Chuvash people: Difference between revisions

Chuvash
чӑвашсем; çăvaşsem
	Old Chuvash men, the beginning of 20th century
Total population
	c. 1.1 million
Regions with significant populations
Russia; ( Chuvashia)	1,067,139; 684,930
Kazakhstan	22,305
Ukraine	10,593
Uzbekistan	10,074
Tajikistan	3,904
Turkmenistan	2,281
Belarus	2,242
Moldova	1,204
Languages
	Chuvash; Russian
Religion
	Majority:; Orthodox Christianity; Minority:; Vattisen Yaly (ethnic religion); Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
	Volga Tatars

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The Chuvash people ^[a] (Chuvash: чӑвашсем, romanized: çăvaşsem, pronounced [tɕəˈʋaʃsem]; Russian: чуваши, romanized: čuvaši, pronounced [tɕʊˈvaʂɨ]) are a Turkic ethnic group, a branch of the Oğurs, inhabiting an area stretching from the Idel-Ural region to Siberia.

Most of them live in Chuvash Republic and the surrounding areas, although Chuvash communities may be found throughout the Russian Federation as well as in Central Asia. They speak Chuvash, a Turkic language that diverged from other languages in the family more than a millennium ago. Among the Chuvash believers, the majority are Eastern Orthodox Christians although a minority follow Vattisen Yaly or Sunni Islam.

Etymology

There is no universally accepted etymology of the word Chuvash, but there are two theories. One theory suggests that the word Chuvash may be derived from Common Turkic jăvaş ('friendly', 'peaceful'), as opposed to şarmăs ('warlike').

Another theory is that the word is derived from the Tabghach, an early medieval Xianbei clan and founders of the Northern Wei dynasty in China. The Old Turkic name Tabghach (Tuoba in Mandarin) was used by some Inner Asian peoples to refer to China long after this dynasty. Gerard Clauson has shown that through regular sound changes, the clan name Tabghach may have transformed to the ethnonym Chuvash.^[12]

Language

Chuvash is a Turkic language spoken in European Russia, primarily in the Chuvash Republic and adjacent areas. It is the only surviving member of the Oghur branch of Turkic languages, one of the two principal branches of the Turkic family.^[13]^[14]

Although there is no direct evidence, some scholars believe that Chuvash may be descendant from a dialect of Volga Bulgar language^[15] while others support the idea that Chuvash is another distinct Oghur Turkic language.^[16] Since the surviving literary records for the non-Chuvash members of Oghuric (Bulgar and possibly Khazar) are scant, the exact position of Chuvash within the Oghuric family cannot be determined.

Some scholars suggest Hunnish had strong ties with Bulgar and to modern Chuvash^[17] and refer to this extended grouping as separate Hunno-Bulgar languages.^[18]^[19] However, such speculations are not based on proper linguistic evidence, since the language of the Huns is almost unknown except for a few attested words and personal names. Scholars generally consider Hunnish as unclassifiable.^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]

Italian historian and philologist Igor de Rachewiltz noted a significant distinction of the Chuvash language from other Turkic languages. According to him, the Chuvash language does not share certain common characteristics with Turkic languages to such a degree that some scholars consider Chuvash as an independent branch from Turkic and Mongolic. The Turkic classification of Chuvash was seen as a compromise solution for classification purposes.^[24]^[25]^[b]

Despite grammatical similarity with the rest of Turkic language family, the presence of changes in Chuvash pronunciation (which are hard to reconcile with other members of the Turkic family) has led some scholars to see Chuvash as originating not from Proto-Turkic, but from another proto-language spoken at the time of Proto-Turkic (in which case Chuvash and all the remaining Turkic languages would be part of a larger language family).^[26]

The Oghuric branch is distinguished from the rest of the Turkic family (the Common Turkic languages) by two sound changes: r corresponding to Common Turkic z and l corresponding to Common Turkic š.^[27] The first scientific fieldwork description of Chuvash, by August Ahlqvist in 1856, allowed researchers to establish its proper affiliation.^[28]

Chuvash is so divergent from the main body of Turkic languages that Chuvash was first believed to be a Turkified Finno-Ugric language, or an intermediate branch between Turkic and Mongolic languages.^[29]^[30] Russian language and neighboring Mari and Volga Tatar heavily influenced the Chuvash language.^[31]^[32]

Mongolian, Arabic and Persian also influenced Chuvash.^[33]^[34] Chuvash language has two to three dialects.^[35]^[36] Although Chuvash is taught at schools and sometimes used in the media, it is considered endangered by the UNESCO,^[37]^[38] since Russian dominates in most spheres of life and few children learning the language are likely to become active users.

The subdivision of the Chuvash people are as below:

Virjal (вирьял, тури, 'upper')
Anat jenchi (анат енчи, 'mid-lower')
Anatri (анатри, 'lower')
Hirti (хирти, 'steppe') (this is a sub-group that is recognized by some researchers)

History

Origins

There are two rival schools of thought on the origin of the Chuvash people. One is that they originated from a mixing between the Sabir tribes and the Finno-Ugrians.^[39] The other is that they have descendant from Volga Bulgars. Throughout history, they have experienced significant infusion and influence, not only from Russian and other Turkic peoples but also from neighboring Uralic tribes with whom they were persistently and mistakenly identified for centuries.^[25]

The Sabirs who believed to have come from Siberia, they lived there at least the end of the third millennium BC.^[40]^[41]^[42] They were skilled in warfare, used siege machinery,^[43] had a large army (including women^[44]) and were boatbuilders. Sabirs led incursions into Transcaucasia in the late-400s/early-500s, but quickly began serving as soldiers and mercenaries during the Byzantine–Sasanian Wars on both sides. Their alliance with the Byzantines laid the basis for the later Khazar-Byzantine alliance.^[45]

Early history

In the early first century AD, the Bulgars whom may related to Chuvash started moving west through Zhetysu and the steppes of modern-day Kazakhstan, reaching the North Caucasus in the 2nd to 3rd centuries AD. There they established several states (Old Bulgaria on the Black Sea coast and the Suar Duchy in modern-day Dagestan). Old Bulgaria broke up in the second half of the 7th century after a series of successful Khazar invasions. Sabirs who were a tribe within the Khazar Khanate, subsequently undertook a migration to the Volga-Kama region along with other Oghuric tribes, ultimately founded the Volga Bulgaria, which eventually became extremely wealthy: its capital then being the 4th-largest city in the world.^{[citation needed]}

Shortly after that, another state founded by Sabirs in Caucasus known as Suar Principality was forced to become a vassal state of Khazaria. About half a century later, the Suars took part in the Arab–Khazar wars of 732–737. The adoption of Islam in the early tenth century in Volga Bulgaria led to most of its people embracing that religion.^[46]

After the Mongols destroyed Volga Bulgaria in 1236, the Golden Horde kept control of the region until its slow dissolution from c. 1438. The Kazan Khanate then became the new authority of the region and of the Chuvash. The modern name "Chuvash" began to appear in records starting from the sixteenth century from Russian and other foreign sources.^[47]

In 1552, the Russians conquered the Kazan Khanate and its territories. The Chuvash, required to pay yasak, gradually became dispossessed of much of their land. Many Chuvash who traditionally engaged in agriculture were forced to become bonded laborers in the timber industry or to work in barges due to growing poverty.^[48] The subsequent centuries saw the Christianization and Russification of the Chuvash. During this period, most Chuvash converted to Orthodox Christianity, but the Tsars never achieved their complete Russification.^[47] ^{[need quotation to verify]}

After conversion, Russian Historian Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev personally visited the lands of Volga Bulgaria and wrote in 1768 that Bulgars also migrated to Bashkortostan and North of Kazan (i.e. modern-day Chuvashia).

Down the Volga River, the Chuvash, the ancient Bulgars, filled the entire county of Kazan and Simbirsk. Now, after receiving baptism, very few of them remain, because many, not wanting to be baptized, moved to the Bashkirs and settled in other counties.
— V. N. Tatishchev. "Russian History". Part I. Chapter 22.^[49]

Modern history

The 18th and 19th centuries saw the revival of Chuvash culture and the publication of many educational, literary, and linguistic works, along with the establishment of schools and other programs. The Chuvash language began to be used in local schools, and a special written script for the Chuvash language was created in 1871.^[47]

On 24 June 1920, the Bolshevik government of the RSFSR established the Chuvash Autonomous Region; it became the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 21 April 1925. Around this time Chuvash nationalism grew, but the Soviet authorities attempted to suppress nationalist movements by re-drawing the borders of the republic, leaving many Chuvash living in neighboring republics or in Russian districts. During most of the Soviet period of 1917–1991, the Chuvash were subjected to Russification campaigns.^[50]

The Chuvash language vanished from educational and public use. In 1989, another Chuvash cultural revival began^[51] - partly in response to these changes. Soon the Chuvash language once again came into use in educational, public, and political life.^[47] As of 2005^[update], schools in the Chuvash Republic and in areas outside that have large Chuvash populations teach the Chuvash language and culture. Chuvash people around Russia also have media available to them in their local communities.^[47]^{[need quotation to verify]}

Genetics

Autosomal ancestry proportions of the Chuvash and several other populations, according to Kushniarevich et al. (2015).^[52]

Physical anthropologists using the racial frameworks of the early 20th century saw the Chuvash as a mixed Finno-Ugric and Turkic people.^[53]^[25] An autosomal analysis (2015) detected an indication of Oghur and possibly Bulgar ancestry in modern Chuvash. These Oghur tribes brought the Chuvash language with them.^[54] Another study found some Finno-Ugric components in Chuvash people.^[55]

Phenotypically, there is no particular differences among the Chuvash, as more Caucasoid or more Mongoloid phenotypes can be found among all subgroups.^[56]^[57] In 2017, a full genome study found Chuvash largely show a Finno-Ugric genetic component despite having a small common Turkic component with Bashkir and Tatar peoples. This study supported language shift hypothesis among Chuvash population.^[58]

Culture

They speak the Chuvash language and have some pre-Christian traditions. The Chuvash have specific patterns used in embroidery, which is found in their traditional clothing.^[59] Many people also use the Russian and Tatar languages, spoken in Chuvashia and nearby regions along the middle course of the Volga River, in the central part of European Russia.^{[citation needed]}

Religion

Most Chuvash people are Eastern Orthodox Christians and belong to the Russian Orthodox Church while a minority are Sunni Muslims or practitioners of Vattisen Yaly. After the Russian subjugation of the Chuvash in the 16th century, a campaign of Christianization began. However, most Chuvash were not converted until the mid-19th century.^[60] The Chuvash retain some pre-Christian and pre-Islamic shamanism traditions in their cultural activities.^[60]^[47] Parallel pray in the shrines called keremet and sacrifice geese there. One of the main shrines is located in the town of Bilyarsk. Vattisen Yaly is a contemporary revival of the ethnic religion of the Chuvash people.

A minority of Chuvash may have been exposed to Islam as early as the Volga Bulgaria era but most of those early Chuvash likely converted during the Golden Horde period.^[48] An inscription dated at 1307 indicates that some Chuvash were converted to Islam, and religious terms occur in Chuvash in the form of Tatar loanwords.^[61] However, sources do not specify the practices of the Chuvash during this period. Some Chuvash who converted to Christianity following the Russian conquest converted to Islam during the 19th and early 20th century.^[48] During this period, several Chuvash communities were influenced by Tatars and became Muslim. This caused some Muslim Chuvash to define themselves as Tatars but they retained their language and several Chuvash customs.^[62]^[63]

Notes

^ UK: /ˈtʃuːvɑːʃ/ CHOO-vahsh,^[10] US: /tʃʊˈvɑːʃ/ chuu-VAHSH;^[11]
^ Rachewiltz's classification implies that Chuvash is a separate branch of the wider "Altaic" language grouping, which is itself controversial and has no general consensus within linguistic circles.

