A-frame building: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 00:06, 6 January 2025

An A-frame house owned and restored by Nicky Panicci in the Hollywood Hills, an example of an architectural A-frame.

An A-frame building is an architectural style^[1] of building that features steeply-angled sides (roofline) that usually begin at or near the foundation line, and meet at the top in the shape of the letter A. An A-frame ceiling can be open to the top rafters.

Although the triangle shape of the A-frame has been present throughout history, it surged in popularity around the world from roughly the mid-1950s through the 1970s. It was during the post–World War II era that the A-frame acquired its most defining characteristics.

Style

A-frame buildings are an ancient form in Europe (e.g. cruck frame construction or grubenhaus), China, and the South Pacific islands. Sometimes called a roof hut, these were simple structures used for utilitarian purposes until the 1950s.^[2] In 1934, R. M. Schindler built the first modern A-frame house, for owner Gisela Bennati, in Lake Arrowhead, California.^[3] Architects Walter Reemelin, John Campbell, George Rockrise, Henrik H. Bull, and Andrew Geller helped to popularize Schindler's idea in the early 1950s, designing A-frame vacation homes.^[2] In 1955, Andrew Geller built an A-frame house on the beach in Long Island, New York, known as the Elizabeth Reese House.^[2] Geller's design won international attention when it was featured in The New York Times on May 5, 1957.^[4] Before long, thousands of A-frame homes were being built around the world.^[5]

The Abbey Resort in Fontana-on-Geneva Lake, Wisconsin, claims to have the world's tallest wooden A-frame.

Rise in popularity

The post–World War II popularity of the A-frame has been attributed to a combination of factors including Americans' extra disposable income, the inexpensiveness of building an A-frame structure, and a new interest in acquiring a second home for vacationing.^[2]

Another factor contributing to the rise of the A-frame included the adaptability of the structure itself, which enabled architects to experiment with more modern designs. A-frames were a useful medium in which architects could explore their creative side since they were relatively cheap to build.

Additionally, many people preferred the idea of a "modern-style" vacation home to that of a "modern-style" primary home. A-frames became available as prefabricated kits, lowering the cost even more, and were sold by Macy's department stores.

After the rise of the archetypal A-frame, architects soon began experimenting with new designs, which led to what became known as the modified A-frame style.

Examples

Residential examples

Bennati House (1934), Lake Arrowhead, California, designed by Rudolph Schindler
Elizabeth Reese House, Sagoponack, New York, designed by Andrew Geller
Numerous examples in Washington state.^[6]
Numerous examples, including historic kits and (recent?) "Yosemite-adjacent" ones, in Curbed^[7]
Twelve A-frame houses in Northcrest Historic District, Atlanta, Georgia^[8]
Ranger cabin, Oregon, in Zig-zag Ranger District^[9]
Park City, Utah, ski houses^[10]

Religious examples

A-frame buildings which had been made popular since 1955 by Andrew Geller were built for churches across the world. The modern shape was reinterpreted spiritually as representing "hands at prayer" since 1961 and the design of the Holy Cross Anglican Church in Tokyo by the Czech-born American architect Antonin Raymond. His use of interlaced pillars was inspired by the traditional Japanese traditional country minka houses known as gasshō-zukuri (合掌造り), literally "clasped-hands style".^[11]

Early examples of A-frame religious buildings are the Frank Lloyd Wright designed First Unitarian Society of Madison, built 1949–1951, as well as the Lutheran Church of the Atonement, designed by Harris Armstrong and built in 1949 in Florissant, Missouri.^[12] Charles E. Stade designed dozens of A-frame church buildings in the United States throughout the 1950s and 1960s,^[13] along with Edward D. Dart and Edward Sövik.^[14] The style was in 1960 used by the Catholic Church to build Saint Joseph Church, Lynden, Washington^[6] just before the Our Lady of Fatima Roman Catholic Church in 1961. It was used most impressively for the United States Air Force Academy Cadet Chapel inaugurated in 1962.

