in the 1910 census (FY 1922–1924)
^ Quota per country limited to 2% of the number of foreign-born persons of that nationality residing in the U.S. in the 1890 census (FY 1925–1929)
^ Quota per nationality limited to a percentage share of 150,000 in a ratio proportional to the number of U.S. inhabitants of that national origin as a share of all U.S. inhabitants in the 1920 census (FY 1930–1952)
^ Quota per nationality limited to one-sixth of 1% of the number of U.S. inhabitants of that national origin in the 1920 census (FY 1953–1965)
^ ^a ^b From 1921 to 1924, quota for United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland encompassed all of Ireland; after 1925, only Northern Ireland, with a separate quota created for the Irish Free State
^ U.S.S.R. excluding regions falling under the Asiatic Barred Zone while in effect

References

^ ^a ^b "1921 Emergency Quota Law (An Act to regulate the immigration of aliens to, and the residence of aliens in, the United States.)". US immigration legislation online. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
^ John Higham, Strangers in the Land (1963), 311
^ Divine, Robert A. (2002). America, Past and Present (8th ed.). New York: Longman. p. 752. ISBN 978-0-321-08403-3. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
^ "Closing the Door on Immigration (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2019-10-31.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Visa Files, July 1, 1924 - March 31, 1944". USCIS. 2016-02-09. Retrieved 2019-10-31.
^ Robert K. Murray, The 103rd Ballot: Democrats and the Disaster in Madison Square Garden (NY: Harper & Row, 1976), 7
^ "1921 Emergency Quota Act". American Catholic History Classroom. Archived from the original on 2012-01-21. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
^ "Senate Vote #21 (May 3, 1921)". govtrack.us. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
^ "Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1922" (PDF) (45th ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. July 1923: 100–101. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 29, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1924" (PDF) (47th ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. July 1925: 83. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1930" (PDF) (52nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. July 1930: 102–105. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1931" (PDF) (53rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. August 1931: 103–107. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 29, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1966" (PDF). Statistical Abstract of the United States ...: Finance, Coinage, Commerce, Immigration, Shipping, the Postal Service, Population, Railroads, Agriculture, Coal and Iron (87th ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census: 89–93. July 1966. ISSN 0081-4741. LCCN 04-018089. OCLC 781377180. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
^ Beaman, Middleton (July 1924). "Current Legislation: The Immigration Act of 1924". American Bar Association Journal. 10 (7). American Bar Association: 490–492. JSTOR 25709038. Retrieved August 10, 2021.

External links

The act ^{Dead Link}Archived 2015-07-16 at the Wayback Machine at the U.S. Immigration Legislation Online Archived 2015-02-11 at the Wayback Machine hosted by the University of Washington Bothell Library

[15] Quota per country limited to 3% of the number of foreign-born persons of that nationality residing in the U.S. in the 1910 census (FY 1922–1924)

[16] Quota per country limited to 2% of the number of foreign-born persons of that nationality residing in the U.S. in the 1890 census (FY 1925–1929)

[17] Quota per nationality limited to a percentage share of 150,000 in a ratio proportional to the number of U.S. inhabitants of that national origin as a share of all U.S. inhabitants in the 1920 census (FY 1930–1952)

[18] Quota per nationality limited to one-sixth of 1% of the number of U.S. inhabitants of that national origin in the 1920 census (FY 1953–1965)

[uk-19] From 1921 to 1924, quota for United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland encompassed all of Ireland; after 1925, only Northern Ireland, with a separate quota created for the Irish Free State

[20] U.S.S.R. excluding regions falling under the Asiatic Barred Zone while in effect

[UAWB.edu-1] "1921 Emergency Quota Law (An Act to regulate the immigration of aliens to, and the residence of aliens in, the United States.)". US immigration legislation online. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.

[2] John Higham, Strangers in the Land (1963), 311

[3] Divine, Robert A. (2002). America, Past and Present (8th ed.). New York: Longman. p. 752. ISBN 978-0-321-08403-3. Retrieved 19 October 2024.