References

^ Ethnic groups of Russia in the 2021 census. (in Russian)
^ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". Demoscope.ru. 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
^ "Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 - English version - Results - Nationality and citizenship - The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue - Selection". 2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua.
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^ "Chuvash". Ethnologue. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
^ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". Demoscope.ru. 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
^ "НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СОСТАВ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ (ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF POPULATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS)". Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
^ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". Demoscope.ru. 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
^ "Татары и чуваши ветви одного древа" (PDF) (in Russian). Cheboksary, Kazan. 8 October 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
^ "Chuvash". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020.
^ "Chuvash". Lexico UK English Dictionary US English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020.
^ Gerard Clauson, Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics. Routledge, 2002, p. 23.
^ Clauson, Gerard (2002). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic linguistics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-29772-9.
^ Price, Glanville (2000). Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-22039-9.
^ Agyagási, K. (2020). "A Volga Bulgarian Classifier: A Historical and Areal Linguistic Study". University of Debrecen. 3: 9. Modern Chuvash is the only descendant language of the Ogur branch.The ancestors of its speakers left the Khazar Empire in the 8th century and migrated to the region at the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers, where they founded the Volga Bulgarian Empire in the 10th century. In the central Volga region three Volga Bulgarian dialects developed, and Chuvash is the descendant of the 3rd dialect of Volga Bulgarian (Agyagási 2019: 160–183). Sources refer to it as a separate language beginning with 1508
^ Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á, eds. (2021). The Turkic Languages. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003243809. ISBN 978-1-003-24380-9. Another Turkic people in the Volga area are the Chuvash, who, like the Tatars, regard themselves as descendants of the Volga Bulghars in the historical and cultural sense. It is clear that Chuvash belongs to the Oghur branch of Turkic, as the language of the Volga Bulghars did, but no direct evidence for diachronic development between the two has been established. As there were several distinct Oghur languages in the Middle Ages, Volga Bulghar could represent one of these, and Chuvash another.
^ Pritsak, Omeljan (1982). "The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. IV (4). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 470. ISSN 0363-5570. JSTOR 41036005. The language had strong ties to Bulgar language and to modern Chuvash, but also had some important connections, especially lexical and morphological, to Ottoman Turkish and Yakut
^ Ramer, Alexis Manaster. "Proto-Bulgarian/Danube Bulgar/Hunno-Bulgar Bekven". Granberg's suggestion that we should revive the term Hunno-Bulgar may well became that replacement — once it is clear that Hunnic and Bulgar were closely related and perhaps even the same language.
^ PRITSAK, OMELJAN (1982). "The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 6 (4): 428–476. ISSN 0363-5570. JSTOR 41036005. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023. p. 430 "I was able to establish a Danube- Bulgarian nominative- suffix /A/ from the consonant stems. Recalling that Danube- Bulgarian was a Hunnic language."
^ Savelyev, Alexander (27 May 2020). Chuvash and the Bulgharic Languages. Oxford University Press. p. 448. ISBN 978-0-19-880462-8. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
^ Golden, Peter B. (1992). An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state-formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Turcologica. Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz. pp. 88 89. ISBN 978-3-447-03274-2.
^ RÓNA-TAS, ANDRÁS (1 March 1999). Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages. Central European University Press. p. 208. doi:10.7829/j.ctv280b77f. ISBN 978-963-386-572-9.
^ Sinor, Denis (1997). Studies in medieval inner Asia. Collected studies series. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate. p. 336. ISBN 978-0-86078-632-0.
^ Rachewiltz, Igor de. Introduction to Altaic philology: Turkic, Mongolian, Manchu / by Igor de Rachewiltz and Volker Rybatzki; with the collaboration of Hung Chin-fu. p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental Studies = Handbuch der Orientalistik. Section 8, Central Asia; 20). — Leiden; Boston, 2010. — P. 7.
^ ^a ^b ^c Krueger, John R. (1961). Chuvash Manual. Introduction, Grammar, Reader, and Vocabulary. Hague. pp. 7–8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Encyclopedia of Linguistics. p. 39.
^ Johanson (1998); cf. Johanson (2000, 2007) and the articles pertaining to the subject in Johanson & Csató (ed., 1998).
^ Korhonen, Mikko (1986). Finno-Ugrian Language Studies in Finland 1828-1918. Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica. p. 80. ISBN 951-653-135-0.
^ Savelyev, Alexander (June 2020). "Chuvash and the Bulgharic languages". The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages. p. 446-464. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0028. ISBN 978-0-19-880462-8. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
^ "Chuvash language | Alphabet, People, & Meaning | Britannica". Retrieved 25 April 2024. Formerly, scholars considered Chuvash to be a Turkicized Finno-Ugric (Uralic) language or an intermediate branch between Turkic and Mongolian. The distinct character of Chuvash is also indicated by its lack of mutual intelligibility with the other Turkic languages
^ Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á, eds. (2021). The Turkic Languages. Routledge. p. 7. doi:10.4324/9781003243809. ISBN 978-1-003-24380-9. Chuvash have a quite a different history than their neighbors, the Tatars, but they have been in a cultural contact with them, as is clear from linguistic evidence.
^ Matti Miestamo; Anne Tamm; Beáta Wagner-Nagy (24 June 2015). Negation in Uralic Languages. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 646. ISBN 978-90-272-6864-8.
^ "Chuvash". Encyclopedia. The Chuvash language by virtue of a number of peculiarities differs more widely than others from the Turkic languages. There are many Chuvash words in Mari, Udmurt, Russian, and other languages. Likewise, the Chuvash language has borrowings from Arabic, Persian, Kypchak-Tatar, Finnish-Ugric, and Russian.
^ Poppe, Nicholas (1977). "On Chuvash-Mongolian Linguistic Contacts". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 97 (2): 111–114. doi:10.2307/598999. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 598999.
^ Carl Skutsch; Martin Ryle (2005). Encyclopedia of the world's minorities. New York: Routledge. ISBN 1-57958-392-X. OCLC 56420105.
^ Savelyev, Alexander (30 June 2020). "Chuvash and the Bulgharic languages". The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages. pp. 446–464. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0028. ISBN 978-0-19-880462-8.
^ "Zheltov, Pavel. An Attribute-Sample Database System for Describing Chuvash Affixes" (PDF). mt-archive.info. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
^ Tapani Salminen (22 September 1999). "UNESCO red book on endangered languages: Europe".
^ Graf, Orion M; John Mitchell; Stephen Wilcox; Gregory Livshits; and Michael H. Crawford. Chuvash origins: Evidence from mtDNA Markers. (2010). Their maternal markers appear to most closely resemble Finno-Ugric speakers rather than fellow Turkic speakers.
^ Sinor, Denis (March 1990). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 200–201. ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9.
^ Golden, Peter B. An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples. p. 104.
^ Golden, Peter B. Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes. p. 146.
^ Golden, Peter B. Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes. p. 112.
^ Golden, Peter B. Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes. p. 91.
^ Golden, Peter B. Khazar Studies. p. 35.
^ Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. New York: Routledge. pp. 312, 313. ISBN 1-57958-468-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. New York: Routledge. pp. 312, 313. ISBN 1-57958-468-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c Akiner, Shirin (1986). Islamic Peoples Of The Soviet Union (With an Appendix on the non-Muslim Turkic peoples of the Soviet Union. Routledge. pp. 70–77. ISBN 978-1-136-14274-1.
^ Tatishchev, Vasily Nikitich (1768). Russian History (in Russian). АСТ. ISBN 978-5-17-018268-8.
^ Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. New York: Routledge (published 2013). p. 313. ISBN 978-1-135-19388-1. Retrieved 13 August 2021. During the Soviet era, the Chuvash [...] were subjected to Russification campaigns.
^ Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. New York: Routledge (published 2013). p. 313. ISBN 978-1-135-19388-1. Retrieved 13 August 2021. In the wake of the changes in 1989, a new Chuvash revival movement started [...].
^ Kushniarevich, Alena; Utevska, Olga; Chuhryaeva, Marina; Agdzhoyan, Anastasia; Dibirova, Khadizhat; Uktveryte, Ingrida; Möls, Märt; Mulahasanovic, Lejla; Pshenichnov, Andrey; Frolova, Svetlana; Shanko, Andrey; Metspalu, Ene; Reidla, Maere; Tambets, Kristiina; Tamm, Erika (2015). Calafell, Francesc (ed.). "Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0135820. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1035820K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135820. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4558026. PMID 26332464.
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chuvashes" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 350.
^ Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; Valeev, Albert; Litvinov, Sergei; Valiev, Ruslan; Akhmetova, Vita; Balanovska, Elena; Balanovsky, Oleg; Turdikulova, Shahlo; Dalimova, Dilbar; Nymadawa, Pagbajabyn; Bahmanimehr, Ardeshir; Sahakyan, Hovhannes; Tambets, Kristiina; Fedorova, Sardana; Barashkov, Nikolay; Khidiyatova, Irina; Mihailov, Evelin; Khusainova, Rita; Damba, Larisa; Derenko, Miroslava; Malyarchuk, Boris; Osipova, Ludmila; Voevoda, Mikhail; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Kivisild, Toomas; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Villems, Richard (21 April 2015). "The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia". PLOS Genet. 11 (4): e1005068. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4405460. PMID 25898006.
^ Suslova, T. A.; Burmistrova, A. L.; Chernova, M. S.; Khromova, E. B.; Lupar, E. I.; Timofeeva, S. V.; Devald, I. V.; Vavilov, M. N.; Darke, C. (1 October 2012). "HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in Russians, Bashkirs and Tatars, living in the Chelyabinsk Region (Russian South Urals)". International Journal of Immunogenetics. 39 (5): 394–408. doi:10.1111/j.1744-313X.2012.01117.x. ISSN 1744-313X. PMID 22520580. S2CID 20804610.
^ http://xn--c1acc6aafa1c.xn--p1ai/?question=chuvashi-kto-oni-na-samom-dele Chuvash people — who are they really
^ Anthropological material about the origin of Chuvash people
^ Triska, Petr; Chekanov, Nikolay; Stepanov, Vadim; Khusnutdinova, Elza K.; Kumar, Ganesh Prasad Arun; Akhmetova, Vita; Babalyan, Konstantin; Boulygina, Eugenia; Kharkov, Vladimir; Gubina, Marina; Khidiyatova, Irina; Khitrinskaya, Irina; Khrameeva, Ekaterina E.; Khusainova, Rita; Konovalova, Natalia (28 December 2017). "Between Lake Baikal and the Baltic Sea: genomic history of the gateway to Europe". BMC Genetics. 18 (1): 110. doi:10.1186/s12863-017-0578-3. ISSN 1471-2156. PMC 5751809. PMID 29297395.
^ "Неведомый, чудный узор" [Unknown, Wonderful Pattern. History of cross stitch in the Russian Empire]. pattern.rusneb.ru. Retrieved 14 October 2022.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ ^a ^b Cole, Jeffrey (2011). Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-59884-302-6.
^ "Chuvash | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
^ Iagafova, Ekaterina; Bondareva, Valeriia (1 June 2020). "Chuvash 'Paganism' at the Turn of the 21st Century: Traditional Rituals in the Religious Practice of Volga–Urals Chuvash Groups". Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics. 14 (1): 111–120. doi:10.2478/jef-2020-0007. ISSN 2228-0987. In some cases, the Chuvash perceived Tatar ethnic identity as parallel to Islam, although they retained the Chuvash language and kept some elements of Chuvash culture in everyday life as well as in rituals.
^ Arik, Durmuş (1 April 2007). "Islam among the Chuvashes and its Role in the Change of Chuvash Ethnicity". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 27 (1): 37–54. doi:10.1080/13602000701308814. ISSN 1360-2004. Chuvashes who accepted Islam later on became imams, muezzins, teachers in madrasahs and the other religious employees. Many Chuvashes were influenced by Tatars who were strong representatives of Islam in the Volga-Urals region. This caused Chuvashes to define themselves as Tatars.