At the same time, the A-frame used was in Europe as early 1959 for Bakkehaugen Church in Norway by architect Ove Bang who was an advocate of functionalism. When the Arctic Cathedral in 1965, the A-frame church had become a new identity of religious architecture in Scandinavia. It spread to Europe and was used in 1967 to build the Yaddlethorpe Methodist Church in Yaddlethorpe.

The A-shape religious building made it across the Pacific Ocean to New Zealand with the Whiteley Memorial Methodist Church dedicated on 19 October 1963 considered as "Taranaki's most beautiful building".^[15]

Luce Memorial Chapel, a modern A-frame building.

Christian religious buildings have also adopted the A-style architecture mainly in South East Asia. The first example after Japan might be the Luce Memorial Chapel in Taiwan in 1963, followed by Saint Michael's Church in Sihanoukville in 1965, Xavier Hall Catholic Church in Bangkok in 1972, or the Church of the Pastoral Center in Da Lat in 2010 are some examples of a similar architectural style.

This style is still popular in Europe also, as in Henry's Ecumenical Art Chapel in Finland in 2005.^[16]

Commercial examples

Numerous older Wienerschnitzel stores are A-frames
Whataburger stores
IHOP restaurants
Tastee-Freez stores
Nickerson Farms stores (e.g., see File:Abandoned Nickerson Farms, Picacho, AZ.jpg)
Travelers Rest Motel, near Everett, Pennsylvania^[17]
Dick Lewis Pontiac-Cadillac (1964), Olympia, Washington^[6]
The main building of Florida's Disney's Contemporary Resort, in which the Walt Disney World monorail has a station
Lake Easton Resort (c.1963), Easton, Washington^[6]
Tiki Lodge (c.1964), Spokane, Washington^[6]

Educational examples

Wakefield Country Day School, Flint Hill, Virginia

References

^ "A-frame". Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. on CD-ROM (v. 4.0). Oxford University Press, 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Randl, Chad. A-frame. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2004. Print.
^ "The (R.M.) Schindler List". Archived from the original on 2016-09-26. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
^ Bernstein, Fred A. (December 27, 2011). "Andrew Geller, 87, Modernist Architect, Dies". The New York Times. p. B63. Archived from the original on March 20, 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
^ "Starting a Roofing Business". 29 April 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2021-04-29.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "A-frame / 1950 - 1990 / Washington State Examples". 8 July 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
^ Alexandra Lange (September 22, 2017). "The A-frame effect: Not just another house, but a way of life". Archived from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
^ "Northcrest Historic District Listed in National Register of Historic Places". May 5, 2017. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
^ "OREGON INVENTORY OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES". 18 April 2006.
^ "Agenda". Park City Municipal Corporation. October 16, 2013. Archived from the original on 2021-04-16. Retrieved 2019-10-15.
^ "Tokyo Sei Juji Kyokai: Holy Cross Church, Tokyo". Nippon Sei Ko Kai: Anglican Episcopal Church in Japan. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
^ "Mid-Century Modern Church Survey Religious Structures 1940 – 1970 in St. Louis County" (PDF). Missouri State Parks. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
^ "Charles E. Stade". A Chicago Sojourn. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
^ "The Quietly Dangerous Suburban Church". The New Republic. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
^ Palmert, Harriet (2009-08-26). "Taranaki's most beautiful building". Stuff. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
^ "St Henry's Ecumenical Art Chapel by Sanaksenaho Architcets". Architizer. 2016-02-28. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
^ "Travelers Rest Motel". SAH Archipedia. 17 July 2018. Archived from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2019.

Bibliography

Randl, Chad (2004). A-frame. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 978-1-56898-410-0.

External links

A-frame Style Archived 2007-01-04 at the Wayback Machine from Picture Dictionary of House Styles in North America and Beyond on About.com, by Jackie Craven
A-frame Home - An A-frame home in the Hollywood Hills owned and restored by Nicky Panicci
A-frame House Website (archive) about an a-frame house located in Phoenix, AZ.

[1] "A-frame". Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. on CD-ROM (v. 4.0). Oxford University Press, 2009.

[Randl-2] Randl, Chad. A-frame. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2004. Print.