[4] "Closing the Door on Immigration (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2019-10-31.

[:0-5] "Visa Files, July 1, 1924 - March 31, 1944". USCIS. 2016-02-09. Retrieved 2019-10-31.

[murray7-6] Robert K. Murray, The 103rd Ballot: Democrats and the Disaster in Madison Square Garden (NY: Harper & Row, 1976), 7

[7] "1921 Emergency Quota Act". American Catholic History Classroom. Archived from the original on 2012-01-21. Retrieved 2012-01-05.

[govtrack-8] "Senate Vote #21 (May 3, 1921)". govtrack.us. Retrieved 20 May 2011.

[statabstract1922-9] "Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1922" (PDF) (45th ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. July 1923: 100–101. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 29, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[statabstract1924-10] "Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1924" (PDF) (47th ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. July 1925: 83. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[statabstract1930-11] "Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1930" (PDF) (52nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. July 1930: 102–105. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[statabstract1931-12] "Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1931" (PDF) (53rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. August 1931: 103–107. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 29, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[statabstract1966-13] "Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1966" (PDF). Statistical Abstract of the United States ...: Finance, Coinage, Commerce, Immigration, Shipping, the Postal Service, Population, Railroads, Agriculture, Coal and Iron (87th ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census: 89–93. July 1966. ISSN 0081-4741. LCCN 04-018089. OCLC 781377180. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2021.