External links

Photos of the Chuvash people

[12] UK: /ˈtʃuːvɑːʃ/ CHOO-vahsh,^[10] US: /tʃʊˈvɑːʃ/ chuu-VAHSH;^[11]

[27] Rachewiltz's classification implies that Chuvash is a separate branch of the wider "Altaic" language grouping, which is itself controversial and has no general consensus within linguistic circles.

[1] Ethnic groups of Russia in the 2021 census. (in Russian)

[2] "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". Demoscope.ru. 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2016.

[3] "Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 - English version - Results - Nationality and citizenship - The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue - Selection". 2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua.

[4] [1]^{[dead link‍]}

[Chv-5] "Chuvash". Ethnologue. Retrieved 26 September 2023.

[6] "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". Demoscope.ru. 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2016.

[7] "НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СОСТАВ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ (ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF POPULATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS)". Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2009.

[8] "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". Demoscope.ru. 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.

[9] "Татары и чуваши ветви одного древа" (PDF) (in Russian). Cheboksary, Kazan. 8 October 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.

[10] "Chuvash". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020.

[11] "Chuvash". Lexico UK English Dictionary US English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020.

[13] Gerard Clauson, Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics. Routledge, 2002, p. 23.

[14] Clauson, Gerard (2002). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic linguistics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-29772-9.

[15] Price, Glanville (2000). Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-22039-9.

[16] Agyagási, K. (2020). "A Volga Bulgarian Classifier: A Historical and Areal Linguistic Study". University of Debrecen. 3: 9. Modern Chuvash is the only descendant language of the Ogur branch.The ancestors of its speakers left the Khazar Empire in the 8th century and migrated to the region at the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers, where they founded the Volga Bulgarian Empire in the 10th century. In the central Volga region three Volga Bulgarian dialects developed, and Chuvash is the descendant of the 3rd dialect of Volga Bulgarian (Agyagási 2019: 160–183). Sources refer to it as a separate language beginning with 1508

[17] Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á, eds. (2021). The Turkic Languages. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003243809. ISBN 978-1-003-24380-9. Another Turkic people in the Volga area are the Chuvash, who, like the Tatars, regard themselves as descendants of the Volga Bulghars in the historical and cultural sense. It is clear that Chuvash belongs to the Oghur branch of Turkic, as the language of the Volga Bulghars did, but no direct evidence for diachronic development between the two has been established. As there were several distinct Oghur languages in the Middle Ages, Volga Bulghar could represent one of these, and Chuvash another.

[18] Pritsak, Omeljan (1982). "The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. IV (4). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 470. ISSN 0363-5570. JSTOR 41036005. The language had strong ties to Bulgar language and to modern Chuvash, but also had some important connections, especially lexical and morphological, to Ottoman Turkish and Yakut

[19] Ramer, Alexis Manaster. "Proto-Bulgarian/Danube Bulgar/Hunno-Bulgar Bekven". Granberg's suggestion that we should revive the term Hunno-Bulgar may well became that replacement — once it is clear that Hunnic and Bulgar were closely related and perhaps even the same language.

[20] PRITSAK, OMELJAN (1982). "The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 6 (4): 428–476. ISSN 0363-5570. JSTOR 41036005. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023. p. 430 "I was able to establish a Danube- Bulgarian nominative- suffix /A/ from the consonant stems. Recalling that Danube- Bulgarian was a Hunnic language."

[21] Savelyev, Alexander (27 May 2020). Chuvash and the Bulgharic Languages. Oxford University Press. p. 448. ISBN 978-0-19-880462-8. Retrieved 30 March 2024.

[22] Golden, Peter B. (1992). An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state-formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Turcologica. Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz. pp. 88 89. ISBN 978-3-447-03274-2.

[23] RÓNA-TAS, ANDRÁS (1 March 1999). Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages. Central European University Press. p. 208. doi:10.7829/j.ctv280b77f. ISBN 978-963-386-572-9.

[24] Sinor, Denis (1997). Studies in medieval inner Asia. Collected studies series. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate. p. 336. ISBN 978-0-86078-632-0.

[25] Rachewiltz, Igor de. Introduction to Altaic philology: Turkic, Mongolian, Manchu / by Igor de Rachewiltz and Volker Rybatzki; with the collaboration of Hung Chin-fu. p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental Studies = Handbuch der Orientalistik. Section 8, Central Asia; 20). — Leiden; Boston, 2010. — P. 7.

[Krueger_196122-26] Krueger, John R. (1961). Chuvash Manual. Introduction, Grammar, Reader, and Vocabulary. Hague. pp. 7–8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[28] Encyclopedia of Linguistics. p. 39.

[29] Johanson (1998); cf. Johanson (2000, 2007) and the articles pertaining to the subject in Johanson & Csató (ed., 1998).

[30] Korhonen, Mikko (1986). Finno-Ugrian Language Studies in Finland 1828-1918. Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica. p. 80. ISBN 951-653-135-0.

[31] Savelyev, Alexander (June 2020). "Chuvash and the Bulgharic languages". The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages. p. 446-464. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0028. ISBN 978-0-19-880462-8. Retrieved 25 April 2023.

[32] "Chuvash language | Alphabet, People, & Meaning | Britannica". Retrieved 25 April 2024. Formerly, scholars considered Chuvash to be a Turkicized Finno-Ugric (Uralic) language or an intermediate branch between Turkic and Mongolian. The distinct character of Chuvash is also indicated by its lack of mutual intelligibility with the other Turkic languages

[33] Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á, eds. (2021). The Turkic Languages. Routledge. p. 7. doi:10.4324/9781003243809. ISBN 978-1-003-24380-9. Chuvash have a quite a different history than their neighbors, the Tatars, but they have been in a cultural contact with them, as is clear from linguistic evidence.

[MiestamoTammWagner-Nagy2015322-34] Matti Miestamo; Anne Tamm; Beáta Wagner-Nagy (24 June 2015). Negation in Uralic Languages. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 646. ISBN 978-90-272-6864-8.

[35] "Chuvash". Encyclopedia. The Chuvash language by virtue of a number of peculiarities differs more widely than others from the Turkic languages. There are many Chuvash words in Mari, Udmurt, Russian, and other languages. Likewise, the Chuvash language has borrowings from Arabic, Persian, Kypchak-Tatar, Finnish-Ugric, and Russian.

[36] Poppe, Nicholas (1977). "On Chuvash-Mongolian Linguistic Contacts". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 97 (2): 111–114. doi:10.2307/598999. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 598999.

[37] Carl Skutsch; Martin Ryle (2005). Encyclopedia of the world's minorities. New York: Routledge. ISBN 1-57958-392-X. OCLC 56420105.

[38] Savelyev, Alexander (30 June 2020). "Chuvash and the Bulgharic languages". The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages. pp. 446–464. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0028. ISBN 978-0-19-880462-8.

[39] "Zheltov, Pavel. An Attribute-Sample Database System for Describing Chuvash Affixes" (PDF). mt-archive.info. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2018.

[40] Tapani Salminen (22 September 1999). "UNESCO red book on endangered languages: Europe".

[41] Graf, Orion M; John Mitchell; Stephen Wilcox; Gregory Livshits; and Michael H. Crawford. Chuvash origins: Evidence from mtDNA Markers. (2010). Their maternal markers appear to most closely resemble Finno-Ugric speakers rather than fellow Turkic speakers.

[42] Sinor, Denis (March 1990). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 200–201. ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9.

[43] Golden, Peter B. An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples. p. 104.

[44] Golden, Peter B. Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes. p. 146.

[45] Golden, Peter B. Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes. p. 112.

[46] Golden, Peter B. Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes. p. 91.

[47] Golden, Peter B. Khazar Studies. p. 35.

[:02-48] Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. New York: Routledge. pp. 312, 313. ISBN 1-57958-468-3.

[:0-49] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. New York: Routledge. pp. 312, 313. ISBN 1-57958-468-3.

[:2-50] Akiner, Shirin (1986). Islamic Peoples Of The Soviet Union (With an Appendix on the non-Muslim Turkic peoples of the Soviet Union. Routledge. pp. 70–77. ISBN 978-1-136-14274-1.

[Tatischev_1768-51] Tatishchev, Vasily Nikitich (1768). Russian History (in Russian). АСТ. ISBN 978-5-17-018268-8.

[52] Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. New York: Routledge (published 2013). p. 313. ISBN 978-1-135-19388-1. Retrieved 13 August 2021. During the Soviet era, the Chuvash [...] were subjected to Russification campaigns.

[53] Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. New York: Routledge (published 2013). p. 313. ISBN 978-1-135-19388-1. Retrieved 13 August 2021. In the wake of the changes in 1989, a new Chuvash revival movement started [...].

[54] Kushniarevich, Alena; Utevska, Olga; Chuhryaeva, Marina; Agdzhoyan, Anastasia; Dibirova, Khadizhat; Uktveryte, Ingrida; Möls, Märt; Mulahasanovic, Lejla; Pshenichnov, Andrey; Frolova, Svetlana; Shanko, Andrey; Metspalu, Ene; Reidla, Maere; Tambets, Kristiina; Tamm, Erika (2015). Calafell, Francesc (ed.). "Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0135820. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1035820K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135820. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4558026. PMID 26332464.

[55] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chuvashes" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 350.

[:3-56] Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; Valeev, Albert; Litvinov, Sergei; Valiev, Ruslan; Akhmetova, Vita; Balanovska, Elena; Balanovsky, Oleg; Turdikulova, Shahlo; Dalimova, Dilbar; Nymadawa, Pagbajabyn; Bahmanimehr, Ardeshir; Sahakyan, Hovhannes; Tambets, Kristiina; Fedorova, Sardana; Barashkov, Nikolay; Khidiyatova, Irina; Mihailov, Evelin; Khusainova, Rita; Damba, Larisa; Derenko, Miroslava; Malyarchuk, Boris; Osipova, Ludmila; Voevoda, Mikhail; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Kivisild, Toomas; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Villems, Richard (21 April 2015). "The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia". PLOS Genet. 11 (4): e1005068. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4405460. PMID 25898006.

[57] Suslova, T. A.; Burmistrova, A. L.; Chernova, M. S.; Khromova, E. B.; Lupar, E. I.; Timofeeva, S. V.; Devald, I. V.; Vavilov, M. N.; Darke, C. (1 October 2012). "HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in Russians, Bashkirs and Tatars, living in the Chelyabinsk Region (Russian South Urals)". International Journal of Immunogenetics. 39 (5): 394–408. doi:10.1111/j.1744-313X.2012.01117.x. ISSN 1744-313X. PMID 22520580. S2CID 20804610.