[3] "The (R.M.) Schindler List". Archived from the original on 2016-09-26. Retrieved 2017-12-19.

[4] Bernstein, Fred A. (December 27, 2011). "Andrew Geller, 87, Modernist Architect, Dies". The New York Times. p. B63. Archived from the original on March 20, 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2014.

[5] "Starting a Roofing Business". 29 April 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2021-04-29.

[wash-6] "A-frame / 1950 - 1990 / Washington State Examples". 8 July 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2019.

[7] Alexandra Lange (September 22, 2017). "The A-frame effect: Not just another house, but a way of life". Archived from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2019.

[8] "Northcrest Historic District Listed in National Register of Historic Places". May 5, 2017. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2019.

[9] "OREGON INVENTORY OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES". 18 April 2006.

[10] "Agenda". Park City Municipal Corporation. October 16, 2013. Archived from the original on 2021-04-16. Retrieved 2019-10-15.

[11] "Tokyo Sei Juji Kyokai: Holy Cross Church, Tokyo". Nippon Sei Ko Kai: Anglican Episcopal Church in Japan. Retrieved 20 August 2022.

[12] "Mid-Century Modern Church Survey Religious Structures 1940 – 1970 in St. Louis County" (PDF). Missouri State Parks. Retrieved 31 August 2023.

[13] "Charles E. Stade". A Chicago Sojourn. Retrieved 31 August 2023.

[14] "The Quietly Dangerous Suburban Church". The New Republic. Retrieved 31 August 2023.

[15] Palmert, Harriet (2009-08-26). "Taranaki's most beautiful building". Stuff. Retrieved 2022-08-20.

[16] "St Henry's Ecumenical Art Chapel by Sanaksenaho Architcets". Architizer. 2016-02-28. Retrieved 2022-08-20.