[ABA1924-14] Beaman, Middleton (July 1924). "Current Legislation: The Immigration Act of 1924". American Bar Association Journal. 10 (7). American Bar Association: 490–492. JSTOR 25709038. Retrieved August 10, 2021.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{Infobox U.S. legislation
-| shorttitle        = Emergency Quota Act
+| shorttitle = Emergency Quota Act
-| othershorttitles  = {{unbulleted list|Emergency Immigration Act of 1921|Immigration Restriction Act of 1921|Johnson Quota Act}}
+| othershorttitles = {{unbulleted list|Emergency Immigration Act of 1921|Immigration Restriction Act of 1921|Johnson Quota Act}}
-| longtitle         = An Act to limit the immigration of aliens into the United States.<ref name="UAWB.edu">{{cite web|title=1921 Emergency Quota Law (An act to limit the immigration of weird people into the United States)|url=http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/1921_emergency_quota_law.html|website=US immigration legislation online|access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref>
+| longtitle = An Act to limit the immigration of migrants into the United States.<ref name="UAWB.edu">{{cite web|title=1921 Emergency Quota Law (An Act to regulate the immigration of aliens to, and the residence of aliens in, the United States.)|url=http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/1921_emergency_quota_law.html|website=US immigration legislation online|access-date=30 January 2015|archive-date=22 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822095651/http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/1921_emergency_quota_law.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 | colloquialacronym =
-| nickname          = Per Centum Limit Act
+| nickname = Per Centum Limit Act
-| enacted by        = 67th
+| enacted by = 67th
-| effective date    = May 19, 1921
+| effective date = May 19, 1921
-| public law url    =
+| public law url =
-| cite public law   = {{USPL|67|5}}
+| cite public law = {{USPL|67|5}}
 | cite statutes at large = {{USStat|42|5}}
-| acts amended    =
+| acts amended =
-| acts repealed   =
+| acts repealed =
-| title amended   = <!--US code titles changed-->
+| title amended = <!--US code titles changed-->
 | sections created = <!--{{USC}} can be used-->
 | sections amended =
-| leghisturl      =
+| leghisturl =
-| introducedin    = House
+| introducedin = House
-| introducedbill  = {{USbill|67|H.R.|4075}}
+| introducedbill = {{USbill|67|H.R.|4075}}
-| introducedby    = [[Albert Johnson (congressman)|Albert Johnson]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[Washington (state)|WA]])
+| introducedby = [[Albert Johnson (congressman)|Albert Johnson]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[Washington (state)|WA]])
-| introduceddate  =
+| introduceddate =
-| committees      =
+| committees =
-| passedbody1     = House
+| passedbody1 = House
-| passeddate1     = April 22, 1921
+| passeddate1 = April 22, 1921
-| passedvote1     = passed voice vote
+| passedvote1 = passed voice vote
-| passedbody2     = Senate
+| passedbody2 = Senate
-| passedas2       = <!-- used if the second body changes the name of the legislation -->
+| passedas2 = <!-- used if the second body changes the name of the legislation -->
-| passeddate2     = May 3, 1921
+| passeddate2 = May 3, 1921
-| passedvote2     = [http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/67-1/s21 90-2]
+| passedvote2 = [http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/67-1/s21 90-2]
-| conferencedate  = May 5, 1921
+| conferencedate = May 5, 1921
-| passedbody3     = House
+| passedbody3 = House
-| passeddate3     = May 13, 1921
+| passeddate3 = May 13, 1921
-| passedvote3     = [http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/67-1/h21 285-41]
+| passedvote3 = [http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/67-1/h21 285-41]
-| agreedbody3     = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
+| agreedbody3 = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
-| agreeddate3     = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
+| agreeddate3 = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
-| agreedvote3     = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
+| agreedvote3 = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
-| agreedbody4     = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
+| agreedbody4 = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
-| agreeddate4     = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
+| agreeddate4 = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
-| agreedvote4     = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
+| agreedvote4 = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
-| passedbody4     = Senate
+| passedbody4 = Senate
-| passeddate4     = May 13, 1921
+| passeddate4 = May 13, 1921
-| passedvote4     = agreed
+| passedvote4 = agreed
 | signedpresident = [[Warren G. Harding]]
-| signeddate      = May 19, 1921
+| signeddate = May 19, 1921
 | unsignedpresident = <!-- used when passed without presidential signing -->
-| unsigneddate    = <!-- used when passed without presidential signing -->
+| unsigneddate = <!-- used when passed without presidential signing -->
 | vetoedpresident = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
-| vetoeddate      = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
+| vetoeddate = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
 | overriddenbody1 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
 | overriddendate1 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
 | overriddendate2 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
 | overriddenvote2 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
-| amendments      =
+| amendments =
-| SCOTUS cases    =
+| SCOTUS cases =
 }}