[58] ttp://xn--c1acc6aafa1c.xn--p1ai/?question=chuvashi-kto-oni-na-samom-dele Chuvash people — who are they really

[автоссылка22-59] Anthropological material about the origin of Chuvash people

[60] Triska, Petr; Chekanov, Nikolay; Stepanov, Vadim; Khusnutdinova, Elza K.; Kumar, Ganesh Prasad Arun; Akhmetova, Vita; Babalyan, Konstantin; Boulygina, Eugenia; Kharkov, Vladimir; Gubina, Marina; Khidiyatova, Irina; Khitrinskaya, Irina; Khrameeva, Ekaterina E.; Khusainova, Rita; Konovalova, Natalia (28 December 2017). "Between Lake Baikal and the Baltic Sea: genomic history of the gateway to Europe". BMC Genetics. 18 (1): 110. doi:10.1186/s12863-017-0578-3. ISSN 1471-2156. PMC 5751809. PMID 29297395.

[61] "Неведомый, чудный узор" [Unknown, Wonderful Pattern. History of cross stitch in the Russian Empire]. pattern.rusneb.ru. Retrieved 14 October 2022.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[:1-62] Cole, Jeffrey (2011). Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-59884-302-6.

[63] "Chuvash | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 21 April 2023.

[64] Iagafova, Ekaterina; Bondareva, Valeriia (1 June 2020). "Chuvash 'Paganism' at the Turn of the 21st Century: Traditional Rituals in the Religious Practice of Volga–Urals Chuvash Groups". Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics. 14 (1): 111–120. doi:10.2478/jef-2020-0007. ISSN 2228-0987. In some cases, the Chuvash perceived Tatar ethnic identity as parallel to Islam, although they retained the Chuvash language and kept some elements of Chuvash culture in everyday life as well as in rituals.