[17] "Travelers Rest Motel". SAH Archipedia. 17 July 2018. Archived from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2019.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Architectural house or building style}}
+{{short description|Architectural house or building styles}}
 [[File:The Bennati House, Lake Arrowhead, California.jpg|thumb|
 The [[Bennati House]], in [[Lake Arrowhead, California]]. [[Rudolph Schindler (architect)|Rudolph Schindler's]] original A-frame design, 1934.]]
@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 [[File:Traditional thatched house (palheiro), Santana, Madeira, Portugal.jpg|thumb|Traditional A-frame thatched house (palheiro), Santana, [[Madeira, Portugal]]]]
 [[File:NickyPanicciAFrameHollywoodHillsFRONT.jpg|thumb|right|An A-frame house owned and restored by Nicky Panicci in the Hollywood Hills, an example of an architectural A-frame.]]
-[[File:Exterieur OVERZICHT PLAGGENHUT BIJ HET KANAAL - Erica - 20309407 - RCE.jpg|thumb|A historic photograph of an A-frame [[sod roof]] house in the Netherlands. Image: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140209084833/http://www.cultureelerfgoed.nl/en Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands] 20309407 - RCE]]
+[[File:Exterieur OVERZICHT PLAGGENHUT BIJ HET KANAAL - Erica - 20309407 - RCE.jpg|thumb|A historic photograph of an A-frame [[sod roof]] house in the Netherlands. Image: Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands 20309407 - RCE]]
-An '''A-frame house''' or other '''A-frame building''' is an architectural house or building style<ref>"A-frame" ''Oxford English Dictionary'' Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) © Oxford University Press 2009</ref> featuring steeply-angled sides (roofline) that usually begin at or near the foundation line, and meet at the top in the shape of the letter [[A]]. An A-frame ceiling can be open to the top rafters.
+An '''A-frame building''' is an [[architectural style]]<ref>"A-frame". ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', 2nd ed. on CD-ROM (v. 4.0). [[Oxford University Press]], 2009.</ref> of building that features steeply-angled sides (roofline) that usually begin at or near the foundation line, and meet at the top in the shape of the letter ''[[A]]''. An A-frame ceiling can be open to the top rafters.
 Although the triangle shape of the A-frame has been present throughout history, it surged in popularity around the world from roughly the mid-1950s through the 1970s. It was during the post–[[World War II]] era that the A-frame acquired its most defining characteristics.
 ==Style==
-A-frame buildings are an ancient form known, in Europe (e.g. [[cruck]] frame construction or [[grubenhaus]]), China, and the South Pacific islands. Sometimes called a ''roof hut'', these were simple structures used for utilitarian purposes until the 1950s.<ref name="Randl" >Randl, Chad. ''A-frame''. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2004. Print.</ref> In 1934, R.M. Schindler built the first modern A-frame house, for owner Gisela Bennati, in Lake Arrowhead, California.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thermschindlerlist.blogspot.com//p/la-1930s.html/|title=The (R.M.) Schindler List|access-date=2017-12-19|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926093802/http://thermschindlerlist.blogspot.com/p/la-1930s.html|archivedate=2016-09-26}}</ref>  Architects Walter Reemelin, John Campbell, [[ROMA Design Group|George Rockrise]], [[Henrik H Bull]], and [[Andrew Geller]] helped to popularize Schindler's idea in the early 1950s, designing A-frame vacation homes.<ref name="Randl" /> In 1955, Andrew Geller built an A-frame house on the beach in [[Long Island, New York]], known as the Elizabeth Reese House.<ref name="Randl" /> Geller's design won international attention when it was featured in ''[[The New York Times]]'' on May 5, 1957.<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E1D8173CF934A15751C1A9679D8B63 Fred A. Bernstein, "Andrew Geller, 87, Modernist Architect, Dies", ''New York Times''. December 27, 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320233846/https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E1D8173CF934A15751C1A9679D8B63 |date=March 20, 2017 }}. accessed 1/26/2014</ref> Before long, thousands of A-frame homes were being built around the world.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://roofingredbank.com/start-a-roofing-business/ | title=Starting A Roofing Business | access-date=2021-04-29 | archive-date=2021-04-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429223300/https://roofingredbank.com/start-a-roofing-business/ | url-status=live }} Thursday, 29 April 2021</ref>