-The '''Emergency Quota Act''', also known as the '''Emergency Immigration Act of 1921''', the '''Immigration Restriction Act of 1921''', the '''Per Centum Law''', and the '''Johnson Quota Act''' (ch. 8, {{USStat|42|5}} of May 19, 1921), was formulated mainly in response to the large influx of [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Eastern Europe|Eastern Europeans]] and successfully restricted their immigration as well as that of other "undesirables" to the [[United States]]. Although intended as temporary legislation, it "proved, in the long run, the most important turning-point in American immigration policy"<ref>John Higham, ''Strangers in the Land'' (1963), 311</ref> because it added two new features to American immigration law: numerical limits on immigration and the use of a [[Wiktionary: quota|quota]] system for establishing those limits, which came to be known as the [[National Origins Formula]].
+The '''Emergency Quota Act''', also known as the '''Emergency Immigration Act of 1921''', the '''Immigration Restriction Act of 1921''', the '''Per Centum Law''', and the '''Johnson Quota Act''' (ch. 8, {{USStat|42|5}} of May 19, 1921), was formulated mainly in response to the large influx of [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Eastern Europe]]ans and restricted their immigration to the United States. Although intended as temporary legislation, it "proved, in the long run, the most important turning-point in American immigration policy"<ref>John Higham, ''Strangers in the Land'' (1963), 311</ref> because it added two new features to American immigration law: numerical limits on immigration and the use of a quota system for establishing those limits, which came to be known as the [[National Origins Formula]].
-The Emergency Quota Act restricted the number of immigrants admitted from any country annually to 3% of the number of residents from that country living in the United States as of the [[1910 United States Census|1910 Census]].<ref>Divine, Robert A. (2007) ''America, Past and Present'', 8th ed., 736</ref>  That meant that people from [[Northern Europe|Northern]] and [[Western Europe]] had a higher quota and were more likely to be admitted to the US than those from [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]] or [[Southern Europe]] or from non-European countries.
+The Emergency Quota Act restricted the number of immigrants admitted from any country annually to 3% of the number of residents from that country living in the United States as of the [[1910 United States census|1910 Census]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Divine |first1=Robert A. |title=America, Past and Present |date=2002 |publisher=Longman |location=New York |page=752 |edition=8th |isbn=978-0-321-08403-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJn51M6z7X0C&q=quota%20system |access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref> That meant that people from [[Northern Europe|Northern]] and [[Western Europe]] had a higher quota and were more likely to be admitted to the US than those from [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]] or [[Southern Europe]] or from non-European countries.
-However, professionals were to be admitted without regard to their country of origin and no limits were set on immigration from [[Latin America]]. The act did not apply to countries with bilateral agreements with the US or to Asian countries listed in the [[Immigration Act of 1917]], known as the Asiatic Barred Zone Act.<ref name=" UAWB.edu" /> However, the act was not seen as restrictive enough since millions of immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe had come into the US since 1890.
+However, professionals were to be admitted without regard to their country of origin. Also, no limits were set on immigration from Canada, [[Newfoundland]], Cuba, Mexico, or the countries of Central America and South America or "adjacent islands." The act did not apply to countries with bilateral agreements with the US or to Asian countries listed in the [[Immigration Act of 1917]], known as the Asiatic Barred Zone Act.<ref name=" UAWB.edu" />
-The [[Immigration Act of 1924]] reduced the quota to 2% of countries' representation in the [[1890 United States census|1890 census]], when a fairly small percentage of the population was from the regions that were regarded as less than desirable. To execute the new quota, the visa system that is still in use today was implemented in 1924.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/closing-the-door-on-immigration.htm|title=Closing the Door on Immigration (U.S. National Park Service)|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref> It mandated all non-citizens seeking to enter the US to obtain and present a visa obtained from a US embassy or consulate before they arrived to the US.<ref name=":0" />
+The [[Immigration Act of 1924]] reduced the quota to 2% of countries' representation in the [[1890 United States census|1890 census]], when a fairly small percentage of the population was from the regions some regarded as less than desirable. To execute the new quota, a visa system was implemented in 1924.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/closing-the-door-on-immigration.htm|title=Closing the Door on Immigration (U.S. National Park Service)|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref> It mandated non-citizens seeking to enter the US to obtain and present a visa obtained from a US embassy or consulate before arriving in the US.<ref name=":0" /> The visa regulations were later substantially revised by the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952]] and ultimately replaced by the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]]. Non-citizens of the U.S. who are citizens or nationals of 40 countries are currently exempted from a visa requirement under the [[Visa Waiver Program]].