[65] Arik, Durmuş (1 April 2007). "Islam among the Chuvashes and its Role in the Change of Chuvash Ethnicity". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 27 (1): 37–54. doi:10.1080/13602000701308814. ISSN 1360-2004. Chuvashes who accepted Islam later on became imams, muezzins, teachers in madrasahs and the other religious employees. Many Chuvashes were influenced by Tatars who were strong representatives of Islam in the Volga-Urals region. This caused Chuvashes to define themselves as Tatars.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Turkic people of Eastern Europe and Central Asia}}
+{{Short description|Turkic ethnic group}}
 {{Other uses|Chuvash (disambiguation)}}
 {{Distinguish|Chumash people}}
+{{use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
 {{Infobox ethnic group
 | group            = Chuvash
-| native_name      = {{lang|cv-Cyrl|чӑвашсем}}<br>{{lang|cv-Latn|çăvaşsem}}
+| native_name      = {{lang|cv-Cyrl|чӑвашсем}}<br />{{lang|cv-Latn|çăvaşsem}}
 | native_name_lang =
 | image            = Old Chuvash men.jpg
 | caption          = Old Chuvash men, the beginning of 20th century
 | total            = {{circa|1.1 million}}
-| region1          = Russia
+| region1          = {{flag|Russia}}<br />{{small|({{flag|Chuvashia}})}}
+| pop1             = 1,067,139<br />684,930
-*Chuvashia
+| ref1             = <ref>[http://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx Ethnic groups of Russia in the 2021 census]. {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
-| pop1             = 1,067,139<br>684,930
+| region2          = {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
-| ref1             =  <ref>[http://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx Ethnic groups of Russia in the 2021 census]. {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
-| region2          = Kazakhstan
 | pop2             = 22,305
-| ref2             = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=5|title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей|website=Demoscope.ru|date=2013-03-21|access-date=2016-02-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604055936/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=5|archive-date=2011-06-04}}</ref>
+| ref2             = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=5|title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей|website=Demoscope.ru|date=2013-03-21|access-date=2016-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604055936/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=5|archive-date=2011-06-04}}</ref>
-| region3          = Ukraine
+| region3          = {{flag|Ukraine}}
 | pop3             = 10,593
 | ref3             = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/nationality_population/nationality_1/s5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=120&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1++++&n_page=7|title=Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001&nbsp;-&nbsp;English version&nbsp;-&nbsp;Results&nbsp;-&nbsp;Nationality and citizenship&nbsp;-&nbsp;The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue&nbsp;-&nbsp;Selection|website=2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua}}</ref>
-| region4          = Uzbekistan
+| region4          = {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
 | pop4             = 10,074
 | ref4             = <ref>[http://ula.uzsci.net/portal/library/atlas/ethnic_minorities.pdf]{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
-| region5          = Tajikistan
+| region5          = {{flag|Tajikistan}}
 | pop5             = 3,904
 | ref5             = <ref name="Chv">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/23/language/chv/|title=Chuvash| publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=26 September 2023}}</ref>
-| region6          = Turkmenistan
+| region6          = {{flag|Turkmenistan}}
 | pop6             = 2,281
-| ref6             = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14|title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей|website=Demoscope.ru|date=2013-03-21|access-date=2016-02-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314043707/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14|archive-date=2012-03-14}}</ref>
+| ref6             = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14|title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей|website=Demoscope.ru|date=2013-03-21|access-date=2016-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314043707/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14|archive-date=2012-03-14}}</ref>
-| region7          = Belarus
+| region7          = {{flag|Belarus}}
 | pop7             = 2,242
-| ref7             = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/p5.php|access-date=October 21, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207141941/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/p5.php|archive-date=February 7, 2009|title=НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СОСТАВ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ (ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF POPULATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS)}}</ref>
+| ref7             = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/p5.php|access-date=21 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207141941/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/p5.php|archive-date=7 February 2009|title=НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СОСТАВ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ (ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF POPULATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS)}}</ref>
-| region8          = Moldova
+| region8          = {{flag|Moldova}}
 | pop8             = 1,204
-| ref8             = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=9|title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей|website=Demoscope.ru|date=2013-03-21|access-date=2016-02-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125044608/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=9|archive-date=2016-01-25}}</ref>
+| ref8             = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=9|title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей|website=Demoscope.ru|date=2013-03-21|access-date=2016-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125044608/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=9|archive-date=2016-01-25}}</ref>
-| languages        = [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]]<br>[[Russian language|Russian]]
+| languages        = [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]]<br />[[Russian language|Russian]]
-| religions        = '''Majority:'''<br>[[File:OrthodoxCrossblack.svg|15px]] [[Russian Orthodoxy|Orthodox Christianity]]<br>'''Minority:'''<br>[[File:Chuvash Symbol.png|15px]] [[Vattisen Yaly]]<br>[[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Sunni Islam]]
+| religions        = '''Majority:'''<br /> [[Russian Orthodoxy|Orthodox Christianity]]<br /> '''Minority:'''<br /> [[Vattisen Yaly]] (ethnic religion)<br /> [[Sunni Islam]]
+| related          = [[Volga Tatars]]<ref>{{cite web|lang=ru|url=http://xn--80aimpg.xn--80aagie6cnnb.xn--p1ai/uploads/libraries/original/281125a7635d0d7cc01864b3e68bd183d604f968.pdf?1643806873|title=Татары и чуваши ветви одного древа|location=Cheboksary, Kazan|date=2021-10-08|website=|access-date=2023-04-23|archive-date=2023-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423155055/http://xn--80aimpg.xn--80aagie6cnnb.xn--p1ai/uploads/libraries/original/281125a7635d0d7cc01864b3e68bd183d604f968.pdf?1643806873|url-status=live}}</ref>
-| related          = [[Volga Tatars]], [[Mari people|Mari]], [[Besermyan]]
 }}
-The '''Chuvash people''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|tʃ|uː|v|ɑː|ʃ}} {{respell|CHOO|vahsh}},<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.lexico.com/definition/Chuvash |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200612095257/https://www.lexico.com/definition/chuvash |url-status= dead |archive-date= June 12, 2020 |title= Chuvash |dictionary= [[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|tʃ|ʊ|ˈ|v|ɑː|ʃ}} {{respell|chuu|VAHSH}};<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.lexico.com/en/definition/Chuvash |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200612095301/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/chuvash |url-status= dead |archive-date= June 12, 2020 |title= Chuvash |dictionary= [[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary US English Dictionary |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{lang-cv|чӑваш}} {{IPA-all|tɕəˈʋaʃ|}}; {{lang|cv-Latn|çăvaş}}), plural: {{lang|cv|чӑвашсем}}, {{lang|cv-Latn|çăvaşsem}}; {{lang-ru | чува́ши}}  {{IPA-ru|tɕʊˈvaʂɨ|}}) are a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] ethnic group, a branch of the [[Onogurs|Ogurs]], native to an area stretching from the [[Idel-Ural]] (Volga-Ural) region to [[Siberia]].
+The '''Chuvash people''' {{efn|{{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|tʃ|uː|v|ɑː|ʃ}} {{respell|CHOO|vahsh}},<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.lexico.com/definition/Chuvash |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200612095257/https://www.lexico.com/definition/chuvash |archive-date= 12 June 2020 |title= Chuvash |dictionary= [[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|tʃ|ʊ|ˈ|v|ɑː|ʃ}} {{respell|chuu|VAHSH}};<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.lexico.com/en/definition/Chuvash |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200612095301/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/chuvash |archive-date= 12 June 2020 |title= Chuvash |dictionary= [[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary US English Dictionary |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>}} ({{langx|cv|чӑвашсем|çăvaşsem}}, {{IPA|cv|tɕəˈʋaʃsem|pron}}; {{langx|ru|чуваши|čuvaši}}, {{IPA|ru|tɕʊˈvaʂɨ|pron}}) are a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] ethnic group, a branch of the [[Oğurs]], inhabiting an area stretching from the [[Idel-Ural]] region to [[Siberia]].
-Most of them live in [[Chuvashia]] and the surrounding areas, although Chuvash communities may be found throughout the [[Russian Federation]]. They speak [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]], a [[Turkic language]] that diverged from other languages in the [[Turkic language family|family]] more than a millennium ago. Among the Chuvash believers, the majority are [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Christians]] although a minority follow [[Sunni Islam]] or [[Vattisen Yaly]].
+Most of them live in [[Chuvash Republic]] and the surrounding areas, although Chuvash communities may be found throughout the [[Russian Federation]] as well as in [[Central Asia]]. They speak [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]], a [[Turkic language]] that diverged from other languages in the [[Turkic language family|family]] more than a millennium ago. Among the Chuvash believers, the majority are [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Christians]] although a minority follow [[Vattisen Yaly]] or [[Sunni Islam]].
-== Etymology ==
+==Etymology==
-There is no universally accepted [[etymology]] of the word ''Chuvash'', but there are two theories. One theory suggests that the word ''Chuvash'' may be derived from Common Turkic ''jăvaš'' ('friendly', 'peaceful'), as opposed to [[Cheremis|''şarmăs'']] ('warlike').
+There is no universally accepted [[etymology]] of the word ''Chuvash'', but there are two theories. One theory suggests that the word ''Chuvash'' may be derived from [[Common Turkic]] ''jăvaş'' ('friendly', 'peaceful'), as opposed to [[Cheremis|''şarmăs'']] ('warlike').
 Another theory is that the word is derived from the ''[[Tabghach]],'' an early medieval [[Xianbei]] clan and founders of the [[Northern Wei dynasty]] in China. The [[Old Turkic]] name ''Tabghach'' (''[[Tuoba]]'' in [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]) was used by some [[Inner Asia]]n peoples to [[Names for China#Tabgach|refer to China]] long after this dynasty. [[Gerard Clauson]] has shown that through regular sound changes, the clan name Tabghach may have transformed to the ethnonym Chuvash.<ref>Gerard Clauson, ''Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics''. Routledge, 2002, p. 23.</ref>
-== Language ==
+==Language==
 {{Main|Chuvash language}}
 Chuvash is a [[Turkic languages|Turkic language]] spoken in [[European Russia]], primarily in the [[Chuvashia|Chuvash Republic]] and adjacent areas. It is the only surviving member of the [[Oghur languages|Oghur]] branch of Turkic languages, one of the two principal branches of the Turkic family.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clauson |first=Gerard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJ-7yFXRpiYC&pg=PA38 |title=Studies in Turkic and Mongolic linguistics |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2002 |isbn=0-415-29772-9 |page=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Price |first=Glanville |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29BAeKHwvuoC&pg=PA88 |title=Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2000 |isbn=0-631-22039-9}}</ref>
-Although there is no direct evidence some scholars believe that Chuvash may be descendant from a dialect of [[Volga Bulgar language]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agyagási |first=K. |date=2020 |title=A Volga Bulgarian Classifier: A Historical and Areal Linguistic Study |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338899820 |journal=University of Debrecen |language=en |volume=3 |pages=9 |quote="Modern Chuvash is the only descendant language of the Ogur branch.The ancestors of its speakers left the Khazar Empire in the 8th century and migrated to the region at the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers, where they founded the Volga Bulgarian Empire in the 10th century. In the central Volga region three Volga Bulgarian dialects developed, and Chuvash is the descendant of the 3rd dialect of Volga Bulgarian (Agyagási 2019: 160–183). Sources refer to it as a separate language beginning with 1508"}}</ref> while others support the idea that Chuvash is another distinct [[Oghuric languages|Oghur Turkic]] language.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003243809/turkic-languages-lars-johanson-%C3%A9va-csat%C3%B3 |title=The Turkic Languages |year=2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781003243809 |editor-last=Johanson |editor-first=Lars |doi=10.4324/9781003243809 |quote="Another Turkic people in the Volga area are the Chuvash, who, like the Tatars, regard themselves as descendants of the Volga Bulghars in the historical and cultural sense. It is clear that Chuvash belongs to the Oghur branch of Turkic, as the language of the Volga Bulghars did, but no direct evidence for diachronic development between the two has been established. As there were several distinct Oghur languages in the Middle Ages, Volga Bulghar could represent one of these and Chuvash another." |editor-last2=Csató |editor-first2=Éva Á}}</ref> Since the surviving literary records for the non-Chuvash members of Oghuric ([[Bulgar language|Bulgar]] and possibly [[Khazar language|Khazar]]) are scant, the exact position of Chuvash within the Oghuric family cannot be determined.
+Although there is no direct evidence, some scholars believe that Chuvash may be descendant from a dialect of [[Volga Bulgar language]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agyagási |first=K. |date=2020 |title=A Volga Bulgarian Classifier: A Historical and Areal Linguistic Study |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338899820 |journal=University of Debrecen |language=en |volume=3 |page=9 |quote="Modern Chuvash is the only descendant language of the Ogur branch.The ancestors of its speakers left the Khazar Empire in the 8th century and migrated to the region at the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers, where they founded the Volga Bulgarian Empire in the 10th century. In the central Volga region three Volga Bulgarian dialects developed, and Chuvash is the descendant of the 3rd dialect of Volga Bulgarian (Agyagási 2019: 160–183). Sources refer to it as a separate language beginning with 1508"}}</ref> while others support the idea that Chuvash is another distinct [[Oghuric languages|Oghur Turkic]] language.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003243809/turkic-languages-lars-johanson-%C3%A9va-csat%C3%B3 |title=The Turkic Languages |year=2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-24380-9 |editor-last=Johanson |editor-first=Lars |doi=10.4324/9781003243809 |quote="Another Turkic people in the Volga area are the Chuvash, who, like the Tatars, regard themselves as descendants of the Volga Bulghars in the historical and cultural sense. It is clear that Chuvash belongs to the Oghur branch of Turkic, as the language of the Volga Bulghars did, but no direct evidence for diachronic development between the two has been established. As there were several distinct Oghur languages in the Middle Ages, Volga Bulghar could represent one of these, and Chuvash another." |editor-last2=Csató |editor-first2=Éva Á}}</ref> Since the surviving literary records for the non-Chuvash members of Oghuric ([[Bulgar language|Bulgar]] and possibly [[Khazar language|Khazar]]) are scant, the exact position of Chuvash within the Oghuric family cannot be determined.