+A-frame buildings are an ancient form in Europe (e.g. [[cruck]] frame construction or [[grubenhaus]]), China, and the South Pacific islands. Sometimes called a ''roof hut'', these were simple structures used for utilitarian purposes until the 1950s.<ref name="Randl" >Randl, Chad. ''A-frame''. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2004. Print.</ref> In 1934, R. M. Schindler built the first modern A-frame house, for owner Gisela Bennati, in Lake Arrowhead, California.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The (R.M.) Schindler List |url=http://thermschindlerlist.blogspot.com//p/la-1930s.html/ |access-date=2017-12-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926093802/http://thermschindlerlist.blogspot.com/p/la-1930s.html |archive-date=2016-09-26}}</ref>  Architects Walter Reemelin, John Campbell, [[ROMA Design Group|George Rockrise]], [[Henrik H. Bull]], and [[Andrew Geller]] helped to popularize Schindler's idea in the early 1950s, designing A-frame vacation homes.<ref name="Randl" /> In 1955, Andrew Geller built an A-frame house on the beach in [[Long Island, New York]], known as the Elizabeth Reese House.<ref name="Randl" /> Geller's design won international attention when it was featured in ''[[The New York Times]]'' on May 5, 1957.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernstein |first=Fred A. |date=December 27, 2011 |title=Andrew Geller, 87, Modernist Architect, Dies |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E1D8173CF934A15751C1A9679D8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320233846/https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E1D8173CF934A15751C1A9679D8B63 |archive-date=March 20, 2017 |work=The New York Times |page=B63 |access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> Before long, thousands of A-frame homes were being built around the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roofingredbank.com/start-a-roofing-business/ |title=Starting a Roofing Business | access-date=2021-04-29 |archive-date=2021-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429223300/https://roofingredbank.com/start-a-roofing-business/ |date=29 April 2021 | url-status=live }}</ref>
-The Abbey Resort in [[Fontana-on-Geneva Lake, Wisconsin]] claims to have the world's tallest wooden A-frame.
+The Abbey Resort in [[Fontana-on-Geneva Lake, Wisconsin]], claims to have the world's tallest wooden A-frame.
 ==Rise in popularity==
@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 After the rise of the archetypal A-frame, architects soon began experimenting with new designs, which led to what became known as the modified A-frame style.
-==Example==
+==Examples==
 === Residential examples ===
-*[[Bennati House]] (1934), [[Lake Arrowhead, California]], designed by [[Rudolph Schindler (architect)|Rudolph Schindler]]
+* [[Bennati House]] (1934), [[Lake Arrowhead, California]], designed by [[Rudolph Schindler (architect)|Rudolph Schindler]]
-*[[Elizabeth Reese House]], [[Sagoponack, New York]], designed by [[Andrew Geller]]
+* [[Elizabeth Reese House]], [[Sagoponack, New York]], designed by [[Andrew Geller]]
-*Numerous examples in Washington state.<ref name=wash>{{cite web |url=https://dahp.wa.gov/historic-preservation/historic-buildings/architectural-style-guide/a-frame |title=A-frame / 1950 - 1990 / Washington State Examples |date=8 July 2014 |accessdate=October 14, 2019 |archive-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014234155/https://dahp.wa.gov/historic-preservation/historic-buildings/architectural-style-guide/a-frame |url-status=live }}</ref>
+* Numerous examples in Washington state.<ref name=wash>{{cite web |url=https://dahp.wa.gov/historic-preservation/historic-buildings/architectural-style-guide/a-frame |title=A-frame / 1950 - 1990 / Washington State Examples |date=8 July 2014 |accessdate=October 14, 2019 |archive-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014234155/https://dahp.wa.gov/historic-preservation/historic-buildings/architectural-style-guide/a-frame |url-status=live }}</ref>
-*Numerous examples, including historic kits and (recent?) "Yosemite-adjacent" ones, in Curbed<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.curbed.com/2017/9/22/16346810/a-frame-homes-architecture-rudolf-schindler |title=The A-frame effect: Not just another house, but a way of life |author=Alexandra Lange |date=September 22, 2017 |access-date=October 14, 2019 |archive-date=October 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014235320/https://www.curbed.com/2017/9/22/16346810/a-frame-homes-architecture-rudolf-schindler |url-status=live }}</ref>
+* Numerous examples, including historic kits and (recent?) "Yosemite-adjacent" ones, in Curbed<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.curbed.com/2017/9/22/16346810/a-frame-homes-architecture-rudolf-schindler |title=The A-frame effect: Not just another house, but a way of life |author=Alexandra Lange |date=September 22, 2017 |access-date=October 14, 2019 |archive-date=October 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014235320/https://www.curbed.com/2017/9/22/16346810/a-frame-homes-architecture-rudolf-schindler |url-status=live }}</ref>