-Immigration inspectors handled the visa packets depending on whether they were non-immigrant (visitor) or immigrant (permanent admission).<ref name=":0" /> Non-immigrant visas were kept at the ports of entry and were later destroyed, but immigrant visas were sent to the Central Office, in [[Washington, DC]], for processing and filing.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.uscis.gov/history-and-genealogy/genealogy/visa-files-july-1-1924-march-31-1944|title=Visa Files, July 1, 1924 - March 31, 1944|date=2016-02-09|website=USCIS|language=en|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref>
+Immigration inspectors differently handle visa packets depending on whether they are non-immigrant (visitor) or immigrant (permanent admission).<ref name=":0" /> Under the original, unmodified law, non-immigrant visas were kept at the ports of entry and were later destroyed, but immigrant visas were sent to the Central Office, in [[Washington, DC]], for processing and filing.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.uscis.gov/history-and-genealogy/genealogy/visa-files-july-1-1924-march-31-1944|title=Visa Files, July 1, 1924 - March 31, 1944|date=2016-02-09|website=USCIS|language=en|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref>
-Based on the formula, the number of new immigrants admitted fell from 805,228 in 1920 to 309,556 in 1921-22.<ref name=murray7>Robert K. Murray, ''The 103rd Ballot: Democrats and the Disaster in Madison Square Garden'' (NY: Harper & Row, 1976), 7</ref>   The average annual inflow of immigrants prior to 1921 was 175,983 from Northern and Western Europe and 685,531 from other countries, mainly Southern and Eastern Europe. In 1921, there was a drastic reduction in immigration levels from other countries, principally Southern and Eastern Europe.{{cn|date=March 2017}}
+Based on the new formula, the number of new immigrants admitted fell from 805,228 in 1920 to 309,556 in 1921–22.<ref name=murray7>Robert K. Murray, ''The 103rd Ballot: Democrats and the Disaster in Madison Square Garden'' (NY: Harper & Row, 1976), 7</ref> The average annual inflow of immigrants prior to 1921 was 175,983 from Northern and Western Europe and 685,531 from other countries, mainly Southern and Eastern Europe.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} In 1921, there was a drastic reduction in immigration levels from other countries, principally Southern and Eastern Europe.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}
-After the end of [[World War I]], both [[Europe]] and the United States were experiencing economic and social upheaval. In Europe, the war's destruction, the [[Russian Revolution]], and the dissolutions of both the [[Austria-Hungary]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]] led to an increase of immigration to the United States. In the US, an economic downturn after the postwar [[demobilization]] increased unemployment. The combination of increased immigration from Europe at the time of higher American unemployment strengthened the [[anti-immigrant]] movement.
 The act, sponsored by US Representative [[Albert Johnson (congressman)|Albert Johnson]] (R-[[Washington (state)|Washington]]),<ref>{{cite web |publisher=American Catholic History Classroom |url=http://archives.lib.cua.edu/education/immigration/1921-quota.cfm |title=1921 Emergency Quota Act |access-date=2012-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121091813/http://archives.lib.cua.edu/education/immigration/1921-quota.cfm |archive-date=2012-01-21 }}</ref> was passed without a recorded vote in the [[US House of Representatives]] and by a vote of 90-2-4 in the [[US Senate]].<ref name=govtrack>{{cite web|title=Senate Vote #21 (May 3, 1921)|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/vote.xpd?vote=s67_1-21&sort=vote|work=govtrack.us|access-date=20 May 2011}}</ref>
@@ Line 78: / Line 76: @@
 The use of the National Origins Formula continued until it was replaced by the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]], which introduced a system of preferences, based on immigrants' skills and family relationships with US citizens or US residents.
 == Quotas by country under successive laws ==
-Listed below are historical quotas on immigration from the [[Eastern Hemisphere]], by country, as applied in given fiscal years ending June 30, calculated according to successive immigration laws and revisions from the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 to the final quota year of 1965. The 1922 and 1925 systems based on dated census records of the foreign-born population were intended as temporary measures, and were replaced by the 1924 Act's [[National Origins Formula]] based on the [[1920 United States census|1920 Census]] of the total U.S. population, effective July 1, 1929.<ref name="statabstract1922">{{cite journal|date=July 1923|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1922.|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1923/compendia/statab/45ed/1922-03.pdf|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce|pages=100–101|edition=45th|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329121443/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1923/compendia/statab/45ed/1922-03.pdf|archive-date=March 29, 2021|access-date=August 10, 2021}}</ref><ref name="statabstract1924">{{cite journal|date=July 1925|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1924.|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1925/compendia/statab/47ed/1924-02.pdf|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce|page=83|edition=47th|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328004741/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1925/compendia/statab/47ed/1924-02.pdf|archive-date=March 28, 2021|access-date=August 10, 2021}}</ref><ref name="statabstract1930">{{cite journal|date=July 1930|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1930.