-Some scholars suggest [[Hunnic language|Hunnish]] had strong ties with [[Bulgar language|Bulgar]] and to modern Chuvash<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pritsak |first=Omeljan |author-link=Omeljan Pritsak |date=1982 |title=The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036005 |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |publisher=[[Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute]] |volume=IV |issue=4 |pages=470 |issn=0363-5570 |jstor=41036005 |quote="The language had strong ties to Bulgar language and to modern Chuvash, but also had some important connections, especially lexical and morphological, to Ottoman Turkish and Yakut" |place=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref> and refer to this extended grouping as separate Hunno-Bulgar languages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramer |first=Alexis Manaster |title=Proto-Bulgarian/Danube Bulgar/Hunno-Bulgar Bekven |url=https://www.academia.edu/41975042 |quote="Granberg’s suggestion that we should revive the term Hunno-Bulgar may well became that replacement — once it is clear that Hunnic and Bulgar were closely related and perhaps even the same language." |journal=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=PRITSAK |first1=OMELJAN |date=1982 |title=The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan |url=https://www.academia.edu/88411462 |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=428–476 |issn=0363-5570 |jstor=41036005 |quote=p. 430 "I was able to establish a Danube- Bulgarian nominative- suffix /A/ from the consonant stems. Recalling that Danube- Bulgarian was a Hunnic language." |access-date=2023-04-23 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423151254/https://www.academia.edu/88411462 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, such speculations are not based on proper linguistic evidence, since the language of the Huns is almost unknown except for a few attested words and personal names. Scholars generally consider Hunnish as unclassifiable.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Savelyev |first=Alexander |title=Chuvash and the Bulgharic Languages |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/41762/chapter-abstract/354239965?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=academic.oup.com |date=27 May 2020 |pages=448 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-880462-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |title=An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state-formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East |date=1992 |publisher=O. Harrassowitz |isbn=978-3-447-03274-2 |series=Turcologica |location=Wiesbaden |pages=88 89}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=RÓNA-TAS |first=ANDRÁS |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7829/j.ctv280b77f |title=Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages |date=1999-03-01 |publisher=Central European University Press |isbn=978-963-386-572-9 |pages=208|doi=10.7829/j.ctv280b77f }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinor |first=Denis |title=Studies in medieval inner Asia |date=1997 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-0-86078-632-0 |series=Collected studies series |location=Aldershot, Hampshire |pages=336}}</ref>
+Some scholars suggest [[Hunnic language|Hunnish]] had strong ties with [[Bulgar language|Bulgar]] and to modern Chuvash<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pritsak |first=Omeljan |author-link=Omeljan Pritsak |date=1982 |title=The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |publisher=[[Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute]] |volume=IV |issue=4 |page=470 |issn=0363-5570 |jstor=41036005 |quote="The language had strong ties to Bulgar language and to modern Chuvash, but also had some important connections, especially lexical and morphological, to Ottoman Turkish and Yakut" |place=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref> and refer to this extended grouping as separate Hunno-Bulgar languages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramer |first=Alexis Manaster |title=Proto-Bulgarian/Danube Bulgar/Hunno-Bulgar Bekven |url=https://www.academia.edu/41975042 |quote="Granberg's suggestion that we should revive the term Hunno-Bulgar may well became that replacement — once it is clear that Hunnic and Bulgar were closely related and perhaps even the same language." |journal=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=PRITSAK |first1=OMELJAN |date=1982 |title=The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan |url=https://www.academia.edu/88411462 |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=428–476 |issn=0363-5570 |jstor=41036005 |quote=p. 430 "I was able to establish a Danube- Bulgarian nominative- suffix /A/ from the consonant stems. Recalling that Danube- Bulgarian was a Hunnic language." |access-date=2023-04-23 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423151254/https://www.academia.edu/88411462 }}</ref> However, such speculations are not based on proper linguistic evidence, since the language of the Huns is almost unknown except for a few attested words and personal names. Scholars generally consider Hunnish as unclassifiable.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Savelyev |first=Alexander |title=Chuvash and the Bulgharic Languages |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/41762/chapter-abstract/354239965?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false |access-date=2024-03-30 |date=27 May 2020 |page=448 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-880462-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |title=An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state-formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East |date=1992 |publisher=O. Harrassowitz |isbn=978-3-447-03274-2 |series=Turcologica |location=Wiesbaden |pages=88 89}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=RÓNA-TAS |first=ANDRÁS |title=Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages |date=1999-03-01 |publisher=Central European University Press |isbn=978-963-386-572-9 |page=208|doi=10.7829/j.ctv280b77f }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinor |first=Denis |title=Studies in medieval inner Asia |date=1997 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-0-86078-632-0 |series=Collected studies series |location=Aldershot, Hampshire |page=336}}</ref>
 [[File:Chuvash woman in traditional attire.jpg|thumb|Chuvash woman in traditional attire]]
 Italian historian and philologist [[Igor de Rachewiltz]] noted a significant distinction of the Chuvash language from other Turkic languages. According to him, the Chuvash language does not share certain common characteristics with Turkic languages to such a degree that some scholars consider Chuvash as an independent branch from Turkic and Mongolic. The Turkic classification of Chuvash was seen as a compromise solution for classification purposes.<ref>''Rachewiltz, Igor de.'' [http://сувары.рф/node/754 Introduction to Altaic philology: Turkic, Mongolian, Manchu] / by Igor de Rachewiltz and Volker Rybatzki; with the collaboration of Hung Chin-fu. p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental Studies = Handbuch der Orientalistik. Section 8, Central Asia; 20). — Leiden; Boston, 2010. — P. 7.</ref><ref name="Krueger 196122">{{Cite book |last=Krueger |first=John R. |title=Chuvash Manual. Introduction, Grammar, Reader, and Vocabulary |year=1961 |location=Hague |pages=7–8}}</ref>{{efn|Rachewiltz's classification implies that Chuvash is a separate branch of the wider "[[Altaic]]" language grouping, which is itself controversial and has no general consensus within linguistic circles.}}
-Despite grammatical similarity with the rest of Turkic language family, the presence of changes in Chuvash pronunciation (which are hard to reconcile with other members of the Turkic family) has led some scholars to see Chuvash as originating not from [[Proto-Turkic language|Proto-Turkic]] but from another proto-language spoken at the time of Proto-Turkic (in which case Chuvash and all the remaining Turkic languages would be part of a larger language family).<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Linguistics |page=39}}</ref>
+Despite grammatical similarity with the rest of Turkic language family, the presence of changes in Chuvash pronunciation (which are hard to reconcile with other members of the Turkic family) has led some scholars to see Chuvash as originating not from [[Proto-Turkic language|Proto-Turkic]], but from another proto-language spoken at the time of Proto-Turkic (in which case Chuvash and all the remaining Turkic languages would be part of a larger language family).<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Linguistics |page=39}}</ref>
 The Oghuric branch is distinguished from the rest of the Turkic family (the [[Common Turkic languages]]) by two [[Sound change|sound changes]]: ''r'' corresponding to Common Turkic ''z'' and ''l'' corresponding to Common Turkic ''š''.<ref>Johanson (1998); cf. Johanson (2000, 2007) and the articles pertaining to the subject in Johanson & Csató (ed., 1998).</ref> The first scientific fieldwork description of Chuvash, by [[August Ahlqvist]] in 1856, allowed researchers to establish its proper affiliation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Korhonen |first=Mikko |title=Finno-Ugrian Language Studies in Finland 1828-1918 |publisher=Societas Scientiarum Fennica |year=1986 |isbn=951-653-135-0 |location=Helsinki |page=80}}</ref>
-Chuvash is so divergent from the main body of Turkic languages that Chuvash first believed to be a [[Turkification|Turkified]] [[Uralic language|Finno-Ugric]] language or an intermediary branch between [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] and [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Savelyev |first=Alexander |date=June 2020 |title=Chuvash and the Bulgharic languages |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/41762/chapter-abstract/354239965 |access-date=2023-04-25 |page=446-464}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chuvash language {{!}} Alphabet, People, & Meaning {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chuvash-language |access-date=2024-04-25 |website= |language=en |quote=Formerly, scholars considered Chuvash to be a Turkicized Finno-Ugric (Uralic) language or an intermediary branch between Turkic and Mongolian. The distinct character of Chuvash is also indicated by its lack of mutual intelligibility with the other Turkic languages}}</ref> [[Russian language|Russian]] language and neighboring [[Mari language|Mari]] and [[Volga Tatar language|Volga Tatar]] heavily influenced the Chuvash language.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003243809/turkic-languages-lars-johanson-%C3%A9va-csat%C3%B3 |title=The Turkic Languages |year=2021 |isbn=9781003243809 |editor-last=Johanson |editor-first=Lars |page=7 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781003243809 |quote=Chuvash have a quite a different history than their neighbors, the Tatars, but they have been in a cultural contact with them, as is clear from linguistic evidence. |editor-last2=Csató |editor-first2=Éva Á}}</ref><ref name="MiestamoTammWagner-Nagy2015322">{{cite book |author1=Matti Miestamo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmwCCgAAQBAJ |title=Negation in Uralic Languages |author2=Anne Tamm |author3=Beáta Wagner-Nagy |date=24 June 2015 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |isbn=978-90-272-6864-8 |pages=646}}</ref>
+Chuvash is so divergent from the main body of Turkic languages that Chuvash was first believed to be a [[Turkification|Turkified]] [[Uralic language|Finno-Ugric]] language, or an intermediate branch between [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] and [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] languages.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Savelyev |first=Alexander |title=The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages |date=June 2020 |chapter=Chuvash and the Bulgharic languages |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/41762/chapter-abstract/354239965 |access-date=2023-04-25 |page=446-464|doi=10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0028 |isbn=978-0-19-880462-8 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chuvash language {{!}} Alphabet, People, & Meaning {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chuvash-language |access-date=2024-04-25 |website= |language=en |quote=Formerly, scholars considered Chuvash to be a Turkicized Finno-Ugric (Uralic) language or an intermediate branch between Turkic and Mongolian. The distinct character of Chuvash is also indicated by its lack of mutual intelligibility with the other Turkic languages}}</ref> [[Russian language|Russian]] language and neighboring [[Mari language|Mari]] and [[Volga Tatar language|Volga Tatar]] heavily influenced the Chuvash language.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003243809/turkic-languages-lars-johanson-%C3%A9va-csat%C3%B3 |title=The Turkic Languages |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-003-24380-9 |editor-last=Johanson |editor-first=Lars |page=7 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781003243809 |quote=Chuvash have a quite a different history than their neighbors, the Tatars, but they have been in a cultural contact with them, as is clear from linguistic evidence. |editor-last2=Csató |editor-first2=Éva Á}}</ref><ref name="MiestamoTammWagner-Nagy2015322">{{cite book |author1=Matti Miestamo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmwCCgAAQBAJ |title=Negation in Uralic Languages |author2=Anne Tamm |author3=Beáta Wagner-Nagy |date=24 June 2015 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |isbn=978-90-272-6864-8 |page=646}}</ref>
-[[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] also influenced Chuvash.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chuvash |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/modern-europe/russian-soviet-and-cis-history/chuvash |website=Encyclopedia |quote=The Chuvash language by virtue of a number of peculiarities differs more widely than others from the Turkic languages. There are many Chuvash words in Mari, Udmurt, Russian, and other languages. Likewise, the Chuvash language has borrowings from Arabic, Persian, Kypchak-Tatar, Finnish-Ugric, and Russian.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poppe |first=Nicholas |date=1977 |title=On Chuvash-Mongolian Linguistic Contacts |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/598999 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=111–114 |doi=10.2307/598999 |jstor=598999 |issn=0003-0279}}</ref> Chuvash language has two to three dialects.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Carl Skutsch |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56420105 |title=Encyclopedia of the world's minorities |author2=Martin Ryle |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=1-57958-392-X |location=New York |oclc=56420105}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Savelyev |first=Alexander |title=The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages |date=2020-06-30 |isbn=978-0-19-880462-8 |pages=446–464 |language=en |chapter=Chuvash and the Bulgharic languages |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0028 |quote= |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/41762/chapter/354239965}}</ref> Although Chuvash is taught at schools and sometimes used in the media, it is considered [[Endangered language|endangered]] by the [[UNESCO]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Zheltov, Pavel. An Attribute-Sample Database System for Describing Chuvash Affixes |url=http://www.mt-archive.info/LREC-2006-Zheltov.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721225729/http://www.mt-archive.info/LREC-2006-Zheltov.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=21 March 2018 |website=mt-archive.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Tapani Salminen |date=22 September 1999 |title=UNESCO red book on endangered languages: Europe |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/europe_index.html}}</ref> because [[Russian language|Russian]] dominates in most spheres of life and few children learning the language are likely to become active users.