-*12 A-frame houses in [[Northcrest Historic District]], [[Atlanta, Georgia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://georgiashpo.org/hpdrelease-northcrest |title=Northcrest Historic District Listed in National Register of Historic Places |date=May 5, 2017 |access-date=October 15, 2019 |archive-date=August 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814085611/https://georgiashpo.org/hpdrelease-northcrest |url-status=live }}</ref>
+* Twelve A-frame houses in [[Northcrest Historic District]], [[Atlanta, Georgia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://georgiashpo.org/hpdrelease-northcrest |title=Northcrest Historic District Listed in National Register of Historic Places |date=May 5, 2017 |access-date=October 15, 2019 |archive-date=August 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814085611/https://georgiashpo.org/hpdrelease-northcrest |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
-*Ranger cabin, Oregon, in [[Zig-zag Ranger District]]<ref>[https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev3_036521 document]</ref>
+* Ranger cabin, Oregon, in [[Zig-zag Ranger District]]<ref>{{cite web |title=OREGON INVENTORY OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES |url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev3_036521.doc |date=18 April 2006}}</ref>
-*Park City, Utah ski houses (two being demolished, but do others survive?)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parkcity.org/home/showdocument?id=11905 |title=Agenda |date=October 16, 2013 |website=[[Park City, Utah|Park City Municipal Corporation]] |access-date=2019-10-15 |archive-date=2021-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416205557/http://www.parkcity.org/home/showdocument?id=11905 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+* Park City, Utah, ski houses<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parkcity.org/home/showdocument?id=11905 |title=Agenda |date=October 16, 2013 |website=[[Park City, Utah|Park City Municipal Corporation]] |access-date=2019-10-15 |archive-date=2021-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416205557/http://www.parkcity.org/home/showdocument?id=11905 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 === Religious examples ===
-A-frame buildings which had been made popular since 1955 by Andrew Geller were built for churches across the world. The modern shape was reinterpreted spiritually as representing "hands at prayer" since 1961 and the design of the Holy Cross Anglican Church in Tokyo by the Czech-born American architect [[Antonin Raymond]]. His use of interlaced pillars was inspired by the traditional Japanese traditional country ''[[minka]]'' houses known as ''gasshō-zukuri'' (合掌造り), literally "clasped-hands style".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tokyo Sei Juji Kyokai: Holy Cross Church, Tokyo |url=http://www.nskk.org/tokyo-wp/english/church/seijuji.html |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=Nippon Sei Ko Kai: Anglican Episcopal Church in Japan}}</ref>
+A-frame buildings which had been made popular since 1955 by Andrew Geller were built for churches across the world. The modern shape was reinterpreted spiritually as representing "hands at prayer" since 1961 and the design of the Holy Cross Anglican Church in Tokyo by the Czech-born American architect [[Antonin Raymond]]. His use of interlaced pillars was inspired by the traditional Japanese traditional country ''[[minka]]'' houses known as ''gasshō-zukuri'' (合掌造り), literally "clasped-hands style".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tokyo Sei Juji Kyokai: Holy Cross Church, Tokyo |url=http://www.nskk.org/tokyo-wp/english/church/seijuji.html |access-date=20 August 2022 |publisher=Nippon Sei Ko Kai: Anglican Episcopal Church in Japan}}</ref>
+Early examples of A-frame religious buildings are the [[Frank Lloyd Wright]] designed [[First Unitarian Society of Madison]], built 1949–1951, as well as the Lutheran Church of the Atonement, designed by [[Harris Armstrong]] and built in 1949 in [[Florissant, Missouri]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mid-Century Modern Church Survey Religious Structures 1940 – 1970 in St. Louis County |url=https://mostateparks.com/sites/mostateparks/files/STLC%20Modern%20Church%20Report.pdf |publisher=Missouri State Parks |access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref> [[Charles E. Stade]] designed dozens of A-frame church buildings in the United States throughout the 1950s and 1960s,<ref>{{cite web |title=Charles E. Stade |url=https://achicagosojourn.wordpress.com/2010/05/24/charles-e-stade-architect/ |website=A Chicago Sojourn |access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref> along with [[Edward D. Dart]] and [[Edward Sövik]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Quietly Dangerous Suburban Church |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/126778/quietly-dangerous-suburban-church |website=The New Republic |access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref> The style was in 1960 used by the [[Catholic Church]] to build [[Saint Joseph Church (Lynden, Washington)|Saint Joseph Church]], [[Lynden, Washington]]<ref name="wash" /> just before the [[Our Lady of Fatima Roman Catholic Church]] in 1961. It was used most impressively for the [[United States Air Force Academy Cadet Chapel]] inaugurated in 1962.