|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1930/compendia/statab/52ed/1930-04.pdf|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce|pages=102–105|edition=52nd|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326085609/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1930/compendia/statab/52ed/1930-04.pdf|archive-date=March 26, 2021|access-date=August 9, 2021}}</ref><ref name="statabstract1931">{{cite journal|date=August 1931|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1931.|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1931/compendia/statab/53ed/1931-03.pdf|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce|pages=103–107|edition=53rd|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329144712/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1931/compendia/statab/53ed/1931-03.pdf|archive-date=March 29, 2021|access-date=August 10, 2021}}</ref><ref name="statabstract1966">{{cite journal|date=July 1966|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1966.|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1966/compendia/statab/87ed/1966-02.pdf|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=U.S. Bureau of the Census|pages=89–93|lccn=04-018089|issn=0081-4741|oclc=781377180|edition=87th|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328113257/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1966/compendia/statab/87ed/1966-02.pdf|archive-date=March 28, 2021|access-date=August 9, 2021}}</ref><ref name="ABA1924">{{cite journal|date=July 1924|journal=American Bar Association Journal|volume=10|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25709038|publisher=American Bar Association|pages=490–492|last=Beaman|first=Middleton|issue=7|title=CURRENT LEGISLATION: The Immigration Act of 1924.|access-date=August 10, 2021}}</ref>
+Listed below are historical quotas on immigration from the [[Eastern Hemisphere]], by country, as applied in given fiscal years ending June 30, calculated according to successive immigration laws and revisions from the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 to the final quota year of 1965. The 1922 and 1925 systems based on dated census records of the foreign-born population were intended as temporary measures, and were replaced by the 1924 Act's [[National Origins Formula]] based on the [[1920 United States census|1920 Census]] of the total U.S. population, effective July 1, 1929.<ref name="statabstract1922">{{cite journal|date=July 1923|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1922.|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1923/compendia/statab/45ed/1922-03.pdf|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce|pages=100–101|edition=45th|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329121443/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1923/compendia/statab/45ed/1922-03.pdf|archive-date=March 29, 2021|access-date=August 10, 2021}}</ref><ref name="statabstract1924">{{cite journal|date=July 1925|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1924.|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1925/compendia/statab/47ed/1924-02.pdf|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce|page=83|edition=47th|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328004741/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1925/compendia/statab/47ed/1924-02.pdf|archive-date=March 28, 2021|access-date=August 10, 2021}}</ref><ref name="statabstract1930">{{cite journal|date=July 1930|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1930.|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1930/compendia/statab/52ed/1930-04.pdf|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce|pages=102–105|edition=52nd|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326085609/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1930/compendia/statab/52ed/1930-04.pdf|archive-date=March 26, 2021|access-date=August 9, 2021}}</ref><ref name="statabstract1931">{{cite journal|date=August 1931|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1931.|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1931/compendia/statab/53ed/1931-03.pdf|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce|pages=103–107|edition=53rd|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329144712/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1931/compendia/statab/53ed/1931-03.pdf|archive-date=March 29, 2021|access-date=August 10, 2021}}</ref><ref name="statabstract1966">{{cite journal|date=July 1966|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1966.|journal=Statistical Abstract of the United States ...: Finance, Coinage, Commerce, Immigration, Shipping, the Postal Service, Population, Railroads, Agriculture, Coal and Iron|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1966/compendia/statab/87ed/1966-02.pdf|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=U.S. Bureau of the Census|pages=89–93|lccn=04-018089|issn=0081-4741|oclc=781377180|edition=87th|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328113257/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1966/compendia/statab/87ed/1966-02.pdf|archive-date=March 28, 2021|access-date=August 9, 2021}}</ref><ref name="ABA1924">{{cite journal|date=July 1924|journal=American Bar Association Journal|volume=10|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25709038|publisher=American Bar Association|pages=490–492|last=Beaman|first=Middleton|issue=7|title=Current Legislation: The Immigration Act of 1924.|jstor=25709038|access-date=August 10, 2021}}</ref>
 {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
 |-
 !rowspan="2"|Annual [[National Origins Formula|National Quota]]