+[[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] also influenced Chuvash.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chuvash |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/modern-europe/russian-soviet-and-cis-history/chuvash |website=Encyclopedia |quote=The Chuvash language by virtue of a number of peculiarities differs more widely than others from the Turkic languages. There are many Chuvash words in Mari, Udmurt, Russian, and other languages. Likewise, the Chuvash language has borrowings from Arabic, Persian, Kypchak-Tatar, Finnish-Ugric, and Russian.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poppe |first=Nicholas |date=1977 |title=On Chuvash-Mongolian Linguistic Contacts |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=111–114 |doi=10.2307/598999 |jstor=598999 |issn=0003-0279}}</ref> Chuvash language has two to three dialects.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Carl Skutsch |title=Encyclopedia of the world's minorities |author2=Martin Ryle |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=1-57958-392-X |location=New York |oclc=56420105}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Savelyev |first=Alexander |title=The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages |date=2020-06-30 |isbn=978-0-19-880462-8 |pages=446–464 |language=en |chapter=Chuvash and the Bulgharic languages |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0028 |quote= |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/41762/chapter/354239965}}</ref> Although Chuvash is taught at schools and sometimes used in the media, it is considered [[Endangered language|endangered]] by the [[UNESCO]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Zheltov, Pavel. An Attribute-Sample Database System for Describing Chuvash Affixes |url=http://www.mt-archive.info/LREC-2006-Zheltov.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721225729/http://www.mt-archive.info/LREC-2006-Zheltov.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=21 March 2018 |website=mt-archive.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Tapani Salminen |date=22 September 1999 |title=UNESCO red book on endangered languages: Europe |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/europe_index.html}}</ref> since [[Russian language|Russian]] dominates in most spheres of life and few children learning the language are likely to become active users.
 The subdivision of the Chuvash people are as below:
@@ Line 74: / Line 75: @@
 * ''Hirti'' ({{lang|cv|хирти}}, 'steppe') (this is a sub-group that is recognized by some researchers)
-== History ==
+==History==
 {{Main|History of Chuvashia}}
-=== Origins ===
+===Origins===
 There are two rival schools of thought on the origin of the Chuvash people. One is that they originated from a mixing between the [[Sabir people|Sabir]] tribes and the [[Finno-Ugric peoples|Finno-Ugrians]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Graf |first1=Orion M |title=Chuvash origins: Evidence from mtDNA Markers. (2010) |last2=John Mitchell |last3=Stephen Wilcox |last4=Gregory Livshits |last5=and Michael H. Crawford |quote="Their maternal markers appear to most closely resemble Finno-Ugric speakers rather than fellow Turkic speakers."}}</ref> The other is that they have descendant from [[Volga Bulgaria|Volga Bulgars.]] Throughout history, they have experienced significant infusion and influence, not only from [[Russians|Russian]] and other Turkic peoples but also from neighboring [[Uralic people|Uralic tribes]] with whom they were persistently and mistakenly identified for centuries.<ref name="Krueger 196122" />
-The [[Sabir people|Sabirs]] who believed to have come from [[Siberia]], they lived there at least the end of the third millennium BC.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinor |first=Denis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC |title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia |date= March 1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-24304-9 |pages=200–201 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |url=https://www.academia.edu/12545004 |title=An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples |pages=104}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |url=https://www.academia.edu/9609971 |title=Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes |pages=146}}</ref> They were skilled in warfare, used siege machinery,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |url=https://www.academia.edu/9609971 |title=Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes |pages=112}}</ref> had a large army (including women<ref>{{Cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |url=https://www.academia.edu/9609971 |title=Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes |pages=91}}</ref>) and were boatbuilders. Sabirs led incursions into [[Transcaucasia]] in the {{nowrap|late-400s/early-500s}}, but quickly began serving as soldiers and mercenaries during the [[Byzantine-Sasanian Wars]] on both sides. Their alliance with the Byzantines laid the basis for the later [[Khazar]]-Byzantine alliance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |url=https://www.academia.edu/2921544 |title=Khazar Studies |pages=35}}</ref>
+The [[Sabir people|Sabirs]] who believed to have come from [[Siberia]], they lived there at least the end of the third millennium BC.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinor |first=Denis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC |title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia |date= March 1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-24304-9 |pages=200–201 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |url=https://www.academia.edu/12545004 |title=An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples |page=104}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |url=https://www.academia.edu/9609971 |title=Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes |page=146}}</ref> They were skilled in warfare, used siege machinery,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |url=https://www.academia.edu/9609971 |title=Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes |page=112}}</ref> had a large army (including women<ref>{{Cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |url=https://www.academia.edu/9609971 |title=Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes |page=91}}</ref>) and were boatbuilders. Sabirs led incursions into [[Transcaucasia]] in the {{nowrap|late-400s/early-500s}}, but quickly began serving as soldiers and mercenaries during the [[Byzantine–Sasanian Wars]] on both sides. Their alliance with the Byzantines laid the basis for the later [[Khazar]]-Byzantine alliance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |url=https://www.academia.edu/2921544 |title=Khazar Studies |page=35}}</ref>
-=== Early history ===
+===Early history===
-[[File:Chuvash girls in traditional costumes.jpg|thumb|Chuvash girls in traditional costumes]]In the early first century AD, the [[Bulgars]] whom may related to Chuvash started moving west through [[Zhetysu]] and the steppes of modern-day [[Kazakhstan]], reaching the [[North Caucasus]] in the 2nd to 3rd centuries AD. There they established several states ([[Old Bulgaria]] on the [[Black Sea]] coast and the [[Suar Duchy]] in modern-day Dagestan). Old Bulgaria broke up in the second half of the 7th century after a series of successful [[Khazar]] invasions. [[Sabir people|Sabirs]] who were a tribe within the [[Khazars|Khazar Khanate]], subsequently undertook a migration to the [[Volga region|Volga-Kama]] region along with other [[Onogurs|Oghuric tribes]], ultimately founded the [[Volga Bulgaria]], which eventually became extremely wealthy: its capital then being the 4th-largest city in the world.
+[[File:Chuvash girls in traditional costumes.jpg|thumb|Chuvash girls in traditional costumes]]
+In the early first century AD, the [[Bulgars]] whom may related to Chuvash started moving west through [[Zhetysu]] and the steppes of modern-day [[Kazakhstan]], reaching the [[North Caucasus]] in the 2nd to 3rd centuries AD. There they established several states ([[Old Bulgaria]] on the [[Black Sea]] coast and the [[Suar Duchy]] in modern-day Dagestan). Old Bulgaria broke up in the second half of the 7th century after a series of successful [[Khazar]] invasions. [[Sabir people|Sabirs]] who were a tribe within the [[Khazars|Khazar Khanate]], subsequently undertook a migration to the [[Volga region|Volga-Kama]] region along with other [[Onogurs|Oghuric tribes]], ultimately founded the [[Volga Bulgaria]], which eventually became extremely wealthy: its capital then being the 4th-largest city in the world.{{fact|date=December 2024}}
 Shortly after that, another state founded by Sabirs in Caucasus known as [[Suar Principality]] was forced to become a [[vassal state]] of Khazaria. About half a century later, the Suars took part in the [[Arab–Khazar wars]] of 732–737. The adoption of Islam in the early tenth century in Volga Bulgaria led to most of its people embracing that religion.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=1-57958-468-3 |editor-last=Skutsch |editor-first=Carl |location=New York |pages=312, 313}}</ref>
@@ Line 93: / Line 96: @@
 After conversion, Russian Historian [[Vasily Tatishchev|Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev]] personally visited the lands of [[Volga Bulgaria]] and wrote in 1768 that Bulgars also migrated to [[Bashkortostan]] and North of Kazan (i.e. modern-day [[Chuvashia]]).
-{{blockquote|Down the [[Volga|Volga River]], the Chuvash, the ancient [[Bulgars]], filled the entire county of [[Kazan]] and [[Ulyanovsk|Simbirsk]]. Now, after receiving baptism, very few of them remain, because many, not wanting to be baptized, moved to the [[Bashkirs]] and settled in other counties.|''[[Vasily Tatishchev|V. N. Tatishchev.]] "Russian History". Part I. Chapter 22.''<ref name="Tatischev 1768">{{Cite book |last=Tatishchev |first=Vasily Nikitich |title=Russian History |year=1768 |publisher=АСТ |isbn=9785170182688 |language=Russian |url=https://librebook.me/istoriia_rossiiskaia__chast_1}}</ref>}}[[File:Chuvash diaspora in Volga Federal District (english).png|thumb|right|300px|Chuvash diaspora in [[Volga Federal District]]]]
+{{Blockquote|Down the [[Volga|Volga River]], the Chuvash, the ancient [[Bulgars]], filled the entire county of [[Kazan]] and [[Ulyanovsk|Simbirsk]]. Now, after receiving baptism, very few of them remain, because many, not wanting to be baptized, moved to the [[Bashkirs]] and settled in other counties.|''[[Vasily Tatishchev|V. N. Tatishchev.]] "Russian History". Part I. Chapter 22.''<ref name="Tatischev 1768">{{Cite book |last=Tatishchev |first=Vasily Nikitich |title=Russian History |year=1768 |publisher=АСТ |isbn=978-5-17-018268-8 |language=Russian |url=https://librebook.me/istoriia_rossiiskaia__chast_1}}</ref>}}
-=== Modern history ===
+===Modern history===
+[[File:Chuvash diaspora in Volga Federal District (english).png|thumb|right|300px|Chuvash diaspora in [[Volga Federal District]]]]
-The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries saw the revival of Chuvash culture and the publication of many educational, literary, and linguistic works, along with the establishment of schools and other programs. The [[Chuvash language]] began to be used in local schools, and a special written script for the Chuvash language was created in 1871.<ref name=":0" />
-On June 24, 1920, the [[Bolshevik]] government of the [[RSFSR]] established the [[Chuvash Autonomous Oblast|Chuvash Autonomous Region]]; it became the [[Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] on April 21, 1925. Around this time Chuvash nationalism grew, but the [[Soviet]] authorities attempted to suppress nationalist movements by re-drawing the borders of the republic, leaving many Chuvash living in neighboring republics or in Russian districts. During most of the Soviet period of 1917–1991, the Chuvash were subjected to Russification campaigns.<ref>
+The 18th and 19th centuries saw the revival of Chuvash culture and the publication of many educational, literary, and linguistic works, along with the establishment of schools and other programs. The [[Chuvash language]] began to be used in local schools, and a special written script for the Chuvash language was created in 1871.<ref name=":0" />
+On 24 June 1920, the [[Bolshevik]] government of the [[RSFSR]] established the [[Chuvash Autonomous Oblast|Chuvash Autonomous Region]]; it became the [[Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] on 21 April 1925. Around this time Chuvash nationalism grew, but the [[Soviet]] authorities attempted to suppress nationalist movements by re-drawing the borders of the republic, leaving many Chuvash living in neighboring republics or in Russian districts. During most of the Soviet period of 1917–1991, the Chuvash were subjected to Russification campaigns.<ref>
-{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135193881|editor1-last=Skutsch|editor1-first=Carl|location=New York|publication-date=2013|page=313|quote=During the Soviet era, the Chuvash [...] were subjected to Russification campaigns.|access-date=13 August 2021|year=2005}}
+{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|editor1-last=Skutsch|editor1-first=Carl|location=New York|publication-date=2013|page=313|quote=During the Soviet era, the Chuvash [...] were subjected to Russification campaigns.|access-date=13 August 2021|year=2005}}
 </ref>
+The Chuvash language vanished from educational and public use. In 1989, another Chuvash cultural revival began<ref>{{cite book|year=2005|editor-last=Skutsch|editor-first=Carl|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|publication-date=2013|page=313|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|access-date=13 August 2021|quote=In the wake of the changes in 1989, a new Chuvash revival movement started [...].}}</ref> - partly in response to these changes. Soon the Chuvash language once again came into use in educational, public, and political life.<ref name=":0" /> {{As of|2005}}, schools in the Chuvash Republic and in areas outside that have large Chuvash populations teach the Chuvash language and culture. Chuvash people around Russia also have media available to them in their local communities.<ref name=":0" />{{request quotation|date=August 2021}}
-The Chuvash language vanished from educational and public use. In 1989, another Chuvash cultural revival began<ref>
-{{cite book
+==Genetics==
- | year            = 2005
+[[File:Ancestry proportions of 1194 individuals.png|thumb|Autosomal ancestry proportions of the Chuvash and several other populations, according to Kushniarevich et al. (2015).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kushniarevich |first1=Alena |last2=Utevska |first2=Olga |last3=Chuhryaeva |first3=Marina |last4=Agdzhoyan |first4=Anastasia |last5=Dibirova |first5=Khadizhat |last6=Uktveryte |first6=Ingrida |last7=Möls |first7=Märt |last8=Mulahasanovic |first8=Lejla |last9=Pshenichnov |first9=Andrey |last10=Frolova |first10=Svetlana |last11=Shanko |first11=Andrey |last12=Metspalu |first12=Ene |last13=Reidla |first13=Maere |last14=Tambets |first14=Kristiina |last15=Tamm |first15=Erika |date=2015 |editor-last=Calafell |editor-first=Francesc |title=Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=e0135820 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0135820 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4558026 |pmid=26332464|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1035820K }}</ref>]]
- | editor1-last         = Skutsch
- | editor1-first        = Carl
- | title                = Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities
- | url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ
- | location             = New York
- | publisher            = Routledge
- | publication-date     = 2013
- | page                 = 313
- | isbn                 = 9781135193881
- | access-date          = 13 August 2021