+[[File:Yaddlethorpe Methodist Church - geograph.org.uk - 181813.jpg|thumb|One of the earliest English A-shape churches, the Yaddlethorpe Methodist Church, built in 1967]]
-The first A-shape church seems to be the [[Simpson Methodist Church]] in 1957 in [[Pullman, Washington]]<ref name="wash" />. The style was in 1960 adopted by the [[Catholic Church]] to build [[Saint Joseph Church (Lynden, Washington)|Saint Joseph Church]], [[Lynden, Washington]]<ref name="wash" /> just before the [[Our Lady of Fatima Roman Catholic Church]] in 1961. It was used most impressively for the [[United States Air Force Academy Cadet Chapel]] inaugurated in 1962.
-[[File:Yaddlethorpe Methodist Church - geograph.org.uk - 181813.jpg|thumb|The first A-shape church to be built in Europe was the Yaddlethorpe Methodist Church in 1967.]]
 At the same time, the A-frame used was in Europe as early 1959 for [[Bakkehaugen Church]] in [[Norway]] by architect [[Ove Bang]] who was an advocate of [[Functionalism (architecture)|functionalism]]. When the [[Arctic Cathedral]] in 1965, the A-frame church had become a new identity of religious architecture in [[Scandinavia]]. It spread to Europe and was used in 1967 to build the [[Yaddlethorpe Methodist Church]] in [[Yaddlethorpe]].
 The A-shape religious building made it across the Pacific Ocean to [[New Zealand]] with the Whiteley Memorial Methodist Church dedicated on 19 October 1963 considered as "[[Taranaki]]'s most beautiful building".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palmert |first=Harriet |date=2009-08-26 |title=Taranaki's most beautiful building |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki-daily-news/news/2777200/Taranakis-most-beautiful-building |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref>
+[[File:路思義的理念.jpg|thumb|Luce Memorial Chapel, a modern A-frame building.]]
 Christian religious buildings have also adopted the A-style architecture mainly in South East Asia. The first example after Japan might be the [[Luce Memorial Chapel]] in Taiwan in 1963, followed by [[St. Michael's Church, Sihanoukville|Saint Michael's Church in Sihanoukville]] in 1965, Xavier Hall Catholic Church in [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangkok|Bangkok]] in 1972, or the Church of the Pastoral Center in [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Đà Lạt|Da Lat]] in 2010 are some examples of a similar architectural style.
 This style is still popular in Europe also, as in Henry's Ecumenical Art Chapel in [[Finland]] in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-28 |title=St Henry's Ecumenical Art Chapel by Sanaksenaho Architcets |url=https://architizer.com/projects/st-henrys-ecumenical-art-chapel/ |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=Architizer |language=en-us}}</ref>
@@ Line 64: / Line 65: @@
 == Educational examples ==
-* [[Wakefield Country Day School]], [[Flint Hill, Rappahannock County, Virginia|Flint Hill]], Virginia.
+* [[Wakefield Country Day School]], [[Flint Hill, Rappahannock County, Virginia|Flint Hill]], Virginia
 ==See also==
@@ Line 76: / Line 77: @@
 == Bibliography ==
-* {{Cite book |last=Randl |first=Chad |url=https://books.google.com.kh/books?id=snd3mdgwgxcC&pg=PA129&dq=a-frame+restaurant&hl=km&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjPm6fz0NT5AhUiwjgGHR3tDgcQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=a-frame%20restaurant&f=false |title=A-frame |date=2004 |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |isbn=978-1-56898-410-0 |language=en}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Randl |first=Chad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=snd3mdgwgxcC&dq=a-frame+restaurant&pg=PA129 |title=A-frame |date=2004 |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |isbn=978-1-56898-410-0 |language=en}}
 ==External links==
-{{Commons category|A-frame buildings}}
+{{Commons category}}
-* [http://architecture.about.com/od/periodsstyles/ig/House-Styles/A-frame-Style.htm A-frame Style] from ''Picture Dictionary of House Styles in North America and Beyond'' on About.com, by Jackie Craven
+* [http://architecture.about.com/od/periodsstyles/ig/House-Styles/A-frame-Style.htm A-frame Style] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104045208/http://architecture.about.com/od/periodsstyles/ig/House-Styles/A-frame-Style.htm |date=2007-01-04 }} from ''Picture Dictionary of House Styles in North America and Beyond'' on About.com, by Jackie Craven
 * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nomx7rICB4k/ A-frame Home] - An A-frame home in the Hollywood Hills owned and restored by Nicky Panicci
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150704042253/http://www.a-framehouse.com/ A-frame House] Website (archive) about an a-frame house located in Phoenix, AZ.
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:A-frame houses and buildings| ]]