-!colspan="2"|[[Emergency Quota Act|Act of 1921]]||colspan="4"|[[Immigration Act of 1924|Act of 1924]]||colspan="2"|[[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952|Act of 1952]]
+!colspan="2"|Act of 1921||colspan="4"|[[Immigration Act of 1924|Act of 1924]]||colspan="2"|[[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952|Act of 1952]]
 |-
-!1922{{efn|Quota per country limited to 3% of the number of foreign-born persons of that nationality residing in the U.S. in the 1910 census (FY 1922-1924)}}
+!1922{{efn|Quota per country limited to 3% of the number of foreign-born persons of that nationality residing in the U.S. in the 1910 census (FY 1922–1924)}}
 !%
-!1925{{efn|Quota per country limited to 2% of the number of foreign-born persons of that nationality residing in the U.S. in the 1890 census (FY 1925-1929)}}
+!1925{{efn|Quota per country limited to 2% of the number of foreign-born persons of that nationality residing in the U.S. in the 1890 census (FY 1925–1929)}}
 !%
-!1930{{efn|Quota per nationality limited to a percentage share of 150,000 in a ratio proportional to the number of U.S. inhabitants of that national origin as a share of all U.S. inhabitants in the 1920 census (FY 1930-1952)}}
+!1930{{efn|Quota per nationality limited to a percentage share of 150,000 in a ratio proportional to the number of U.S. inhabitants of that national origin as a share of all U.S. inhabitants in the 1920 census (FY 1930–1952)}}
 !%
-!1965{{efn|Quota per nationality limited to one-sixth of 1% of the number of U.S. inhabitants of that national origin in the 1920 census (FY 1953-1965)}}
+!1965{{efn|Quota per nationality limited to one-sixth of 1% of the number of U.S. inhabitants of that national origin in the 1920 census (FY 1953–1965)}}
 !%
 |-
@@ Line 204: / Line 202: @@
 |
 |-
-| align="left"|{{flag|France}}
+| align="left"|{{flag|France|1848b}}
 | 5,729
 | 1.60%
@@ Line 214: / Line 212: @@
 | 1.94%
 |-
-| align="left"|{{flag|Germany}}
+| align="left"|{{flag|Germany|1919}}
 | 67,607
 | 18.90%
@@ Line 255: / Line 253: @@
 |-
 | align="left"|{{flag|Ireland}}
-| {{efn|name=uk|From 1921 to 1924, quota for {{flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} encompassed all of Ireland; after 1925, only {{flag|Northern Ireland}}, with a separate quota created for the {{flag|Irish Free State}}}}
+| {{efn|name=uk|From 1921 to 1924, quota for [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] encompassed all of Ireland; after 1925, only [[Northern Ireland]], with a separate quota created for the [[Irish Free State]]}}
 |
 | 28,567
@@ Line 354: / Line 352: @@
 | 0.18%
 |-
-| align="left"|{{flag|Russia|1954}} / {{flag|Soviet Union|1936}} {{efn|{{flagicon|Soviet Union|1922}} [[U.S.S.R.]] excluding regions falling under the [[Asiatic Barred Zone]] while in effect}}
+| align="left"|{{flag|Russia|1954}} / {{flag|Soviet Union|1936}} {{efn|[[U.S.S.R.]] excluding regions falling under the [[Asiatic Barred Zone]] while in effect}}
 | 24,405
 | 6.82%
@@ Line 414: / Line 412: @@
 | 41.22%
 |-
-| align="left"|{{flag|Yugoslavia}}
+| align="left"|{{flag|Kingdom of Yugoslavia|name=Yugoslavia}}
 | 6,426
 | 1.80%
@@ Line 434: / Line 432: @@
 | 0.44%
 |-
-| align="left"|Total from {{flag|Europe}}
+| align="left"|Total from [[Europe]]
 | 356,135
 | 99.53%
@@ Line 454: / Line 452: @@
 | 2.33%
 |-
-| align="left"|Total from {{flag|Africa}}
+| align="left"|Total from [[Africa]]
 | 122
 | 0.03%
@@ Line 466: / Line 464: @@
 | align="left"|'''Total from all Countries'''
 | '''357,803'''
-| '''100.00%'''
+| '''100%'''
 | '''164,667'''
-| '''100.00%'''
+| '''100%'''
 | '''153,714'''
-| '''100.00%'''
+| '''100%'''
 | '''158,561'''
-| '''100.00%'''
+| '''100%'''
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 485: / Line 483: @@
 ==Further reading==
+* Allerfeldt, Kristofer. "‘And We Got Here First’: Albert Johnson, National Origins and Self-Interest in the Immigration Debate of the 1920s." ''Journal of Contemporary History'' 45.1 (2010): 7–26.
-* Nathan Miller, ''New World Coming.'' Cambridge: Da Capo Press, 2003
-* John Higham, ''Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism''. 2nd ed. New York: Atheneum, 1963.  (First edition published by Rutgers University Press in 1955)
+* Miller, Nathan.  ''New World Coming.'' Cambridge: Da Capo Press, 2003
+* Higham, John. ''Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism''. 2nd ed. New York: Atheneum, 1963.  (First edition published by Rutgers University Press in 1955)
+* Jerry Elman, "The 'Holocaust' is Not the Right Focus!" Blog posted April 19, 2023. Accessed May 5, 2023 [https://jerry-elman.com/?p=4443]
 ==External links==
-* [http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/42%20stat%205.pdf The act] at the [http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/USimmigrationlegislation.html U.S. Immigration Legislation Online] hosted by the [[University of Washington Bothell]] Library
+* [http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/42%20stat%205.pdf The act] <sup>Dead Link</sup>{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716231719/http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/42%20stat%205.pdf |date=2015-07-16 }} at the [http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/USimmigrationlegislation.html U.S. Immigration Legislation Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211041114/http://library.uwb.edu/guides/USimmigration/USimmigrationlegislation.html |date=2015-02-11 }} hosted by the [[University of Washington Bothell]] Library
+{{Warren G. Harding}}
 {{Immigration to the United States}}
 {{authority control}}
 [[Category:History of immigration to the United States]]
-[[Category:1921 in the United States]]
+[[Category:1921 in American law]]
 [[Category:United States federal immigration and nationality legislation|Federal legislation]]
-[[Category:1921 in law]]
 [[Category:67th United States Congress]]
 [[Category:Quotas]]