- | quote                = In the wake of the changes in 1989, a new Chuvash revival movement started [...].
-}}
-</ref> - partly in response to these changes. Soon the Chuvash language once again came into use in educational, public, and political life.<ref name=":0" /> {{As of | 2005}}, schools in the Chuvash Republic and in areas outside that have large Chuvash populations teach the Chuvash language and culture. Chuvash people around Russia also have media available to them in their local communities.<ref name=":0" />{{request quotation|date=August 2021}}
-== Genetics ==
-[[File:Ancestry proportions of 1194 individuals.png|thumb|Autosomal ancestry proportions of the Chuvash and several other populations, according to Kushniarevich et al. (2015).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kushniarevich |first1=Alena |last2=Utevska |first2=Olga |last3=Chuhryaeva |first3=Marina |last4=Agdzhoyan |first4=Anastasia |last5=Dibirova |first5=Khadizhat |last6=Uktveryte |first6=Ingrida |last7=Möls |first7=Märt |last8=Mulahasanovic |first8=Lejla |last9=Pshenichnov |first9=Andrey |last10=Frolova |first10=Svetlana |last11=Shanko |first11=Andrey |last12=Metspalu |first12=Ene |last13=Reidla |first13=Maere |last14=Tambets |first14=Kristiina |last15=Tamm |first15=Erika |date=2015 |editor-last=Calafell |editor-first=Francesc |title=Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=e0135820 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0135820 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4558026 |pmid=26332464|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1035820K }}</ref>]]
 Physical anthropologists using the racial frameworks of the early 20th century saw the Chuvash as a mixed [[Finno-Ugric peoples|Finno-Ugric]] and [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] people.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Chuvashes|volume=6|page=350}}</ref><ref name="Krueger 196122" /> An autosomal analysis (2015) detected an indication of [[Oghur (tribe)|Oghur]] and possibly [[Bulgars|Bulgar]] ancestry in modern Chuvash. These Oghur tribes brought the Chuvash language with them.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Yunusbayev |first1=Bayazit |last2=Metspalu |first2=Mait |last3=Metspalu |first3=Ene |last4=Valeev |first4=Albert |last5=Litvinov |first5=Sergei |last6=Valiev |first6=Ruslan |last7=Akhmetova |first7=Vita |last8=Balanovska |first8=Elena |last9=Balanovsky |first9=Oleg |last10=Turdikulova |first10=Shahlo |last11=Dalimova |first11=Dilbar |last12=Nymadawa |first12=Pagbajabyn |last13=Bahmanimehr |first13=Ardeshir |last14=Sahakyan |first14=Hovhannes |last15=Tambets |first15=Kristiina |date=21 April 2015 |title=The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia |journal=PLOS Genet |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=e1005068 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068 |issn=1553-7404 |pmc=4405460 |pmid=25898006 |doi-access=free |last16=Fedorova |first16=Sardana |last17=Barashkov |first17=Nikolay |last18=Khidiyatova |first18=Irina |last19=Mihailov |first19=Evelin |last20=Khusainova |first20=Rita |last21=Damba |first21=Larisa |last22=Derenko |first22=Miroslava |last23=Malyarchuk |first23=Boris |last24=Osipova |first24=Ludmila |last25=Voevoda |first25=Mikhail |last26=Yepiskoposyan |first26=Levon |last27=Kivisild |first27=Toomas |last28=Khusnutdinova |first28=Elza |last29=Villems |first29=Richard}}</ref> Another study found some Finno-Ugric components in Chuvash people.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Suslova|first1=T. A.|last2=Burmistrova|first2=A. L.|last3=Chernova|first3=M. S.|last4=Khromova|first4=E. B.|last5=Lupar|first5=E. I.|last6=Timofeeva|first6=S. V.|last7=Devald|first7=I. V.|last8=Vavilov|first8=M. N.|last9=Darke|first9=C.|date=1 October 2012|title=HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in Russians, Bashkirs and Tatars, living in the Chelyabinsk Region (Russian South Urals)|journal=International Journal of Immunogenetics|volume=39|issue=5|pages=394–408|doi=10.1111/j.1744-313X.2012.01117.x|issn=1744-313X|pmid=22520580|s2cid=20804610}}</ref>
-Phenotypically, there is no particular differences among the Chuvash, as more Caucasoid or more Mongoloid phenotypes can be found among all subgroups.<ref>http://xn--c1acc6aafa1c.xn--p1ai/?question=chuvashi-kto-oni-na-samom-dele Chuvash people — who are they really</ref><ref name="автоссылка22">[http://xn--80ad7bbk5c.xn--p1ai/su/node/935 Anthropological material about the origin of Chuvash people]</ref>
+Phenotypically, there is no particular differences among the Chuvash, as more Caucasoid or more Mongoloid phenotypes can be found among all subgroups.<ref>http://xn--c1acc6aafa1c.xn--p1ai/?question=chuvashi-kto-oni-na-samom-dele Chuvash people — who are they really</ref><ref name="автоссылка22">[http://xn--80ad7bbk5c.xn--p1ai/su/node/935 Anthropological material about the origin of Chuvash people]</ref> In 2017, a full genome study found Chuvash largely show a Finno-Ugric genetic component despite having a small common [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] component with [[Bashkirs|Bashkir]] and [[Tatars|Tatar]] peoples. This study supported [[language shift]] hypothesis among Chuvash population.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Triska |first1=Petr |last2=Chekanov |first2=Nikolay |last3=Stepanov |first3=Vadim |last4=Khusnutdinova |first4=Elza K. |last5=Kumar |first5=Ganesh Prasad Arun |last6=Akhmetova |first6=Vita |last7=Babalyan |first7=Konstantin |last8=Boulygina |first8=Eugenia |last9=Kharkov |first9=Vladimir |last10=Gubina |first10=Marina |last11=Khidiyatova |first11=Irina |last12=Khitrinskaya |first12=Irina |last13=Khrameeva |first13=Ekaterina E. |last14=Khusainova |first14=Rita |last15=Konovalova |first15=Natalia |date=2017-12-28 |title=Between Lake Baikal and the Baltic Sea: genomic history of the gateway to Europe |journal=BMC Genetics |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=110 |doi=10.1186/s12863-017-0578-3 |doi-access=free |issn=1471-2156 |pmc=5751809 |pmid=29297395}}</ref>
+==Culture==
-In 2017, a full genome study found Chuvash largely show a Finno-Ugric genetic component. However, they are also having common West Siberian and Central Siberian component with [[Bashkirs|Bashkir]] and [[Volga Tatars|Tatar]] peoples. This study have some interpreted in [[language shift]] hypothesis among Chuvash population.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Triska |first1=Petr |last2=Chekanov |first2=Nikolay |last3=Stepanov |first3=Vadim |last4=Khusnutdinova |first4=Elza K. |last5=Kumar |first5=Ganesh Prasad Arun |last6=Akhmetova |first6=Vita |last7=Babalyan |first7=Konstantin |last8=Boulygina |first8=Eugenia |last9=Kharkov |first9=Vladimir |last10=Gubina |first10=Marina |last11=Khidiyatova |first11=Irina |last12=Khitrinskaya |first12=Irina |last13=Khrameeva |first13=Ekaterina E. |last14=Khusainova |first14=Rita |last15=Konovalova |first15=Natalia |date=2017-12-28 |title=Between Lake Baikal and the Baltic Sea: genomic history of the gateway to Europe |journal=BMC Genetics |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=110 |doi=10.1186/s12863-017-0578-3 |doi-access=free |issn=1471-2156 |pmc=5751809 |pmid=29297395}}</ref> Overall, the tested examples from the Volga-Ural region exhibit substantial admixture of European and Asian components.
+[[File:Средненизовые чуваши "анат енчи".jpeg|thumb|A group of Chuvash children with their traditional dress (Anat jenchi - Middle Low Chuvash)]]
+They speak the [[Chuvash language]] and have some pre-[[Christianity|Christian]] traditions. The Chuvash have specific patterns used in embroidery, which is found in their traditional clothing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Неведомый, чудный узор |trans-title=Unknown, Wonderful Pattern. History of cross stitch in the Russian Empire |url=https://pattern.rusneb.ru/chudnyy-uzor |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=pattern.rusneb.ru }}{{dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Many people also use the [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Tatar language|Tatar]] languages, spoken in Chuvashia and nearby regions along the middle course of the Volga River, in the central part of European Russia.{{fact|date=December 2024}}
-== Culture ==
-[[File:Средненизовые чуваши "анат енчи".jpeg|thumb|A group of Chuvash children with their traditional dress (Anat jenchi - Middle Low Chuvash)]]They speak the [[Chuvash language]] and have some pre-[[Christianity|Christian]] traditions. The Chuvash have specific patterns used in embroidery, which is found in their traditional clothing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Неведомый, чудный узор |trans-title=Unknown, Wonderful Pattern. History of cross stitch in the Russian Empire |url=https://pattern.rusneb.ru/chudnyy-uzor |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=pattern.rusneb.ru }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Many people also use the [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Tatar language|Tatar]] language, Spoken in Chuvashia and nearby regions along the middle course of the Volga River, in the central part of European Russia.
-== Religion ==
+==Religion==
 [[File:Baptized Chuvash people.jpg|thumb|Baptized Chuvash people, 1870]]
-Most Chuvash people are [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Christians]] and belong to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] while a minority are [[Sunni Muslims]] or practitioners of [[Vattisen Yaly]]. After the Russian subjugation of the Chuvash in the 16th century, a campaign of Christianization began. However, most Chuvash were not converted until the mid-19th century.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Cole|first=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlth0GRi0N0C&q=chuvash+ethnic+group&pg=PA73|title=Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-302-6|pages=74|language=en}}</ref> The Chuvash retain some pre-Christian and pre-Islamic [[shamanism]] traditions in their cultural activities.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Parallel pray in the shrines called {{transliteration|cv|keremet}} and sacrifice geese there. One of the main shrines is located in the town of Bilyarsk. [[Vattisen Yaly]] is a contemporary revival of the ethnic religion of the Chuvash people.
-A minority of Chuvash may have been exposed to Islam as early as the Volga Bulgaria era but most of those early Chuvash likely converted during the Golden Horde period.<ref name=":2" /> An inscription dated at 1307 indicates that some Chuvash were converted to Islam, and religious terms occur in Chuvash in the form of Tatar loanwords.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chuvash {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/modern-europe/russian-soviet-and-cis-history/chuvash#:~:text=The%20Chuvash%20had%20been%20under,%22Tatars%22%20in%20official%20documents. |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> However, sources do not specify the practices of the Chuvash during this period. Some Chuvash who converted to Christianity following the Russian conquest converted to Islam during the 19th and early 20th century.<ref name=":2" /> During this period, several Chuvash communities were influenced by [[Volga Tatars|Tatars]] and became Muslim. This caused some Muslim Chuvash to define themselves as Tatars but they retained their language and several Chuvash customs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Iagafova |first1=Ekaterina |last2=Bondareva |first2=Valeriia |date=2020-06-01 |title=Chuvash 'Paganism' at the Turn of the 21st Century: Traditional Rituals in the Religious Practice of Volga–Urals Chuvash Groups |journal=Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=111–120 |doi=10.2478/jef-2020-0007 |issn=2228-0987 |quote=In some cases, the Chuvash perceived Tatar ethnic identity as parallel to Islam, although they retained the Chuvash language and kept some elements of Chuvash culture in everyday life as well as in rituals.|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arik |first=Durmuş |date=2007-04-01 |title=Islam among the Chuvashes and its Role in the Change of Chuvash Ethnicity |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13602000701308814 |journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=37–54 |doi=10.1080/13602000701308814 |issn=1360-2004 |quote=Chuvashes who accepted Islam later on became imams, muezzins, teachers in madrasahs and the other religious employees. Many Chuvashes were influenced by Tatars who were strong representatives of Islam in the Volga-Urals region. This caused Chuvashes to define themselves as Tatars.}}</ref>
+Most Chuvash people are [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Christians]] and belong to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] while a minority are [[Sunni Muslims]] or practitioners of [[Vattisen Yaly]]. After the Russian subjugation of the Chuvash in the 16th century, a campaign of Christianization began. However, most Chuvash were not converted until the mid-19th century.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Cole|first=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlth0GRi0N0C&q=chuvash+ethnic+group&pg=PA73|title=Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-302-6|page=74|language=en}}</ref> The Chuvash retain some pre-Christian and pre-Islamic [[shamanism]] traditions in their cultural activities.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Parallel pray in the shrines called {{transliteration|cv|keremet}} and sacrifice geese there. One of the main shrines is located in the town of Bilyarsk. [[Vattisen Yaly]] is a contemporary revival of the ethnic religion of the Chuvash people.
+A minority of Chuvash may have been exposed to Islam as early as the Volga Bulgaria era but most of those early Chuvash likely converted during the Golden Horde period.<ref name=":2" /> An inscription dated at 1307 indicates that some Chuvash were converted to Islam, and religious terms occur in Chuvash in the form of Tatar loanwords.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chuvash {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/modern-europe/russian-soviet-and-cis-history/chuvash#:~:text=The%20Chuvash%20had%20been%20under,%22Tatars%22%20in%20official%20documents. |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> However, sources do not specify the practices of the Chuvash during this period. Some Chuvash who converted to Christianity following the Russian conquest converted to Islam during the 19th and early 20th century.<ref name=":2" /> During this period, several Chuvash communities were influenced by [[Volga Tatars|Tatars]] and became Muslim. This caused some Muslim Chuvash to define themselves as Tatars but they retained their language and several Chuvash customs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Iagafova |first1=Ekaterina |last2=Bondareva |first2=Valeriia |date=2020-06-01 |title=Chuvash 'Paganism' at the Turn of the 21st Century: Traditional Rituals in the Religious Practice of Volga–Urals Chuvash Groups |journal=Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=111–120 |doi=10.2478/jef-2020-0007 |issn=2228-0987 |quote=In some cases, the Chuvash perceived Tatar ethnic identity as parallel to Islam, although they retained the Chuvash language and kept some elements of Chuvash culture in everyday life as well as in rituals.|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arik |first=Durmuş |date=2007-04-01 |title=Islam among the Chuvashes and its Role in the Change of Chuvash Ethnicity |journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=37–54 |doi=10.1080/13602000701308814 |issn=1360-2004 |quote=Chuvashes who accepted Islam later on became imams, muezzins, teachers in madrasahs and the other religious employees. Many Chuvashes were influenced by Tatars who were strong representatives of Islam in the Volga-Urals region. This caused Chuvashes to define themselves as Tatars.}}</ref>
-== See also ==
+==See also==
 {{Commons category|Chuvash people}}
 * [[List of Chuvashes]]
+* [[Turkic Christians]]
 * [[Chuvash National Congress]]
 * [[Chuvash National Museum]]
@@ Line 146: / Line 140: @@
 * [[Bulgarism]]
 * [[Chuvash numerals]]
-== References ==
-{{reflist}}
 ==Notes==
 {{notelist}}
+==References==
-== External links ==
+{{reflist}}
+==External links==
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140915/http://www.kunstkamera.ru/kunst-catalogue/index.seam?path=62%3A3495499%3A3507897&c=PHOTO&cid=4108261&page=5 Photos of the Chuvash people]

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