v t e Warren G. Harding
29th President of the United States (1921–1923) 28th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio (1904–1906)
Life	Harding Home Harding Tomb The Marion Star Electoral history of Warren G. Harding 1914 United States Senate election in Ohio 1920 United States presidential election Front porch campaign transition 1920 Republican National Convention
Presidency (timeline)	Inauguration of Warren G. Harding Washington Naval Conference Depression of 1920–1921 Agricultural Appropriations Act of 1922 Budget and Accounting Act Bureau of the Budget General Accounting Office Cable Act Capper–Volstead Act Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill Emergency Quota Act Emergency Tariff of 1921 Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 Future Trading Act Fordney–McCumber Tariff Grain Futures Act Great Railroad Strike of 1922 Knox–Porter Resolution Revenue Act of 1921 Sheppard–Towner Act Veterans Administration Willis Graham Act List of federal judges appointed by Warren G. Harding Warren G. Harding Supreme Court candidates Harding Railroad Car Voyage of Understanding Teapot Dome scandal
Public image	The President's Daughter Cultural depictions of Warren G. Harding List of memorials to Warren G. Harding Warren G. Harding Presidential Center Historical reputation of Warren G. Harding
Family	Florence Harding (wife) Elizabeth Ann Blaesing (daughter) George Tryon Harding (father) Carolyn Harding Votaw (sister) Nan Britton (mistress) Laddie Boy (pet dog)
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Authority control databases
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Latest revision as of 18:13, 5 January 2025

Quotas by country under successive laws

See also

References

Further reading

External links